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nterdisciplinary Design Project Foundations

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Basic Foundation Design
Albert T. Yeung, BSc (Eng) MS PhD
MHKIE FICE MASCE
RPE (CVL, ENV & GEL) CEng PE
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
Requirements
Buildings Ordinance (Cap 123)
PNAPs (not legal requirements)
Environmental Permit
Noise Permit
Specifications
Government Specifications
Private contracts
PNAP
PNAP 1 Practice Notes in Force
PNAP 66 Pile Foundations
PNAP 132 Site Investigation and Ground
Investigation
PNAP 141 Foundation Design
PNAP 158 Ban on Hand-dug Caissons
PNAP 225 Ground Investigation Works in
Schedule Areas Approval and Consent
PNAP 242 Quality Supervision Requirements
for Foundation Works
Codes of Practice
BS 8004 Foundations
Eurocode Code No. 7 Geotechnics
BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete
Code of Practice for Foundations (Hong
Kong Building Authority)
Schedule Areas
Schedule Area 1 Mid-levels
PNAP 85 - Development in Mid-levels
Scheduled Area - Buildings Ordinance section
2(1), Building (Administration) Regulation
8(1)(bb)(vii) and 8(1)(1)
Schedule Area 2 North-western New
Territories
PNAP 161 - Development in the Area Numbers
2 & 4 of Scheduled Areas
Schedule Areas
Schedule Area 3 Mass Transit Railway
Protection Area
PNAP 77 - Mass Transit Railway Protection -
Mass Transit Railway (Land Resumption and
Related Provisions) Ordinance, Buildings
Ordinance Scheduled Area No. 3
Schedule Area 4 Ma On Shan
PNAP 161 - Development in the Area Numbers
2 & 4 of Scheduled Areas
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Schedule Areas
Schedule Area 5 Sewage Tunnel
Protection Areas
PNAP 165 - Sewage Tunnel Works - Sewage
Tunnels (Statutory Easements) Ordinance
Section 17A and Scheduled Area Number
5,Buildings Ordinance, Cap 123
Useful websites
American Society of Civil Engineers: www.asce.org
Institution of Civil Engineers: www.ice.org.uk
American Society for Testing and Materials:
www.astm.org
American Petroleum Institute: www.api.org
National Research Council of Canada: www.nrc.ca
Buildings Department:
www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/index.html
Environmental Protection Department:
www.info.gov.hk/epd/
Civil Engineering Department:
www.info.gov.hk/ced/eng/
The geological origin of a deposit
determines the physical
properties of its constituents .
Therefore, the knowledge of the
relation between physical
properties and geological history
is of outstanding practical
importance
Terzaghi (1955)
Foundation Problems
Granitic rocks
Presence of core stones
Difficulty of founding level
identification
Difficulty of pile driving
Foundation Problems
Volcanic rocks
Presence of zones of low strength
Presence of zones of high permeability
Expansion potential of weathered
materials
Foundation Problems
Sedimentary rocks
Difficulty of founding level
identification
Presence of interbedding weak layers
Problems of potential differential
settlement
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Every geotechnical design is to some
extent hypothetical, and every
construction job involving earth or
rock runs the risk of encountering
surprises. These circumstances are
the inevitable result of working with
materials created by nature, often
before the advent of human beings,
by the processes seldom resulting in
uniform conditions.
Ralph B. Peck
Do not design on paper
what you have to wish
into the ground l
Karl Terzaghi
Design for Constructibility
Design cannot be separated from
construction issues
Construction methods & materials
can affect capacity, load-displacement
characteristics, construction program
and economics
Classification of Foundations
Spread
Footings
Raft
Foundations
Compensated
Foundations
Shallow
Foundations
Pile
Foundations
Caissons
Deep
Foundations
Foundations
Spread Footing Shapes Spread Footing Shapes
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Strap
Footing
Raft Foundations
Flat plate Flat plate thickened
Under columns
Raft Foundations
Two-way beam and slab Flat plate with pedestals
Raft Foundations
Cellular construction Basement walls as
Rigid frame
Soft soil
Firmbearing soil or bedrock Without a foundation
With a
piled
foundation
Fundamental Concept
of a Pile Foundation
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Functions of Piles
To transfer
loads to a
suitable
bearing
stratum by
means of tip
resistance of
the piles
Vertical load
Rock
To transfer
loads to the
soil gradually
by means of
side resistance
along the
length of the
piles
Load
To transfer loads through
water, e.g., offshore oil
drilling platform, bridge pier,
water front structures etc.
To resist
horizontal
forces, e.g.,
earth retaining
structures, tall
building subject
to wind load or
earthquake
load, fender etc.
Horizontal force
To resist uplifting
forces, e.g.,
transmission
towers, offshore
platforms,
basement mats
below the water
table etc.
Uplifting force
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To carry the
foundation
through the
depth of
scour
Zone of
erosion
To carry the
foundation
through
unstable soil,
e.g., expansive
or collapsible
Swelling
soil
Stable
soil
To function as an Earth Retaining Structure
5 rows of soil nails keyed in rock
at 2000 c/c in both directions
Existing shotcreted
surface
Proposed 225 U-channel
Bored pile wall
Assumed groundwater table
100 mmGrade 20D/20 concrete slab
with A393 wire mesh
Fence
To compact granular soils,
thus increasing strength
Common Pile Types in
Hong Kong
Large-diameter bored piles
Bored Pile Classification
Configuration
Straight shaft
Bell-out
Rock socketed
Typical sizes:
800 mm, 1 m, 1.2 m, 1.5 m, 1.8 m, 2 m, 2.2 m,
2.5 m, 2.8 m and 3 m
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Well established design methodologies
Soil / rock can be inspected before, during and
after construction
Construction materials can be inspected before,
during and after construction
Well established construction methods
Pile integrity can be reliably assessed
Depth and diameter can be varied easily
Can be constructed in nearly any type of
geomaterial
Large-Diameter Bored Piles:
Advantages
Equipment can break up practically all kinds
of obstructions
Construction equipment are quite mobile
Materials forming pile are not governed by
handling and driving stresses
Can be installed without appreciable noise or
vibration
No ground heave
Can be installed in conditions of low headroom
Large-Diameter Bored Piles:
Advantages
Installation procedure is complicated
Liable to squeezing or necking
Special techniques needed for concreting in
water-bearing soils
Cannot be extended above ground level without
special adaptation
Raking bored piles are difficult to construct
Large-Diameter Bored Piles:
Disadvantages
Common Pile Types in
Hong Kong
Large-diameter bored piles
Driven steel H-piles
Driven Steel H-Piles: Advantages
Pile material and welding can be thoroughly
inspected before driving
Not liable to squeezing or necking
Easily spliced
Available in various lengths and sizes
Construction operations not affected by
groundwater
High load carrying capacity
Displace small amount of soil during
installation
Driven Steel H-Piles: Advantages
Can be driven very long length
Can be designed to withstand high combined
bending, compressive and/or tensile stress
Projection above ground level advantageous to
marine structures
Raking piles can resist lateral loads effectively
No open hole to keep
No bentonite to handle
Easy installation and economical
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Driven Steel H-Piles: Disadvantages
Not applicable in bouldery ground or steeply
sloping rockhead
Section may be controlled by handling stress
Load carrying capacity limited by driving stress
May be susceptible to corrosion
May be damaged when driving through
obstructions
May suffer unseen damage that reduces load
carrying capacity
Founding conditions remain unknown
Driven Steel H-Piles: Disadvantages
Noise and vibration caused by driving may be
unacceptable
Displacement of soil during driving may lift
adjacent piles or damage adjacent structures
Preboring through obstructions can be expensive
Cannot be driven in conditions of low headroom
Common Pile Types in
Hong Kong
Large-diameter bored piles
Driven steel H-piles
Push-in steel H-piles
Push-in Steel H-Piles: Advantages
Pile material and welding can be thoroughly
inspected before driving
Not liable to squeezing or necking
Easily spliced
Available in various lengths and sizes
Construction operations not affected by
groundwater
High load carrying capacity
Displace small amount of soil during
installation
Push-in Steel H-Piles: Advantages
Can be jacked very long length
Can be designed to withstand high combined
bending, compressive and/or tensile stress
No limitation on working hours
Every pile is load tested
No open hole to keep
No bentonite to handle
Easy installation and economical
Push-in Steel H-Piles: Disadvantages
Not applicable in bouldery ground or steeply
sloping rockhead
Section may be controlled by handling stress
May be susceptible to corrosion
May be damaged when jacking through
obstructions
May suffer unseen damage that reduces load
carrying capacity
Founding conditions remain unknown
Working space required is quite large
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Common Pile Types in
Hong Kong
Large-diameter bored piles
Driven steel H-piles
Push-in steel H-piles
Socketed steel H-piles
Prebored Socketed Steel H-Piles:
Advantages
Pile material and welding can be thoroughly
inspected before installation
Not liable to squeezing or necking
Easily spliced
Available in various lengths and sizes
High load carrying capacity
Displace very small amount of soil during
installation
Can be designed to withstand high combined
bending, compressive and/or tensile stress
Projection above ground level advantageous to
marine structures
Prebored Socketed Steel H-Piles:
Advantages
Installation procedure more complicated
Raking piles impractical
Construction procedure may affect groundwater
regime
Drilling of rock socket takes time
Founding conditions remain unknown
Difficult to install in conditions of low headroom
Prebored Socketed Steel H-Piles:
Disadvantages
Common Pile Types in
Hong Kong
Large-diameter bored piles
Driven steel H-piles
Push-in steel H-piles
Socketed steel H-piles
Minipiles
Selection Criteria
Type of structure to be supported
Load carrying capacity required
Subsurface conditions
Availability of materials and plants
Local experience
Site constraints
Construction schedule
Overall economy
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Requirements for Foundations -
Safety against Failure
Structural failure of the foundations
Bearing capacity failure of the
supporting soils
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soils
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soils

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = BN
2
1
qN cN q
q c ult
Fundamental Design Equation

Weight
Self


Resistance
Side
Ultimate

Resistance
Tip
Ultimate

Capacity
Carrying
Load
Ultimate


















+ ++ +










= == =

Requirements for Foundations -

Tolerable Total and Differential
Settlements
Not to cause structural distress
Not to cause excessive tilting of the
superstructure
Satisfy seviceability requirements of
the superstructure
Settlement
Immediate settlement (distortion
settlement)
i
Consolidation settlement
c
Secondary compression settlement
s
s c i
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =