141403 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE UNIT-I 16 Mark questions: 1)Explain the performance of a computer.

-Page No:13 to 18 -introduction -processor cache diagram -processor clock -basic performance equation. -pipelining and supersclar operation&perfromance measurements. -clock rate &instruction set,compliers 2)Explain about instructions and instruction sequencing. -Page No.:37-48 -Register transfer notation -assembly language notation -basic instruction types. -Instruction execution and straight-line sequencing. -Branching,condition codes,generating memory addresses. 3)Explain about addressing modes. -Page No:48-58 -implementation of variables and constants. -Indirection and pointers. -Indexing and arrays. -Relative addressing. -additonal modes. 4)Explain about floating point opertaions with examples. Page.No:393-402 -arithemetic operations on floating point numbers. -Guard bits and truncation -Implementing floating-point operations with diagram. 12 Mark questions: 1)Explain about functional unit in a computer. -page no:3-7 -Functional unit diagram. -Input unit, Memory unit, Arithmetic and logic unit and output unit. 2)List the steps needed to execute the machine instruction

Add LOCA,R0 with diagram. -Page.No:7-9 -Explanation about the instruction. -diagram of the processor and memory connection. 3)List the steps needed to execute the machine instruction Add R1,R2,R3 -Page.No:7-9 -Explanation about the instruction. -diagram of the processor and memory connection. 10 Mark questions: 1)Explain about hardware and software interfaces. -Page No:11-12 and Notes -Software functions and diagram. 2) Multiply the following pair of signed 2s complements numbers using bit pair recoded multiplier: Multiplicand = 110011 Multiplier = 101100 and Multiplicand=0010 Multiplier. -Page No:383-393 -refer the problems. 3)Explain about Bus structure. -page.No:9-10 - Bus structure Diagram and explanation required. 8 Mark questions: 1)Explain about instruction set of CISC and RISC. -Page.No:16-17 -definition and about CISC and RISC. 2)Explain about performance measurements. -Page No:17-18 -Explain about SPEC rating and calculations. 3)Explain about indirection and pointers in addressing modes. -Page No:50-51 -Indirect addressing diagram. -How to use indirect addressing in programs. 4)Explain the working of floating point adder and subtractor. -Page No:400-402 -Explanation required. -diagram of floating point adder and subtractor. 5)Explain the representations of floating point numbers in detail. -Page No:393-398

-IEEE standard for floating point numbers. -Diagrams. 6)Perform basic addition operation(c=a+b) using instruction sequence in memory. -Page No:38-42 -Explain about the instructions used and the program implemented. 7)Explain about instruction execution and straight line sequencing. -Page No:42-44 -Diagram for an simple instruction(c=a+b) 8)Explain about relative addressing and additional modes. -Page No:56-58 -Relative usage in addressing modes. -Explain about autoincrement and autodecrement. 2 Mark questions: 1. What is meant by the stored program concept? Stored Program is defined as the programs are stored in the memory, the processor fetches the instructions that make up the program from the memory, one after another and perform the desired operations. 2. What are the basic functional units of a computer? The basic 5 functional units of computer are input,memory,arithemetic and logic unit and control unit. 3. What is the use of buffer register? A buffer register is used to include with the device to hold the information during transfer. 4. Define memory access time. The time required to access one word is called the memory access time. 5. Write the differences between RISC and CISC. 1)RISC is used to have small instructions,but CISC involves large or complex instructions. 2)Pipeline instruction in RISC is simplier but difficult in CISC. 6. What is meant by MAR and MDR? MAR- Memory Address Register,it is used to hold address of the location to be accessed. MDR-Memory data Register,it contains the data to be written into or read out of the addressed location. 7. What is an interrupt? An interrupt is a request from an I/O device for service by the processor.

