Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BY
Himanshu gaurav Faizul bari Rishi saini Zuhaib ansari
PREFACE
The aim of the project is to make the reader aware of the population problem in India, with its implications and the ways to curb the same. The population burdens the environment.
Thanks are due to the Institute of Management Sciences, University of Lucknow. The project could not have seen the light in the absence of support of the library of the University. Thanks are due to them also.
Above all, we would be thankful to our parents & teachers, whose support always helped us in our project.
INDEX
INTRODUCTION POPULATION GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENT Population control - India will beat China by 2025. FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME IN INDIA FAILURE OF POPULATION CONTROL POLICIES Who is responsible? The Challenges Ahead DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN INDIA IMPLICATIONS OF GROWING POPULATION IN INDIA HOW TO COMBAT POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA
CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the twentieth century, India has been in the midst of a demographic transition. At the beginning of the century, endemic disease, periodic epidemics, and famines kept the death rate high enough to balance out the high birth rate. Between 1911 and 1920, the birth and death rates were virtually equal--about forty-eight births and forty-eight deaths per 1,000 population. The increasing impact of curative and preventive medicine (especially mass inoculations) brought a steady decline in the death rate. By the mid-1990s, the estimated birth rate had fallen to twenty-eight per 1,000, and the estimated death rate had fallen to ten per 1,000. Clearly, the future configuration of India's population (indeed the future of India itself) depends on what happens to the birth rate (see fig. 8). Even the most optimistic projections do not suggest that the birth rate could drop below twenty per 1,000 before the year 2000. India's population is likely to exceed the 1 billion mark before the 2001 census.
Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stresses like biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. India is the world's sixth largest and second fastest growing producer of greenhouse gases. Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai are three of the world's ten most populated cities. Two-thirds of city dwellers lack sewerage, one-third lack potable water. India grows equivalent of another New York City every year in its urban population. By the year 2000, more than 350 million Indians will live in cities. In 15 years, more than half of Indians will be urban dwellers; 1/3 will be slum dwellers and squatters
"In the last several decades, fertility control policies in India have failed to promote a sustainable solution to the problem of overpopulation. What factors have caused these efforts to fall short? "
"Currently the sex ratio is 960 women for every 1,000 men - a statistic that the UN says reflects the lower status of women in India, who are more likely to be deprived of food, education and health services. " "The prominence of female sterilization indicates another flaw in the India population control strategies. By targeting women instead of men, the government inadvertently opts for the more hazardous means of birth control. " "Population in itself is NOT the problem. Lack of basic education and poor economic conditions are. You cannot solve the population problem by clinics. Your assumption that people have no access to family planning methods is only partly true and in any case is not the root of the problem. Population has remained a problem because EDUCATION continues to be a problem. " "The fast rate of growth of population has affected the quality of life of the people. The time has come when future citizens while in educational institutions should understand various issues related to the population problem." "In some places there is no drinking water. People started migrating to cities where they can get some water and work. People will start fighting for food, water and place to live." "The birth rate in India (31 per thousand people) is greater than that of China (20 per thousand people). If this trend continues, India will beat up China by 2025.A.D."
development of nationwide health care infrastructure and manpower. The Centrally Sponsored and 100% centrally funded Family Welfare Programme provides additional infrastructure, manpower and drugs, vaccines contraceptives and other consumables needed for improving health status of women and children and to meet all the felt needs for fertility regulation.
It is obvious now that there cannot be an ideal contraceptive, suitable for everybody. A careful choice has to be made among the current available methods, depending on the gender, country, socio-religious and cultural practices. According to available information the most accepted methods are the two terminal methods, vasectomy in the case of the male, and tubectomy in the case of the female. These are methods of choice for all those who have completed their family size and to use them is a conscious decision made by the couple. The next most commonly used methods are the barrier methods, still popular in spite of a high failure rate. The other methods such as the use of contraceptive pills, intrauterine devices and injectables are used by a relatively
small percentage of the population. It is also evident that except for the barrier method and vasectomy there are no methods available for male contraception, in contrast to the variety of methods available and in use for the female. Does this mean that the available methods are not adequate for the requirements and this inadequacy is the reason for uncontrolled population growth? The answer is firmly in the negative. The available methods are more than adequate but what is lacking is the will to use them. This brings in the philosophical question as to what is meant by will and why the will is not there. It is for this reason that it was mentioned earlier that the issue of the user is a complex one. The users are both male and female, and with limited options available to the male, the entire burden of limiting the family is shouldered by the female. However, except for a miniscule percentage of the female population, the majority are passive participants in the process with no decision-making capacity. It is in this context that population control was given a new dimension, namely reproductive health, which to a large extent centres around the female. The concept of reproductive health recognizes the diversity of the special health needs of women before, during, and beyond child bearing age, as well as the needs of men and the quality of life of the people involved.
