Vygotsky's theory emphasized the influence of culture, peers, and adults on the developing child.

To understand this influence, Vygotsky proposed the "zone of proximal development." This zone refers to the difference in a child's performance when she attempts a problem on her own compared with when an adult or older child provides assistance. Imagine that a child is having difficulty with writing letters, and with the help of an adult who writes out sample letters or helps the child trace over letters, this same child is able to make progress. The help from the adult is called scaffolding. Just as the scaffolding of a building helps to support it, assistance from adults and peers in a child's environment helps support the child's development. Vygotsky also discussed the importance of cultural tools to the sociocultural approach. These are items in the culture such as computers, books, and traditions that teach children about the expectations of the group. By participating in the cultural events and using the tools of the society, the child learns what is important in his culture. For example, in the United States a child attends school from about six years of age until eighteen years of age, and thus it is in school that children learn important skills such as mathematics. In some countries, such as in Brazil, however, children learn mathematics via buying and selling candy in the streets of the city.

Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory is widely cited by educators even today, as they formulate plans on how to get the most from students, challenging them to reach their highest potential. Vygoysky's belief that social interaction leads not only to increased levels of knowledge, but that it actually changes a child's thoughts and behaviours. Since it is the goal of parents and educators alike to help children become high achievers, taking a look at the work of Vygotsky and examining his conclusions seems wise.

Cultural Influences
The belief that social exposure to various cultures expands a child's pool of knowledge seems reasonable. The more experiences that a child has, the richer their world becomes. Developmental advancements, dependent upon the people and the cultural tools provided to the child, will help him to form his perceptions of the world. Vygotsky's theory suggests that there are three ways in which learning is passed along to an individual. Imitative learning is the first, where the child simply copies another person. Second is instructed learning, where a child recalls direction given by a teacher and then puts it into play, and the third is collaborative learning. Collaborative learning happens when a peer group cooperates to learn or achieve a specific goal while working to understand one another.

Elements of The Socio-Cultural Theory

Children, especially toddlers and preschoolers, often speak aloud to themselves as they are trying to understand something. This self-talk helps them to work things out in their own minds. Vygotsky believed that this "private speech" lessens with age until it becomes all but non-existent. It's not that older children (and adults) don't have the need to think things through, but in Vygotsky's observation, he felt that they do this on an internal level -- thinking, but not necessarily voicing their thought processes. Related on Kids Development...

Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory B.F. Skinner's Behavioural Theory Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development Freud's Theory of Personality

Vygotsky believed that learning begins at birth and continues throughout all of life. One of the most important ways that advancements in development are achieved is through what Vygotsky called "the zone of proximal development." Vygotsky described ZPD as "...the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers." Teachers and other educators who wish to utilise the benefits of ZPD often employ one of two strategies:

Scaffolding: Scaffolding requires that an instructor shows by example how to solve

a problem, while controlling the learning environment so that students can take things step by step, expanding their base of knowledge without excessive frustration. Reciprocal Teaching: A highly successful teaching method, reciprocal teaching provides an environment of open dialogue between student and teacher which goes beyond a simple question and answer session. By alternating turns leading discussions, students soon find themselves capable of assuming a leadership and instructional role.

Utilising Vygotsky's Theory in Practice

Clearly, in order to achieve the highest level of development possible, believers in Vygotsky's theories would advise that parents expose their children to a variety of social situations, since each interaction is considered a learning experience. It is especially important to introduce children to people and ideas that operate above their current knowledge level, giving them access to new ideas and concepts. Guiding children to look for answers by imitating what they see in others, listening to instruction and working as part of a group all provide opportunities for them to expand their current base of knowledge. And if Vygotsky is correct and development continues until death, parents themselves may wish to look for opportunities to keep on learning and growing.