Physics 212

Lecture 2
Today's Concept: The Electric Field Continuous Charge Distributions

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Bill Frisell Cindy Cashdollar Daniel Lanois Marc Ribot Tony Rice

Why? Shes coming to Krannert Center for the Ellnora Guitar Festival!! As a matter of fact, all of the chices will be at Ellnora !!!
Physics 212 Lecture 2

Our Comments
1. If your TA doesnt show up go to 231/3 (undergrad office) or home page for telephone numbers of discussion and lab masters (see also email from yesterday) 2. Please operate only your own clicker 3. Unfortunately we really cant help with PreLecture, Checkpoint or homework questions by email too many students: Office Hours, your friends 4. Dont panic!

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 3

Your Comments
I'm sort of lost with all of this... Are the points on an electric field positive or negative? How do you know when a point moves towards the dipole and when it doesn't move towards the dipole? I am so confused about these. Please go over them in lecture. THANK YOU! Can you elaborate on the creation of electric fields. Does a charge create an electric field on a point? I just don't know how to word everything the two lines of charge checkpoint confused me Could you please go over the third checkpoint question. I was confused on how to get the correct formula! The concept of infinite line of charge is difficult, especially with the complex integrals. Can we go over homework problems in class? I find a lot of these concepts difficult, but I think they will make more sense once I practice problems with them.
04

Whats an electric field?

Well go over the CheckPoints

See example problem at end of lecture

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 4

Coulombs Law (from last time)

If there are more than two charges present, the total force on any given charge is just the vector sum of the forces due to each of the other charges: q2 q2
F4,1 F1 F4,1 F2,1 F1 F2,1

q1
F3,1

q1
F3,1

F1

q4
F3,1

q3

F2,1 F4,1

F1

q4
F3,1

q3
+q1 -> -q1 direction reversed

F2,1 F4,1

MATH:

F1
33

kq1q3 kq1q2 kq1q4 = 2 r12 + 2 r13 + 2 r14 r12 r13 r14

kq F1 kq2 kq = 2 r12 + 23 r13 + 24 r14 E1 q r r13 r14 1 12

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 5

Electric fields and also their use with lines of charge really confuse me! How fields add together

Electric Field

The electric field E at a point in space is simply the force per unit charge at that point. Electric field due to a point charged particle

F E q

Q E=k 2 r r
q2

Superposition

Qi E = k 2 ri ri i

E4 E2 E

Field points toward negative and away from positive charges. q3

08

E3

q4

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 6

Field directions were confusing.

Checkpoint 1

Two equal, but opposite charges are place on the x axis. The positive charge is placed to the left of the origin and the negative charge to the right, as shown in the figure above.
What is the direction of the electric field at point A? A. Up B. Down C. Left D. Right E. Zero What is the direction of the electric field at point B? A. Up B. Down C. Left D. Right E. Zero

09

simulation

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 7

Checkpoint 2
In which of the two cases below is the magnitude of the electric field at the point labeled A the largest? E

The magnitudes are equal, only the direction is different. Case one is down and to the right while case two is up and to the right.

12

same

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 8

Two Charges
Two charges q1 and q2 are fixed at points (-a,0) and (a,0) as shown. Together they produce an electric field at point (0,d) which is directed along the negative y-axis.
y (0,d)

E
(-a,0) q1 q2 (a,0) x

Which of the following statements is true:

a) b) c) d)
22

Both charges are negative Both charges are positive The charges are opposite There is not enough information to tell how the charges are related
Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 9

+
23

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 10

Checkpoint 3

A positive test charge q is released from rest at a distance r away from a charge of +Q and a distance 2r away from a charge of +2Q. How will the test charge move immediately after being released? A. To the left B. To the right C. Stay still D. Other although the force is double for the right charge for being 2Q, the force is also quartered for being 2r away. The distance is squared in the denominator. For the +Q, that leaves 1/1. for the +2Q, that leaves 2/4=1/2. The +Q is therefore stronger in this instance.

INTERESTING: statement is correct, but given in support of to the left !!

the 2q is 2r away and the q is r away, so the twos cancel out and the test charge will have the same amount of force from each side
12

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 11

Example
+q d -q d +q P Just some more examples would be cool

What is the direction of the electric field at point P, the unoccupied corner of the square?

(A)

(B)

(C) E = 0

(D) know d

Need to

(E)

Need to know d & q

Calculate E at point P.

Qi E = k 2 ri ri i
q

q Ex = k 2 d

2d

cos

20

q Ey = k 2 d

2d

sin 4

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 12

Continuous Charge Distributions

my head is spinning, what does the dQ mean?