8. Define System Software. System Software is a collection of programs that are executed as needed to perform functions such as: 1)Receiving and interpreting user commands. 2)Entering and editing application programs and storing them as files in secondary storage devices. 9. What do you mean by multiprogramming or multitasking? The Operating System manages the concurrent execution of several application programs to make the best possible use of computer resources. This pattern of concurrent execution is called Multiprogramming and Multitasking. 10. Give the basic performance equation. Consider the average number of basic steps needed to execute one machine instruction is S,where each basic step is completed in one clock cycle. If the clock rate is R cycles, the program execution time is given by, T=NxS/R 11. What is an assembler? Programs written in an assembly can be automatically translated into a sequence of machine instructions by a program called an assembler. 12. What are the two techniques used to increase the clock rate R? 1)To improve the intergerated-circuit technology makes logic circuits faster,which reduces the time needed to computer a basic step. 2)To reduce the amount of processing done in one basic step also makes it possible to reduce the clock period,P. 13. What are big-endian and little-endian representations? Big-endian-The name big-endian is used when lower byte addresses are used fro the more significant bytes of the word. Little-endian-The name little-endian is used for the opposite ordering,where the lower byte address are used fro the less significant bytes of the word. 14. What is the information conveyed by addressing modes? Many situations gives rise to the need for flexible ways to specify the address of an operand,The instruction set of a computer typically provides a number of methods of such methods called adressing modes. 15. What are the different types of addressing modes available? Different types of addressing modes are Assignment,Register,Absolute,Indirect, Index,Base with Index,Relative,Autoincrement,Autodecrement etc. 16. What is indirect addressing mode? The effective address of the operand is the contents of a register or memory location whose address appears in the instruction.

17. What is indexed addressing mode? The effective address of the operand is generated by adding a constant value to the contents of a register. 18. Define auto increment mode of addressing? The effective address of the operand is the content of a register specified in the instruction.After accessing the operand ,the contents of this register are automatically incremented to point to the next item in a list. 19. Define auto decrement mode of addressing? The contents of a register specified in the instruction are first automatically decremented and are then used as the effective address of the operand. 20. What are condition code flags? The processor keeps track of information about the result of various operations for use by subsequent conditional branch instructions.This is accomplished by recording the required information in individual bits,called as condition code flags. 21. What is the use of assembler directive? The assembler directives are used by the assembler while it translates a source program into an object program. 22. What is relative mode? The effective address is determined by the index mode using the program counter in place of the general purpose register Ri. 23. What is stack? A stack is a list of data elements, usually word or bytes, with the accessing restriction that elements can be added or removed. 24. What is Subroutine? In a given program, it is often necessary to perform a particular subtask many times on different data values.Such a task is usually called a subroutine. 25. What are the differences between Stack and Queue? Stack-Datas are stored in Last in First Out manner. Queue-Datas are stored in First In First Out manner

UNIT-II 16 Mark questions:

1)Explain about processing unit. -Page No:412-420 -single-bus organization of the data path inside a processor diagram. -Register Transfers -Performing an arithmetic or logical operations. -Fetching a word from memory. 2)Explain about hardwired control. -Page No:425-428 -Control Unit Diagram. -A complete processor diagram and explanation. 3)Explain about Micro programmed Control. -Page No:429-445 -Basic organization of a control micro programmed control unit. -Microinstructions. -Micro program sequencing with diagram. -Wide-branch addressing. -Microinstructions with next address field. -Prefetching microinstructions. -Emulation. 4)Explain the execution of a complete instruction -Page No:421-423 -Any example for complete instruction with the control sequence. -Branch Instruction. 12 Mark questions: 1)Write the sequence of control steps required for the single bus organization for the following instructions: 1)add the (immediate)number NUM to register R1. 2)Add the contents of memory location NUM to register R1. 3)Add the contents of the memory location whose address is at memory location NUM to register R1. -Page No:413-420 -refer the single bus organization diagram for the problem. 2)Explain how the flowchart can implement the general instruction MOVE src,dst in which both the source and the destination can be in any of the five address modes. -Page 436 -refer the flowchart of micropraogram Add src,Rdst instruction.

3)Explain the arithmetic or logical operation performed in processing unit. -Page No:415-418 - with diagram explain the operation. 10 Mark questions: 1)Explain fetching a word from memory. -page No:418-419 -explain how to fetch a word from memory with an example. -draw the timing of a memory read operation. 2)Explain about multiple bus organization. -Page No:423-425 -With Three bus organization of the data path diagram explain. 3)Explain about Microinstruction. -Page No:432-435 -With example explain the microinstruction and the partial format. 8 Marks questions: 1)Explain about emulation. -Page No:443-445 -draw the control signal generating circuitry and explain. 2)Explain about wide branch addressing. -Page No:437-439 -Use of WMFC -Program for Microinstruction fro Add(Rscr)+,Rdst. 3)Explain about a complete processor. -Page No:4268-429 -With complete processor diagram explain it. 4)Explain about branch instruction. -Page No:422-423 -Explain about control sequence for unconditional branch instruction. 5)Explain about register transfers. -Page No:415 -Explain the register transfer with diagram. 6)Write a microroutine,for the instruction MOV X(Rsrc),Rdst. -Page No:431

