Le-Huy Nguyen and Rajesh R. Parwani

Nonlinear Quantum Cosmology
Le-Huy Nguyen and Rajesh R. Parwani

parwani@nus.edu.sg
Department of Physics,
National University of Singapore,
Kent Ridge,
Singapore.
Nonlinear Quantum Cosmology p. 1/25
Abstract
We study how an information-theoretically motivated
nonlinearisation of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation can help
avoid Big-Bang singularities in at, k = 0, FRW
minisuperspace models.
We study the case of matter represented by a cosmological
constant or free massless scalar eld.
L.H. Nguyen and R. Parwani, arXiv:0805.....
Motivation
Classical cosmologies typically have singularities, leading
to a loss of predictability.
E.g. the Friedmann equation for an isotropic and
homogeneous universe with the cosmological constant
= 3/a
2
0
modelling inationionary sources in the early
universe is,
a
2
+ (k a
2
/a
2
0
) = 0 . (1)
For k = 0 it has the expanding solution,
a = exp(t/a
0
) (2)
which shows the a 0 singularity at early time t .
(a(t) is the scale factor).
Standard Quantum Cosmology
Of course when the universe is small there is no reason to
expect classical physics to be accurate.
Where is the quantum ?
In the minisuperspace scheme the quantisation is applied
to restricted situations such as the FRW model.
From the action one gets the canonical momentum
p =
L
a
= aa p = i

a
.
Quantising the Friedmann equation leads one to the WDW
equation in minisuperspace,
_

2
a
2
+V (a)
_
(a) = 0 , (3)
Tunneling for k=1
That is just a one-dimesional, 0 a < , time-independent
Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m = 1/2 moving
in a potential
V (a) = a
2
(k a
2
/a
2
0
) (4)
For spherical geometry, k = 1, the potential barrier between
a = 0 and a = a
0
means that there is quantum tunneling
[Vilenkin,Atkatz].
A classical universe emerges and exists at nite size
(a a
0
).
The original singularity at a = 0 is screened by the barrier.
k=0
For k = 0 there is no barrier.
Standard quantisation of the k = 0 geometry does not help:
When one chooses the outgoing wavefunction as a solution
to the WDW, representing an expanding universe, one still
encounters the singularity at a = 0 in the sense that the
wavefunction allows a universe of arbitrarily small size, and
thus arbitrarily large energy densities, to exist.
Modifying the WDW Equation
It is generally believed that the functional WDW equation is
only an approximate, perhaps semi-classical, description of
quantum gravitational effects.
Various modied WDW equations have been investigated:
For example, through a postulated non-commutativity [H.
Garcia-Compean et.al]
or by using ideas inspired by loop quantum gravity
[Bojowald; Ashtekar et.al].
In the latter, a discretised WDW equation emerges which is
found to avoid the classical singularity through a bounce.
New Phyics?
It is as yet unknown which, if any, of the suggested
modications to classical general relativity is an accurate
description of likely new physics at the Planck scale.
We therefore adopt the maximum uncertainty (entropy)
principle" [Jaynes], or information-theoretic perspective, to
modify the WDW equation and study the consequences.
The philosophy of the information-theoretic approach is that
one should minimise any bias when choosing probability
distributions, while still satisfying relevant constraints
Used for example for deriving the form of probability
distributions in statistical mechanics.
Maximum Uncertainty Method Example
The Gibbs-Shannon entropy (or information)
I
GS
=
_
p(x) ln p(x) dx (5)
is maximised under given constraints to determine the form
for the probability distribution p(x).
For example, if the mean energy of the system
E =
_
(x) p(x) dx is specied, then introducing the
Lagrange multiplier and maximising I
GS
E with respect
to variations in p(x) gives the well known canonical
probability distribution p(x) exp((x)).
Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation
The maximum uncertainty approach may also be used to
motivate the usual Schrodinger equation
[Friden,Reginatto,Parwani] and its nonlinear deformations
[Parwani].
We postulate that the unknown new physics as short
distances may be modelled by a nonlinear correction as in
previous works so that the modied equation becomes
_

2
a
2
+V (a) +F(p)
_
(a) = 0 (6)
Denitions
where
F(p) Q
1NL
Q, (7)
with
Q
1NL
=
1
2L
2
4
_
ln
p
(1 )p +p
+
+ 1
(1 )p
(1 )p + p
+
(1 )p
+
(8)
Q =
1
p
a
2
. (9)
Here p(a) =
(a)(a) and p
(a) p(a L). L > 0 is the