Summation becomes an integral (be careful with vector nature)

Qi E = k 2 ri ri i

dq E = k 2 r r
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN ??

Integrate over all charges (dq) r is vector from dq to the point at which E is defined Linear Example:
pt for E r charges
25

= Q/L
dE

dq = dx
Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 13

Charge Density
What exactly is charge density, how is it calculated?

Linear (=Q/L) Coulombs/meter Surface ( = Q/A) Coulombs/meter2 Volume ( = Q/ V) Coulombs/meter3

Some Geometry
Asphere = 4R 2
Vsphere = 4 R 3
3

Acylinder = 2RL
Vcylinder = R 2 L

What has more net charge?.

A) A sphere w/ radius 2 meters and volume charge density = 2 C/m3 B) C) A sphere w/ radius 2 meters and surface charge density = 2 C/m2 Both A) and B) have the same net charge.

Q A = V = 4 R 3
3

QB = A = 4R 2
28

3 4 Q A 3 R 1 = = R 2 QB 4R 3
Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 14

Checkpoint 4
Two infinite lines of charge are shown below.

Both lines have identical charge densities + C/m. Point A is equidistant from both lines and Point B is located above the top line as shown. How does EA, the magnitude of the electric field at point A compare to EB, the magnitude of the electric field at point B? A. EA < EB B. EA = EB C. EA > EB

Since A is located in between two equally charged lines, the electric field in between cancels to 0 at A's location. In contrast, point B feels the electric field from the top line pushing upward as well as some of the electric field from the bottom line pointing in the same direction.

29

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 15

Calculation
I really think it would be nice to go over how to find the electric field with the infinite lines of charge with the integrals Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? We know: y r dq=dx x x a h P

dq E = k 2 r r
What is (A)
dx x
2

dq r
2

?
dx

(B) 2 a + h2

(C)

dx
a +h
2 2

(D)

dx
(a x) + h
2 2

(E)

dx
x2

33

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 16

Calculation
y Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? 1 x We know: dq=dx 2 a P r h

dE
2

dE x

dq E = k 2 r r
What is dE x ? (A) dE cos 1

dq r2

dx
(a x) 2 + h 2

E x = dE x

(B) dE cos 2

(C) dE sin 1

(D) dE sin 2

33

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 17

Calculation
The concept I found most difficult was integrating y to find electric field when the charge is distributed over a distance. Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? We know: r P h

dE
2

dE x

1 x

2 a x

dq=dx

dq E = k 2 r r
What is E x ?

dq r
2

dx
(a x) 2 + h 2

E x = dE x = dE cos 2

dx (A) k cos 2 ( a x )2 + h 2

(B) k cos 2

dx ( a x )2 + h 2 0

(C) neither of the above

33

cos2 DEPENDS ON x !!
Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 18

Calculation
y Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? 1 x We know: dq=dx 2 a P r h

dE
2

dE x

dq E = k 2 r r
What is cos 2 ? (A)
x a +h
2 2

dq r2

dx
(a x) 2 + h 2

E x = dE x = dE cos 2

(B)

ax (a x) + h
2 2

(C)

a a +h
2 2

(D)

a (a x) 2 + h 2

33

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 19

Calculation
y Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? 1 We know: 2 a dq=dx P r h

dE
2

dE x

dq E = k 2 r r

dq r2

dx
(a x) 2 + h 2

E x = dE x = dE cos 2

cos 2 =

ax (a x) 2 + h 2

What is E x (P) ?

Ex ( P ) = k dx
0

ax

(( a x )

+h

2 3/ 2

Ex ( P ) =

k h 1 2 2 h h +a

33

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 20

Observation
y Charge is uniformly distributed along the x-axis from the origin to x = a. The charge denisty is C/m. What is the x-componen t of the electric field at point P: (x,y) = (a,h)? 1 Note that our result can be rewritten more simply in terms of 1. x dq=dx 2 a P r h

dE
2

dE x

k h Ex ( P ) = 1 2 2 h h +a

k Ex ( P ) = (1 sin 1 ) h

Exercise for student: Change variables: write x in terms of Result: obtain simple integral in
33

k Ex ( P ) = h

/2

d cos
1

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 21

Notes
Preflight + Prelecture 3 due by 8:00 AM Tuesday Aug. 30 Homework 1 is due Tuesday Aug. 30 Labs start Monday Aug. 29 Discussion Quiz next week will be on Coulombs Law and E Homework 2 is due Tuesday Sep. 6 No office hours on Monday Sep. 5 (Labor Day)

Physics 212 Lecture 2, Slide 22