-refer the example. 7)How to fetch a word from memory? -Page No:418-420 -Draw the connection and control signal diagram and explain it. -Draw the timing diagram for memory read operation. 8)Explain about hardwired control. -Page No:425-429 -Explain the control signals. -Draw the control signals, encoding and decoding process. 2 Mark questions: 1)What is Instruction Set Processor(ISP)? The processing unit, which executes machine instructions and coordinates the activities of other units. This unit is often called the Instruction Set Processor(ISP) 2)What are the steps to be performed by processor in executing an instruction? 1)Fetch the contents of the memory location pointed to by the PC. 2)Assuming that the memory is byte addressable, increment the contents of the PC by 4. 3)Carry out the actions specified by the instruction in the IR. 3)Define Fetch Phase. Instructions occupy more than one word, we repeat the steps as many times necessary to fetch the complete instruction, these two steps are called fetch phase. 4)What is data path? The register, the ALU and the interconnecting bus are collectively referred to as the data path. 5)What is multiphase clocking? When edge-triggered flip-flop are not used, two or more clock signal may needed to grantee proper transfer of data. This is known as multiphase clocking. 6)Define processor clock. All the operations and data transfers within the processor take place within time periods defined by the processor clock. 7)Define branch instruction. A branch instruction replaces the contents of the PC with the target address. This address is usually obtained by adding an offset X, which is given in the branch instruction, to the updated value of PC. 8)Define Register file. All general purpose registers are combined in to a single block called the register file.

9)What are the control signal information in hardwired control? 1)Contents of the control step counter. 2)Contents of the instruction register. 3)Contents of the condition code flags. 4)External input signal, such as MFC and interrupt requests. 10)What is the use of a complete processor? This structure has an instruction unit that fetches instructions cache or from the main memory when desired instructions are not already in the cache. 11)Define Micro programmed Control signal. In Micro programmed Control, the control signal is generated by a program similar to machine language programs. 12)Define Control Word. A Control Word is a word whose individual bits represent the various control signals. 13)Define Micro routine and Microinstruction. A sequence of CWs corresponding to the control sequence of a machine instruction constitute the micro routine for that instruction and the individual control words in this micro routine are referred to as microinstruction. 14)Define Vertical organization. Highly encoded schemes that uses compact codes to specify only a small number of control functions in each microinstruction are referred as a vertical organization. 15)Define Horizontal organization. In horizontal organization many resources can be controlled with a single microinstruction,. 16)Define bit-ORing. The most efficient way to bypass microinstruction 170 and use an OR gate to change the least significant bit of the address to 1 if the direct addressing mode is involved.This is known as bitORing. 17)Define Microinstruction Address Register(AR). The Microinstruction Address Register is loaded from the next address field in each microinstruction. A new control structure that incorporates this feature and supports bit-ORing. 18)What are the difficulties in Prefetching Microinstruction? The difficulties in prefetching Microinstruction is in status flags and results of the currently executed microinstruction are needed to determine the address of the next instruction. 19)What is the main function of micro programmed control? The main function of micro programmed control is to provide a means for simple, flexible and relatively inexpensive execution of machine instructions.

20)What is use of emulation? Emulation allows us to replace obsolete equipment with more up-to-date machine. 21)Write an example form emulation. Suppose we add to the instruction repertoire of a given computer,M1,an entirely new set of instructions that is in fact the instruction set of a different computer,M2.Programs written in the machine language of M2 can then be run on computer M1,that is M1 emulates M2. 22)What situation the PC is not fetched? 1.When a new instruction is loaded into the IR,the PC is loaded with the starting address of the micro routine for that instruction. 2.When a branch microinstruction is encountered and the branch condition is satisfied ,the PC is loaded with the branch address. 3.When an end microinstruction is encountered,the PC is loaded with the address of the first CW in the micro routine fro the instruction fetch cycles. 23)What is the use of Incrementer unit? The Incrementer eliminates the need to add 4 to the PC using the main ALU. 24)Why we name as Hardwired? The sequence of operations carried out by this machine is determined by the wiring of the logic elements, hence the name Hardwired. 25)Why control unit is not implemented by the simple organization? The situation arises when the control unit is required to check the status of the condition code or external inputs to choose between alternative courses of action.