nonlinearity scale and 0 < < 1 is a parameter that labels a
family of nonlinearisations
At the level of the action, F(p) is obtained by varying the
Kullback-Liebler information measure I
KL
which in the limit
L 0 reduces to the Fisher information measure
responsible for the usual linear Schrodinger equation.
I
KL
(p, r) =
_
p(a) ln
p(a)
r(a)
da (10)
r(a) = p(a +L)
Note that the nonlinearity F preserves the invariance of the
Schrodinger equation to .
Tunneling for k=0
Setting a = lb, with l = a
1/3
0
,
_
2
b
2
b
4
+l
2
F(p(lb))
_
(b) = 0 , (11)
We assume that the nonlinearity is small. Then perturbing
and iterating to leading nontrivial order in L, one has a
linear Schrodinger equation with an effective potential
V
eff
= b
4
+ (3 4)f
0
(b) . (12)
For small b, f
0
0.1b and so for < 3/4 there is an effective
potential barrier that screens the original classical
singularity, a nite size universe coming into being through
quantum tunneling.
Tunneling Probability
For the k = 0 case the WKB formula applied to the effective
Schrodinger equation gives
P
k=0
exp
_
2
_
b
1
0
db
_
V
eff
(b)
_
(13)
with b
1
the point where V
eff
(b
1
) = 0. We may estimate
P
k=0
exp [0.1(3 4))] , (14)
so that for xed < 3/4 one may say that small values of
are preferred", a conclusion which is self-consistent with
our approximation 1
Free Massless Scalar Field
As an internal clock
As the other extreme to the cosmological constant:
Now we have matter with KE but no PE.
Dene = ln a. The k = 0 classical FRW action is
S =
_
dtL =
1
2
_
dt Ne
3
_

2
N
2
+
2
N
2
_
(15)
Classical solution:
=
1
3
log t +C
, (16)
=
1
3
log t (17)
C
= constant. As t 0, a 0, the classical universe

arises from an initial singularity.
Quantisation
The classical constraint becomes the Hamiltonain
constraint

H = 0 giving us the WDW equation
_
2
+

2
2
_
(, ) = 0 . (18)
Use as internal clock.Wavepacket:
= a
1
b
2
exp
_
( )
2
4
_
exp(id( )) , (19)
and d being constants. State is clearly localised near
for large .
But we also see that the universe would have been
arbitrarily small, , in the distant past .
Nonlinear WDW
We now proceed to nonlinearise the Klien-Gordon equation
following the information-theoretic approach
_
2
+

2
2
F
(p) +F
(p)
_
(, ) = 0 . (20)
where F
and F
have the same form as the F in but with

generally distinct nonlinear parameters L
> 0 and L
> 0
corresponding to the gravitational and matter degrees of
freedom.
Effective Potential
As in the previous section, we proceed by perturbation and
iteration to lowest nontrivial order to get an effective linear
equation
_
2
+

2
2
+V
eff
_
(, ) = 0 (21)
with
V
eff
= u
_
2
(
2
2
) 3
( ) , (22)
u
(3 4)(L
+L
)
4
12
. (23)
Effective Classical Dynamics
This effective classical action gives the following modied
evolution equations (in the N = 1 gauge)
+ 3

+
1
2
e
6
V
eff
= 0 , (24)
2 + 3
2
+ 3

2
+e
6
_
3V
eff

V
eff
_
= 0 , (25)

2
+

2
+ e
6
V
eff
= 0 . (26)
Note that
V
eff
=
V
eff
= 3u
_
2
(
2
2
)
2
1
. (27)
Analytical Solutions
A subset of solutions to the new coupled equations can be
studied analytically by assuming the correlation = at all
times. The constraint equation is then automatically
satised and the other equations reduce to
3
2
+
3u
2
e
6
= 0 (28)
which is easily analysed. Taking < 3/4 as before (that is,
u > 0) gives
a a
min
= exp(
C
3u
) (29)
Such universes have a minimum nonzero size, which
depends on the initial conditions that x C, and hence the
Big Bang singularity is avoided, being replaced by a
bounce.
Numerical Study
We studied more general initial conditions for which = .
We keep t
0
= 27 and u = 0.01.
The Figures show some examples, in all cases a bounce
occurs at some nonzero size that depends on the initial
conditions.
Figure 1: Results for
0
= log(2.5): The dashed line repre-
sents the trajectory of the classical while the solid line corre-
sponds to the modied dynamics.
22-1
Figure 2: Results for
0
= log(1.5): The dashed line repre-
sents the trajectory of the classical while the solid line corre-
sponds to the modied dynamics.
22-2
Summary
We have used an information-theoretic perspective to
model the unknown new physics that is generally believed
to exist near the Plack scale.
For simplicity we assumed the nonlinearity to be weak.
Results are self-consistent to leading order in perturbation
theory.
We found that the nonlinearity could help in avoiding the Big
Bang singularity in k = 0 FRW models with a cosmological
constant or a free massless scalar eld.
In the modied dynamics, a classically contracting universe
undergoes a bounce.
Outlook
State-dependence
Beyond perturbation theory
Ination
Phenomenology
parameter Beyond FRW metric
Black/worm holes
Current acceleration
Thank you for your attention.
References
A. Vilenkin, Phys. Lett. B117 (1982) 25; D. Atkatz, Am.
J. Phys. 62 (7) 1994.
M. Bojowald, Living Rev. Relativity 8, 11 (2005); A.
Ashtekar, arXiv:gr-qc/0702030v2.
Jaynes E.T. Jaynes, Probability Theory, The Logic of
Science (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
M. Reginatto, Phys. Rev. A58, 1775 (1998); B.R.
Frieden, Am. J. Phys. 57 (1989) 1004; R. Parwani, J.
Phys. A:Math. Gen. 38, 6231 (2005);
R. Parwani, Ann. Phys. 315, 419 (2005). R. Parwani
and O. K. Pashaev, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 (2008)
235207.
L.H. Nguyen, H.S. Tan and R. Parwani,
arXiv:0801.0183;

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Nonlinear Quantum Cosmology

(a) p(a L). L > 0 is the

= constant. As t 0, a 0, the classical universe

have the same form as the F in but with

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