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?
Population, if continues to increase at the same rate, it will destroy the country. Lack of initiative by the government together with sleeping people of India, are responsible for this destructive problem. People are not realizing the problem. One day the result will be roits, fighting over food, water. India will be the largest slums creater. All cities will be like fish markets with people everywhere. Traffic will move like the ants party. Everybody will scream, shout, but nobody will listen.
Chhatisgarh 20795956
Union Territories Andaman & 356265 192985 508224 121731 92478 7570890 31118 486705 163280 392690 98720 65581 6212086 29477 487124 239858 92118 169995 100740 963215 33647 325596 116407 808796 50456 57319 12819761 26948 648233
Nicobar Islands Chandigarh 900914 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi 13782976 Lakshadweep 60595 Pondicherry 973829 158059 220451
Over the last four decades there has been rapid fall in Crude Death Rate (CDR) from 25.1 in 1951 to 9.8 in 1991 and less steep decline in the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) from 40.8 in 1951 to 29.5 in 1991. The annual exponential population growth rate has been over 2% in the period 1961-90. During the nineties the decline in CBR has been steeper than that in the (CDR) and consequently, the annual population growth rate has fallen below 2%. The rate of decline in population growth is likely to be further accelerated during the next decade. The changes in the population growth rates have been relatively slow, steady and sustained. As a result the country was able to achieve a relatively gradual change in the population numbers and age structure. The short and long term
adverse consequences of too rapid decline in birth rates and change in age structure on the social and economic development were avoided and the country was able to adapt to these changes without massive disruptions of developmental efforts.
In spite of the uniform national norms set under the 100% Centrally Funded and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) of Family Welfare , there are substantial differences in the performance between States as assessed by IMR and CBR. Though the decline in CBR and IMR has occurred in all States, the rate of decline is slower in some States. At one end of the spectrum is Kerala with mortality and fertility rates nearly similar to those in some of the developed countries. At the other end, there are four large northern States (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan) with high Infant Mortality Rate and Fertility Rates.
Though the decline in CBR, IMR and CDR has occurred in all States, the rate of decline was slower in some States like U.P. and Bihar. There are substantial differences in CBR and IMR not only between States but also between the districts in the same state.
Following are the adverse effects of population growth on the Indian Economy: 1. adverse effects on savings 2. unproductive investment 3. slow growth of Per Capita Income 4. underutilization of labour 5. growing pressure on land 6. adverse effect on quality of population and 7. adverse social impact
CONCLUSION
Rapid population growth continues to be a matter of concern for the country as it has manifold effects, one of the most important being environment degradation. The outcomes of excessive population are industrialization and urbanization. The study reveals that rapid population growth has led to the overexploitation of natural resources. The deforestation has led to the shrinking of forest cover, which eventually affects human health. The considerable magnitude of air pollution in the country also pulls up the number of people suffering from respiratory diseases and many a times leading to deaths and serious health hazards. The situation is also similar for water pollution, as both ground water and surface water contamination leads to various water borne diseases. From the various effects of environmental degradation on human beings, discussed in this paper, it appears that if human beings wants to exist on earth, there is now high time to give top priority to control pollution of all types for a healthy living. It can be said that even after fifty years of independence, India is unable to achieve the desirable standards of health for its population as consequences of environment degradation. What is desired is the will of the people as well as the cooperation of the Government to promote family planning methods.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXTS Dhingra, I.C., Garg, V.K., Economic Development and Planning in India, (15th edn.), 2002, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi URLs http://www.popline.org/docs/1490/190029.html http://www.usaid.gov/in/ programareas/environm.html http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/tab91.pdf http://www.india2020.org.in/category/india2020/report/ http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/wrkpapers/wp_hwpaper.pdf Misra, S.K., Puri, V.K., Indian Economy, (25th edn.), 2007, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai