1.

Introduction to Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is a stateowned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April 2011, and the largest land line telephone provider in India. BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 90 million as of June 2008.It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). As of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wireline and 72.69 million wireless subscribers.

Present and future

BSNL then known as Department of Telecom had been a near monopoly during the socialist period of the Indian economy. During this period, BSNL was the only telecom service provider in the country MTNL was present only in Mumbai and New Delhi). During this period BSNL operated as a typical state-run organization, inefficient, slow, bureaucratic, and heavily unionised. As a result subscribers had to wait for as long as five years to get a telephone connection. The corporation tasted competition for the first time after the liberalisation of Indian economy in 1991. Faced with stiff competition from the private telecom service providers, BSNL has subsequently tried to increase efficiencies itself. DoT veterans, however, put the onus for the sorry state of affairs on the Government policies, where in all state-owned service providers were required to function as mediums for achieving egalitarian growth across all segments of the society. The corporation (then DoT), however, failed miserably to achieve this and India languished among the most poorly connected countries in the world. BSNL was born in 2000 after the corporatisation of DoT. The efficiency of the company has since improved little a bit. However, the performance level is nowhere near the private players. .The corporation remains heavily unionised and is comparatively slow in decision making and its implementation, which largely acts at the instances of unions without bothering about outcome. Management has been reactive to the schemes of private telecom players. Though it offers services at lowest tariffs, the private players continue to notch up better numbers in all areas, years after year. BSNL has been providing connections in both urban and rural areas.
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Pre-activated Mobile connections are available at many places across India. BSNL has also unveiled cost-effective broadband internet access plans (DataOne) targeted at homes and small businesses. At present BSNL enjoy's around 60% of market share of ISP services. Year of Broadband 2007 2007 has been declared as "Year of Broadband" in India and BSNL is in the process of providing 5 million Broadband connectivity by the end of 2007. BSNL has upgraded existing Dataone (Broadband) connections for a speed of up to 2 Mbit/s without any extra cost. This 2 Mbit/s broadband service is being provided by BSNL at a cost of just US$ 11.7 per month (as of 21 July 2008 and at a limit of 2.5GB monthly limit with 0200-0800 hrs as no charge period). Further, BSNL is rolling out new broadband services such as triple play. BSNL is planning to increase its customer base to 108 million customers by 2010. With the frantic activity in the communication sector in India, the target appears achievable.BSNL is a pioneer of rural telephony in India. BSNL has recently bagged 80% of US$ 580 m (INR 2,500 crores) Rural Telephony project of Government of India. On the 20th of March, 2009, BSNL advertised the launch of BlackBerry services across its Telecom circles in India. The corporation has also launched 3G services in select cities across the country. Presently, BSNL and MTNL are the only players to provide 3G services, as the Government of India has completed auction of 3G services for private players. BSNL shall get 3G bandwidth at lowest bidder prices of Rs 18,500 crore, which includes Rs 10,186 crore for 3G and Rs 8313crore for BWA.
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[One crore is 10 million.]BSNL management has paid this money under protest seeking refund. BSNL also launched an Entertainment Portal called BSNL Hungama which provides contents like music and music video to users for download. This functions as a fixed monthly plan.

Competitors
BSNL competes with 14 other mobile operators throughout India. They are Aircel, Airtel Cheers Mobile, Idea, Loop Mobile, MTNL, MTS, Ping Mobile, Reliance Communications, S Tel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Indicom, Uninor, Videocon, Virgin Mobile and Vodafone.

Services offered by BSNL:

Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline services & landline in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. As of June 30, 2010, BSNL has 75% marketshare of fixed lines. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services : BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name Cellone & Excel (BSNL Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share of mobile telephony in the country.

WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop)service is a service giving both fixed line telephony & Mobile telephony. Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL holds 55.76% of the market share with reported subscriber base of 9.19 million Internet subscribers with 7.79% of growth at the end of Mar10.Top 12 Dial-up Service providers, based on the subscriber base, It Also Provides OnlineGames Via Its Games on Demand(GOD) Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services offers value-added services, such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rae Service (PRM), Universal Access Number (UAN) and more. 3G: BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation' services which includes facilities like video calling, live TV, 3G Video portal, streaming services like online full length movies and video on demand etc. IPTV: BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol Television' facility which enables watch television through internet.
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2.Introduction to Broadband
In general, broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time. A high speed Internet connection with at least 256Kbps speed is termed as a Broadband connection. To be little more technical, a channel may be broadband if it sends a signal without modulation on a carrier. The signal covers the whole range of frequency that medium can carry. The broad band term is now hijacked by the Internet Service Provider. Hence now the term broadband is a term used for high speed Internet access. Narrowband transceiver operates within 902-928 MHz ISM band The industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) Radio bands are reserved for non commercial use. 900 MHz band (33.3 cm wavelength) 2.4 GHz band (12.2 cm wavelength) 5.8 GHz band (5.2 cm wavelength) IEEE 802.11b/g wireless ETHERNET also operates on the 2.4 GHz band

Types of Broadband Technologies:

4 main types of Broadband technologies
2.1 DSL 2.2 Cable 2.3 Fiber-Optic

2.4 Satellite 2.1 DSL Digital Subscriber Line is a telecommunications service that makes it possible to transform an ordinary phone line into a high-speed conduit for data, voice and video. As long as your home or business is close enough to your service providers central office (a local office with switching equipment which connects everyone in a certain area to the companies net-work), you'll be able to subscribe to DSL service. Typical connections allow users to receive data at 1.5 Mbps and send data at approximately 256 Kbps, though actual speed is determined by the proximity to the providers central office. DSL service is always on users don't need to dial a connection to gain access to the Internet and some services even allow users to use the same line for voice and data traffic.

2.2 Cable: The broadband cable connection is provided by the local cable TV provider. Here the cable Internet connection speed varies with the number of users on the service at a specific point in time.
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Given a specific geographical area, users of the broadband cable service share the connection bandwidth which slows the speed the more users are on the system. This will occur at the peak times for example late in the evenings after the work day is over when many people will be accessing the Internet. Somewhat misleadingly, often the cable company would estimate connection speeds that are based on the thinking that you are using the service. But that is clearly not the case. 2.3 Fiber-Optic: The newest broadband service is fiber-optic, which is the fastest Internet connection thus far. However, this type of Internet service is still in its infancy as its service areas are quite limited and because the laying down of the fiber-optic cable takes a while to complete. Wherever it is available, the cost not only competes with that of DSL and cable, but it provides a much faster connection than both of those services. 2.4 Satellite If you live outside one of the main urban areas of Scotland, other satellite broadband may deliver access where

broadband technologies are not currently commercially or technically viable. Satellite broadband uses a small antenna receiver dish fitted to the outside of your house to link up with a satellite in geo-stationary orbit at an altitude of approximately 24,000 miles. Don't be put off by the concept of satellites and aerial dishes. The technology works and it is available to you. Satellite broadband is normally available throughout Scotland, as it does not depend on a land-based infrastructure.
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3.ELABORATION OF DSL:
Functions Of DSL Components
DSL CPEs: At customer premises. On end it connects telephone

cable coming from exchange. At the other end, it connects to PC through Ethernet and Telephone through RJ-45 connector
DSLAM: called as DSL Access Multiplexer. It has a built in splitter

which splits voice and data. While voice follows the normal conventional path through exchange, data is aggregated and up linked through Ethernet Port (Gigabit Ethernet for 480 port and Fast Ethernet for lower DSLAM)
BRAS: called as Broadband Remote Access Server. First intelligent

device in the whole chain. It terminates the customer session, authenticates, allott IP addresses and keeps track of user session for billing along with RADIUS
SSSS: Called as Subscriber Service Selection System. When customer

logs in he will be welcome with this customized screen.

4.COMPONENTS OF DSL
4.1 ROUTER
A router is a more sophisticated network device than either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and switches, network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computers can connect to. Routers for home networks (often called broadband routers) also can join multiple networks. These routers are designed specifically to join the home (LAN) to the Internet (WAN) for the purpose of Internet connection sharing. In contrast, neither hubs nor switches are capable of joining multiple networks or sharing an Internet connection. A router is a network communication device that is used to connect two different networks and to provide the internet connectivity to the users. A broadband router is essential part of the home or office network where the high speed internet connectivity is required. Using a broadband router, the network computers can share the internet and send and receive the data with every other user on the network. It shares the internet connection by using the NAT (Network Address Translation). There are the following three purposes of the broadband routers.

To provide the high speed internet connectivity to the network users. To route the traffic between the network computers. To filter the traffic through the built-in firewall features. It distributes the IP addresses dynamically thus it functions as a DHCP server.
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A broadband router combines the features of a router, hardware firewall, DHCP server and DSL modem. It incorporates all the networking features in one networking device. It follows the standards of computer networking for the Ethernet. There are many manufacturers of the broadband routers such as D-Link, Cisco, Nortel, Linksys, US Robotics and Juniper. Broadband router can be divided into the categories i.e. ADSL modem router and cable router. some of the most common broadband routers. Linksys EtherFast BEFRS41 US Robotics USR8000 D-Link DI804-HV Nexland ISB SOHO

Wireless routers These wireless routers for home networks employ 802.11g technology.
802.11g wireless broadband routers support higher speeds and

more options than older 802.11b routers. If upgrading from 802.11b, you should notice faster file sharing and printing, and you can add more computers to an 802.11g network without bogging it down.
802.11g routers are not as fast or full-featured as newer 802.11n

wireless routers. However, when you consider their solid performance, overall capabilities, and more affordable pricing, an 802.11g router may still be right for you.
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4.2 DSLAM
A DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) is a network device, usually at a telephone company central office, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line usingmultiplexing techniques. DSLAM multiplexers connect DSL lines with some combination of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), frame relay, or Internet

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Protocol networks.

The process of making this connection possible requires a few exchanges of data. The data must travel between these points and is routed to the

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appropriate destination to make the Internet connection valid. The following is the process through which the data must travel to make the connection: Customer Location A DSL modem must be in use and ready to accept the connection. The modem will attempt to train by dialing the appropriate access number to the DSL service provider through the local loop. The Local loop The local loop is the group of telephone wires which are used to send the data between the customer and the telephone company. The central office or a servicing area interface must accept the dialing in of the data from the modem which it then processes through a DSLAM. The DSLAM The device or DSL service which will be accepting the connection from the modem and rerouting it to a main distribution frame. The DSLAM makes it possible to send both data and voice data on the same line through the downstream for the DSL line. The separation of the data and voice streams is done through a special filter on the customers side which is placed before the modem telephone cable. The data which is being transmitted from the customers side, is then sent through the DSL service provider along with the phone voice signals, to the voice switch on the telephone companys side. The Main Distribution Frame The Main Distribution frame is a special connecting rack which is designed to connect the subscriber lines with internal lines. This allows access from outside lines to gain access to internal networks on the system. The Handover Distribution Frame The Handover Distribution Frame is the last location in which the data must travel to allow for the local loop to
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reach the service providers DSLAM. This connection is usually very stable for customers which are very close to the local loop. Properties of a DSLAM DSLAMs are very complex pieces of equipment and are basically designed to make connections as fast as possible between different locations. The speed of the connections is really up to several factors but the three most important functions of the DSLAM are: Use as a Multiplexer The multiplexing abilities of the DSLAM are very complicated and perform the necessary encoding of both voice and data signals through the phone company and through to the ISP. Some DSLAMs can do this for several hundreds to thousands of connections at one time. This requires a large amount of resources to pull off and keep going smoothly. Use as a Data Switch The data switching capabilities of the DSLAM are important to providing a connection to the internet. The data switching allows connections between services and is required for use by several different customers at once. Once a switch on the board is free, it becomes available for another connection to be made through. Collection of Modems The DSLAM is also a large collection of modems which are designed to patch the customers through to their appropriate services. The modems within the DSLAM are capable of adjusting the line to remove echoes and other disturbances from the line to compensate and increase the bandwidth for the maximum connection rate possible.

4.3 ADSL
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ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a high-speed Internet access service that utilizes existing copper telephones lines to send and receive data at speeds that far exceed conventional dial-up modems.ADSL uses standard telephone lines to transmit upstream and downstream data on a digital frequency, which sets these datastreams apart from the analog signals telephones and fax machines use. Because the ADSL signal is operating on a different frequency, the telephone can be used normally, even when surfing the Web with ADSL service. The only requirement will probably be inexpensive DSL filters on each phone or fax line, to remove any "white noise" on the line that might be generated from ADSL service. The "asymmetric" in ADSL refers to the fact that the downstream data rate, or the data coming to your computer from the Internet, is traveling faster than upstream data, or the data traveling from your computer to the Internet. Upstream data rates are slower because Web page requests are fairly miniscule data strings that do not require much bandwidth to handle efficiently. ADSL service requires an Internet service provider (ISP), and ADSL modem. The modem is often provided free of charge, and most ISPs that offer ADSL service require subscriber contracts of one year. ADSL is also more expensive than economical dial-up service, which can cost less than US$10 per month.

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ADSL is an "always on" service, meaning that as long as your computer is powered on, it will automatically stay connected to the Internet unless you manually disconnect via software or hardware. ADSL is especially suited for gamers, CAD use, streaming multimedia and downloading large files.Unlike dial-up service, which stipulates only one session be instigated at a time, multiple members can be using ADSL service simultaneously on various computers in the house without violating policy. Some businesses, however, may require matching upstream rates for uploading large files. SDSL, or Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line is an option. "Symmetric" indicates that both datastreams are operating at the same speed of 1.5 to 7 Mbps, depending on the grade purchased. SDSL service requires a dedicated telephone line because, unlike ADSL, telephone and fax services cannot share a line with SDSL service. ADSL network components The ADSL modem at the customer premises (ATU-R) The modem of the central office (ATU-C) DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM) Broadband Access Server (BAS) Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies DSLAM.

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ADSL Loop Architecture

CentralOffice

Subscriber premises

Frequency Spectrum of ADSL

The ADSL transmit signal consist of a large number ( up to 256) of sub-carrier located at spacing of 4.3125 Khz. interference between voice and data. POTS Channel - Separated by a POTS splitter
Upstream/Downstream channels separated by either FDM using

The

channel 0 is for POTS , Channel 1-5 are not used to avoid

LPF/HPF or a combination of FDM and echo cancellation . Echo cancellation improves the BW through put in the

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downstream

direction

ADSL IMPAIRMENTS The factors adversely effecting the performance of a copper pair when dealing with the higher frequencies involved with ADSL. Return Loss Insertion Loss Longitudinal Balance Crosstalk Noise

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4.4 ADSL2
ADSL2 is a standard for delivering internet connectivity through telephone connections. It is designed to work approximately twice as quickly as ADSL. This means speed of up to 24Mb/s for downloads and 3.5Mb/s for uploads are theoretically possible. ADSL2 also makes it possible to use two phone lines for a single connection. This is known as using "bonded lines." Doing this will increase the speed available, though it won't necessarily double the speed.ADSL2 is an improved version of ADSL. The biggest difference between them is the improved maximum speed that you can get with ADSL2, which can reach up to 12Mbps while ADSL can only reach 8Mbps. Another key advantage that ADSL2 has over ADSL is the improved distance that ADSL2 can cover using the same copper wires. Improved range means greater area covered with the same number of junction boxes. Resistance to noise has also been improved in ADSL2. It may not have any effect under ideal circumstances but it allows for better and more reliable connections even when the conditions outside are less than ideal.ADSL2 is backwards compatible with ADSL. This means that all ADSL2 equipment is able to work at ADSL specs.

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4.5 ADSL2+
Aside from ADSL and ADSL2, there is also ADSL+. This second upgrade to ADSL provides much faster speeds compared to both ADSL and ADSL2. But just the same, the choice of which standard to use is still pretty much dependent on your ISP and the only thing that you can do on your side is to make sure that your hardware is able to handle any of the three standards.

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4.6 VDSL
VDSL stands for Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line and offers a much faster transmission of data than standard DSL lines. It is delivered via a pair of copper lines twisted together to make a single line. VDSL transmits data in the 13 Mbps - 55 Mbps range (up to 52 Mbps downstream and 16 Mbps upstream) over short distances, usually between 1000 and 4500 feet (300 - 1500 meters), of twisted pair copper wire. The shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate. VDSL is so hardy that it is capable of providing services like HDTV and Video-on-Demand along with Internet access. VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Line Subscriber) is next generation DSL at super-accelerated rates of 52 Mbps (megabits per second) downstream and 12 mbps upstream. Downstream data rates refer to download speeds, or the speed at which data travels to your computer, while upstream data rates refer to upload speeds, or the speed at which data travels from your computer to the Internet. VDSL architecture is based one of two technologies: QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) or DMT (Discrete multitone modulation). These two technologies are not compatible with each other and according to many manufacturers, DMT is more commonly used.

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VDSL is so hardy that it is capable of providing services like HDTV and Video-on-Demand along with Internet access, and will be bundled with HDTV packages as it establishes a presence in the marketplace. It is the first high-speed technology that can provide an entire home-entertainment package, making it entirely unique. As demand grows, the price of VDSL packages will likely fall. VDSL is able to deliver incredible bandwidth over standard telephone lines because voice communications through the telephone require only a fraction of the wire's capability.

4.7 VDSL2
VDSL2 is the newest and most advanced standard of DSl broadband wireline communications. Designed to support the wide deployment of triple play services such as voice, video, data, high definition television (HDTV) and interactive gaming. ITU-T G.993.2 (VDSL2) is an enhancement to G.993.1 (VDSL) that permits the transmission of asymmetric and symmetric aggregate data rates up to 200 Mbit/s on twisted pairs using a bandwidth up to 30 MHz. The service for VDSL2 is available in many different parts of the world and can be accessed through the copper wire phone lines that are already in place. This makes it extremely easy to get a fast connection which is available to businesses and organizations which need a line that could be split over a large network with more than normal strain. The amazing thing is that the VDSL2 access is available over the same wires as plain old telephone service and lower speed DSL. This makes it very
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useful for companies which are in range to take advantage of the service when it is available in their location. The best thing for those companies which are in range to the telephone service provider center, or the stations which offer these VDSL2 services, is to ask the VDSL2 service providers if they can offer access to the network at the location. They will usually send out a technician to test out the phone lines and make sure that they work well enough without significant degrading. Services Which Use VDSL2 There is a wide range of services which can benefit from having access to VDSL2 networks. These specialized networks can easily make it possible for these services to have a fast and active connection whenever they need it. The following are known VDSL2 beneficiary technologies: HDTV Television Service Since HDTV must be transmitted in a digital format, it is often offered through a cable connection. The best and fastest commercially available option is through VDSL2 which would offer flawless transmission of HDTV signals. This is one of the entertainment services which benefits the most through access to such a high bandwidth connection. Telephone Service Traditional telephone service can also be routed through the extremely fast connection offered through VDSL2. This is not a perfect technology and will only sound higher quality if the other number is routed through a fast connection as well. This can be integrated into massive call centers where the phone lines go through the VDSL2 service connection.
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Voice over Internet Protocol This is another popular option which is available through VDSL2 with much better sound during calls. The instant connection to both digital lines and traditional phone lines offers the highest quality sound when using VDSL2 services. The results with this option will be highly variable and depend on the quality of the connection of the party that is being called/is calling through the VoIP connection. Advantages to using VDSL2 Since VDSL2 is a great option for high speed connections, it comes with several advantages when it is used for average high traffic usage: VoIP Services The services which are offered for VoIP connectivity will always work extremely well over a VDSL2 line. The connection is not difficult to set up and multiple lines can be set up on the same connection. This is perfect for businesses which need several VoIP connections to reduce phone lines. Fast Continuous Connection The fast continuous connection that is provided with nearly equal upload and downloads speeds is perfect for conferencing and streaming data between locations. The speed helps with connections to servers that are offsite as well. Server Access Hosting a server within the premises is also possible and can be done over the VDSL2 connection. Since this connection can remain on all the time, it makes a perfect option for companies and organizations which want to host their own websites or a private server which can be accessed by employees or officials.
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Disadvantages of using VDSL2 VDSL2 is an aging technology, it does have some disadvantages for companies/organizations which need much more than VDSL can handle such as: Inability to Handle Thousands of Connections Since the connections to a server which may be available on site may increase with popularity or necessity, the speed of the connection drops substantially as it is shared with so many connections. A faster Internet technology is required to really get the higher speeds that are required for several more connections than are possible through VDSL2. Distance from Service Provider Since distance from the provider plays a key role in speeds accessible, it may not be as beneficial to choose VDSL2 if you are outside the range that is commonly recommended for the maximum speeds. There are several distances which can output the necessary speeds for home use but they may not be suitable for business or commercial applications if they are too far from the service access point which is recommended. Asking a technician to come to the location to test the connection and get the speeds available is always beneficial in making the decision to use VDSL2.

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5.WI-FI
A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection. The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter. The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s WiFi radios have a few notable differences from other radios: They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkietalkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.

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They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors:

802.11a transmits at 5 GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of

data per second. It also uses orthogonal frequency-division

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multiplexing(OFDM), a more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference.
802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a

while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become less expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency band of the radio spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds.
802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster --

it can handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the same OFDM coding as 802.11a.
802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available. This standard

significantly improves speed and range. For instance, although 802.11g theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-world speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of network congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as 140 megabits per second. A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to the internet connection. Access point acts as a base station. When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the device can then connect to that network wirelessly.

5.1 Wi-Fi Security

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Many folks setting up wireless home networks rush through the job to get their Internet connectivity working as quickly as possible. That's totally understandable. It's also quite risky as numerous security problems can result. Today's Wi-Fi networking products don't always help the situation as configuring their security features can be time-consuming and non-intuitive. The recommendations below summarize the steps you should take to improve the security of your home wireless network. Change Default Administrator Passwords (and Usernames) At the core of most Wi-Fi home networks is an access point or router. To set up these pieces of equipment, manufacturers provide Web pages that allow owners to enter their network address and account information. These Web tools are protected with a login screen (username and password) so that only the rightful owner can do this. However, for any given piece of equipment, the logins provided are simple and very well-known to hackers on the Internet. Change these settings immediately. Turn Off the Network During Extended Periods of Non-Use The ultimate in wireless security measures, shutting down your network will most certainly prevent outside hackers from breaking in! While impractical to turn off and on the devices frequently, at least consider doing so during travel or extended periods offline. Computer disk drives have been known to suffer from power cycle wear-andtear, but this is a secondary concern for broadband modems and routers.
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6.Wi-Max
WiMAX is an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access .WiMAX is a possible replacement for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA . WiMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting). WiMAX will deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 kilometers .Frequency range 1066GHz and 11GHz. 40km range. It consists of access point, BS ( base station ), SS ( subscriber station). All traffic goes through base station and it control and allocates bandwidth on the radio cannel.Wimax tower can provide cover over large area 8000km.

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WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m). With WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of
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interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers. At its heart, however, WiMAX is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure that the broadband wireless radios manufactured for customer use interoperate from vendor to vendor. The primary advantages of the WiMAX standard are to enable the adoption of advanced radio features in a uniform fashion and reduce costs for all of the radios made by companies, who are part of the WiMAX Forum - a standards body formed to ensure interoperability via testing.

Advantages of Broadband :
1. Connection speed is up to 100 times faster than dialup connection. You can download pictures files, software in seconds or minutes instead of hours. Online gaming is only possible using a broadband internet access. 2. It does not affect the phone line. For DSL internet access, you can use the same phone line for both voice/fax and data transmission. For cable internet access, you are connected to the internet via the cable network. In either case, your phone line is not occupied while you are connected to the internet. 3. It is convenient because the internet connection is always on. 4. You don't need to dial an access number and risk getting a busy signal.

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5. Broadband internet offers unlimited access and you won't be charged based on the connection duration. 6. Broadband internet not only gives you high speed internet access, it can also provide cheap phone services via VoIP technology.

Disadvantages of Broadband:
1. 2. High monthly fee compared to dialup internet access. Higher security risk than dialup connection. A personal firewall is needed to protect your computer. 3. Not all phone wires are equipped for DSL service. May not be available in rural or remote areas. 4. Not all cable TV networks are equipped for cable internet access. May not be available in rural or remote areas.

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Conclusion
In this report a comprehensive view has been taken to show the various broad band technologies that are using now-a-days. This report mainly focused on DSL and ADSL technologies. By using ADSL technology we can use simulataneous internet and voice/fax capabilities over a single telephone line. It provides uninterrupted high-speed internet access that is always on-line. It provide high data security then other technologies and provies faster download speeds.

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BIBLOGRAPHY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_acce ss http://ntc.net.np/internet/adsl/ http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Broadband_Techn ologies http://www.pulsewan.com/data101/adsl_vdsl_basics.h tm http://www.corning.com/docs/opticalfiber/wp6321.pdf

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