Speak Cherokee

! Speak Cherokee!
Volume I
Michael W S Joyner
ii
Dedication
To Ray Cochran - without his inspiration in working to keep the Cherokee culture and language alive, even amidst his pain, this work would probably not have come about.
Notice
Language and culture which are not shared and taught openly and freely will die. If our language and culture die, as a people, so do we.
Copyright 2010 - All Rights Reserved

ISBN: 978-0-557-68640-7 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons AttributionShare Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
In Summary:1
You are free: to Share to copy, distribute and transmit the work. to Remix to adapt the work. Under the following conditions: Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Share Alike If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.
1 The summary is not the license. It is simply a handy reference for understanding the license and as such, has no legal value.
iii
With the understanding that: Waiver Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Other Rights In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
Your fair dealing or fair use rights; Apart from the remix rights granted under this license, the
authors moral rights;
Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or

in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/ 3.0/us/.
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Contributors
Ray Cochran <Hawks Calls> (language consultation) Charles E. Kauffman (voice for audio disks, language consultation, flute player) Sagonige Asaladisgi (language consultation) , (language consultation) Katrina Joyner, Graphics Arts, Book-cover.
Appreciation to:
Sequoyah - For creating the Syllabary. To the LYX, XeTEX, Ubuntu, and other Open Source Software projects for creating the software used to generate these materials. http:// www.lyx.org/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX, http://www. ubuntu.com/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source. To Leanne Hinton for her invaluable work on methodologies for teaching languages where fluency is low or non-existent, without whom the structure and inspiration for these materials would not have existed. How to Teach when the Teacher Isnt Fluent. http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/hinton.html, To Dr. Pimsleur for Graduated Interval Recall, a much changed version of which is used in the audio lessons.2 http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall The Cherokee Unicode fonts page: http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/ Fonts_Cherokee.html
Referenced materials:
(Writing Cherokee) - ISBN: 1884655-23-8 (Beginning Cherokee) - ISBN: 0-8061-1463-0 Cherokee/English Dictionary - ISBN: none
2 The intervals published in his paper were: 5 seconds, 25 seconds, 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 25 days, 4 months, 2 years.
Cherokee English / Cherokee Glossary - ISBN: 1-884655-63-7 Cherokee Parenting Phrases - ISBN: 1-884655-64-5 Cherokee Study Course - ISBN: 1-882182-02-2 Conjugation Made Easy / Cherokee Verb Study - ISBN: 1-88218234-0 Conversation Starters in Cherokee - ISBN: 1-882182-42-1 Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary - ISBN: none Possessives in Cherokee Made Easy - ISBN: 1-882182-39-1 A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee - (http: //kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/ 1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf)
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Preface
This book and accompanying audio covers basic pronunciation, a few introductory phrases, bound pronouns, basic sentence structure, and introduces some of the requirements of word agreement. Please keep in mind that many of the sentences used in this material are here only to demonstrate grammar, not provide examples of everyday speech, and are many times non-sensible from a normal conversational point of view. If you find what you believe to be an error in this material, would like to make a suggestion or comment, or want to obtain the most recent revision, please visit us on the web at: http://www.cherokeelessons. com/. When referencing this material, please be sure to notate the document revision tag: $Revision: 3.41 $.
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viii
Contents
Contents 1 First Lesson
1.1 Accompanying Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 On-line Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Getting the most out of this material. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Syllabary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 You vs You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Let us say the letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Syllabary, with markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Syllabary, without markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix 1
1 2 2 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 11
2 Second Lesson
2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Syllabary Speaking Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
13
13 13 15 15 16
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
3 Third Lesson
3.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Pronunciation Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17 17 19 19 21 23
4 Fourth Lesson
4.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Pronouns & Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25 25 27 29 32
5 Fifth Lesson
5.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 One Person vs Many People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 One Thing vs Many Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 Plural Describing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Plurals Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 It vs Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
33 33 35 35 36 36 37 44 46 49 51
6 Sixth Lesson
6.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Cherokee Reading 6.3 ale/-hno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53 53 55 57 60
6.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
7 Seventh Lesson
7.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Formal vs Informal Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Talking About the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Vocabulary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
63 63 65 66 67 69 71 73
8 Eighth Lesson
8.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Word order revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75 75 78 85 87 88
9 Ninth Lesson
9.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 Habitually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
89 89 91 94 95 99 99
10 Tenth Lesson
101
10.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10.2 Future tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Eleventh Lesson
103
11.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 xi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
12 Twelth Lesson
105
12.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
13 Thirteenth Lesson
107
13.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 13.3 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14 Fourteenth Lesson
111
14.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 14.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
15 Fifteenth Lesson
113
15.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 15.4 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 15.5 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A Answers
117
A.1 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 A.2 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A.3 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 A.4 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 A.5 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 A.6 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 A.7 Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
B Additional Resources
143
B.1 The Leitner System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B.2 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 $Revision: 3.41 $ $Date: 2011/07/08 12:15:41 $ UTC xii
Chapter 1

The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to write the Cherokee language in 1819. Each of the characters represents one syllable. The syllabary achieved almost instantaneous popularity, and for decades was used in the Cherokee Phoenix, a Cherokee newspaper. It has been used since it was formed to write letters, keep diaries, and record medical formulas. Although little new material is published in Cherokee, it is still used today to transcribe recipes, religious lore, folktales, etc. Knowledge of the syllabary is considered necessary for full Cherokee citizenship. According to evidence as of 1980, the (Western) Cherokee language is still spoken both formally and informally by around 10,000 people. The language remains strong, as the number of speakers has been continuing to increase since 1930. Cherokee languages classes typically begin with a transliteration of Cherokee into Roman letters, only later incorporating the syllabary. The syllabary is finding increasingly diverse usage today, from books, newspapers, and websites to the street signs of Tahlequah, Oklahoma and Cherokee, North Carolina. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_alphabet
1.1
Accompanying Audio
The accompanying audio is available for download from http://www. cherokeelessons.com/ at no charge. If you prefer, you can purchase 1
1.2. ON-LINE SUPPORT
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
a physical disk containing the audio for this book as DRM-free MP3 files from http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/wolfieee.
1.2
On-line Support
It is strongly recommended that you join the on-line Cherokee Lessons website forum. Sign up is fast, free, and easy. Just visit http: //www.cherokeelessons.com/ and click on Cherokee Discussions. You will find people of all skill levels willing to help you in your journey of learning to speak, read, and write Cherokee.
1.3
1.3.1
Getting the most out of this material.

Dull repetition is not the answer!
For you to be able to learn the Cherokee Language and Syllabary, you need the vocabulary presented to you in a specially ordered fashion. Simply starting out by repeating a word over and over will not work. Your brain will quickly become numb to the information you are trying to learn and you will encounter great difficulty going beyond a dozen or so words. Instead what needs to done is to have a challenge and response exercise in a specially crafted pattern that prevents the brain from becoming quickly numb to what we are trying to learn, giving us the ability to learn all great many words in very short order with a much longer retention time.
1.3.2
Graduated Interval Recall is the answer.
1.3.2.1 Paraphrased from Wikipedia :

Graduated-interval recall is a specific method of spaced repetition, published by Paul Pimsleur in 1967. It is particularly suited to programmed audio instruction due to the very short times (measured in seconds or minutes) between the first few repetitions, unlike other forms of spaced repetition which may not require such precise timings. Graduated Interval Recall is a complex name for a very simple theory about memory. No aspect of learning a foreign language is more important than memory, yet before 2
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.3. GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS MATERIAL. Dr. Pimsleurs work, no one had explored more effective ways for building language memory. In his research, Dr. Pimsleur discovered how long students remembered new information and at what intervals they needed to be reminded of it. If reminded too soon or too late, they failed to retain the information.
1.3.3
How Graduated Interval Recall ts in.
After studying Dr. Pimsleurs Graduated Interval Recall methodology, I created special audio files to accompany this printed material for the different groupings of the Cherokee Vocabulary presented in this material, including bound pronouns and other associated word forms. If you did receive a copy of these audio files, please visit http:// www.cherokeelessons.com/ to download them free of charge. While there, please join the forums for free language assistance and all around general chat.
1.3.4
Audio Lesson Structure
Each set of audio lessons is composed of three main components:
1.3.4.1 Syllabary Dictation Exercises

Learning to write and read Cherokee is very important for long term language retention and on-line communication.
1.3.4.2 General Lectures

They explain important concepts like how plurals work, etc. You should be able to follow along with the printed material very closely. Even if you dont understand the lectures in entirety, listen through each lecture at least once before doing the following vocabulary exercises. If you find anything confusing and would like assistance, please visit us on the web at http://www.cherokeelessons.com/. 3
1.4. SYLLABARY
1.3.4.3 Vocabulary Exercises

This is where you will learn most of your vocabulary. Most individuals will need to repeat these exercises several times. These are the challenge response audio files that have been crafted based on the concepts behind the Graduated Interval Recall method.1
1.4
Syllabary
The Cherokee Alphabet is composed of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. This is why it is called a syllabary. A symbol in the Cherokee Syllabary typically represents a consonant sound followed by an optional vowel sound.2
1.5
Speaking
To speak Cherokee correctly, keep you lips still and the front of your tongue against your lower front teach. One is supposed to use the middle of your tongue to make the s, l, and other sounds, not the tongues tip. This takes practice, dont give up.
1.5.1
Tone
In the Durbin Feeling Dictionary and other source materials you will see references to pitch or tone. In most cases, the pitch or tone of a word or phrase does not impact its meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Here we compare the Cherokee for salt and water: The Cherokee for water, a-MA, has a shortened a that is of a lower tone. The Cherokee for salt, A-ma, has both syllables of about equal length and of equal tone.
1 The example timings as published, were not used. His paper clearly states they were only for example usage, and were not the actual numbers he came up with that matched his student population at the time of the study. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON Cherokee Pronunciation a-MA A-ma Meaning water salt
1.5. SPEAKING
You can also compare the musical scores representing pronunciation between the two:
1.5.2
Glottal stops
The glottal stop is a type of consonant sound used in many spoken languages. They are very common in Cherokee and the pronunciation column will be using a ? to represent them. English examples of glottal stops are the pause in uh-oh! and the tt in mitten or bitten. When you see a ? in the pronunciation column, you should pause briefly before going on to the next syllable.
1.5.3
The Intrusive H
Periodically you will see an an extra h added to the beginning of a syllable in the pronunciation column, even though the matching syllabary does not start with an h. Except for the letters , hna, and , nah, this sound is not written. As the amount of intrusive h you will encounter will vary from speaker to speaker, you will hear some words with it, others without it.
1.5.4
gi? ki? do? to?
Sometimes you will see ki, ko, ke, or to in the pronunciation column, and the Cherokee letters for gi, go, ge, and do in the Syllabary column. Native speakers are accustomed to varying some g sounds towards k sounds and varying some d sounds towards t sounds. This can also be heard when you hear different people reciting the Syllabary as some individuals substitute gw for qu. 5
1.6. YOU VS YOU
1.5.5
tla? hla?
Throughout this material, the syllables tla, tle, tli, tlo, tlu, and tlv can also be voiced hla, hle, hli, hlo, hlu, and hlv and you will see both forms used interchangeably in the pronunciation column. When voicing the tl/hl sound, one should drop the tongue straight down, which causes both tla and hla to sound almost alike.
1.5.6
Nasalization.
The v sound is always nasalized. The last syllable in each word is many times nasalized.
1.6
You vs You
In this and future lessons, you will see references to You, You and I, You Two, You All, etc. Unlike English, Cherokee speech specifies relationships of one to one, one to two, one to many, one to many but not you, etc. While a strange concept at first for non-native Cherokee speakers, with a little practice, these relationships will become second nature and a natural part of your everyday Cherokee speech. From this point onwards, if a quantity of people is not specified when using the word you, assume you is referring to a single person.
1.7
Writing
In this material are two Syllabary charts: one with English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.10 on page 8) and one without English pronunciation marks (see Section 1.11 on page 9), after your penmanship exercises, try sounding out each of the Syllabary characters starting where your penmanship exercises left off and working in reverse till you reach . Try using the chart that does not have any pronunciation marks, referring to the one with pronunciation marks only as a last resort. To be able to read and write Cherokee, you need to learn the Syllabary by writing it, not just reading it. You must do the penmanship exercises, making sure to sound out the letters each time you write them. 6
1.8. LET US SAY THE LETTERS.
1.8
Let us say the letters.
Trying to keep you tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, practice sounding out each of the characters on the Syllabary on the following page. Repeat aloud along with the Syllabary on page 9 and the Syllabary sounds audio included on the Chapter 1 audio disk. Try and keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
1.9
Vocabulary
Exercise 1.1. Create flash cards from the following vocabulary list with
the Cherokee words from the pronunciation column on one side and the English words on the other side. The act of creating your own flash cards helps with the learning process. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. For most effective use of your flash cards, use the Leitner system. See Section B.1 on page 143. Pronunciation o-si-yo ni! a-yo! v-s-gi-gi ho-wa. English Translation Hello. Look at that! Ouch! Really? All right. Okay. Agreement.
Exercise 1.2. Add the following vocabulary to your flash cards. With
your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the next section. Pronunciation v: v tla (hla) ja-la-gi yo-ne-ga English Translation Yes No Cherokee English
1.10
v gv hv lv nv quv sv dv tlv jv wv yv
1.10. SYLLABARY, WITH MARKINGS. CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON
The Cherokee Syllabary, with English markings.
a ga ka ha la ma na hna nah qua sa s da ta dla tla ja wa ya
e ge he le me ne que se de te tle je we ye
i gi hi li mi ni qui si di ti tli ji wi yi
o go ho lo mo no quo so do tlo jo wo yo
u gu hu lu mu nu quu su du tlu ju wu yu
CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.11. SYLLABARY, WITHOUT MARKINGS.
1.11
The Cherokee Syllabary, without English markings.

1.12

English Markings Pronunciation Guide.
Key to Pronunciation3 Vowel Sounds

a: as (a) in father, or short as (a) in rival e: as (a) in hate, or short as (e) in met
3 This abbreviated pronunciation guide is adapted from the more complete pronunciation guide as used in Beginning Cherokee by Ruth Bradley Holmes and Betty Sharp Smith. Additional information was adapted from the Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary by Prentice Robinson.
1.12. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
i: as (i) in pique or pig, or short as (i) in pit o: as (o) in note, approaching (aw) in law u: as (oo) in fool, or short as (u) in pull v: as (u) in but, nasalized
Consonant Sounds
g: nearly as in English (g)oat, but approaching to (k)ite. So that syllables beginning with g, except (ga) will sometimes sound like (k). d: nearly as in English (d)am, but approaching to (t)ask. In addition, as there are no (to), (tu), and (tv) symbols, words pronounced with these sounds are written with the (do), (du), or (dv) symbols. One has to remember the pronunciation. h k l m n q s t w y as in English. The (qua), (que), (qui), (quo), (quu), and (quv) are pronounced as though they were kwa, kwe, kwi, kwo, kwu, and kwv. Syllables written with (tl) except (tla) sometimes sound more like they start with (dl). When pronouncing the dla, tla, tle, tli, tlo, tlu, and tlv, place the tongue at the roof of the mouth and bring it down as you speak these syllables. The j in (ja), (je), (ji), (jo), (ju), and (jv) normally has the sound of the (j) as in jaunt.4 The Syllabary does not provide symbols to indicate unvoiced vowels, glottal stops, lengthened vowels, and stressed syllables. These will be indicated in the pronunciation guides as follows: Unvoiced vowels: The syllable will be enclosed in parentheses (, ). The consonant is usually combined with the previous syllable. Buffalo. . ya (na) se.5 Glottal stops: A (?) will be inserted. A glottal stop is a very short pause to prevent syllables from combining together. Skunk. . di?li. Stress is indicated by () after the syllable. O si yo. A lengthened/double long vowel is indicated by a (:) after the vowel. I go. . ge: ga.
4 In many texts you will see ts- instead of j-. J- is being used in this material and not ts- to eliminate observed confusion in students between -ts- and -st-. 5 In some writings, an apostrophe () replaces the unvoiced vowel.
10
1.13. EXERCISE
1.13
Exercise
Exercise 1.3. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and
moving your lips as little as possible, recite the Syllabary on page 9 along with the audio found at http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/ Downloads/syllabary.html. Repeat this exercise at least once a day until your next class.
11
1.13. EXERCISE
12
Chapter 2

2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice
Exercise 2.1. Do the dictation exercise for the seven letters , ,

, , , and . Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Penmanship paper, if not provided, can be obtained at your nearest school supplies store.1 In Figure 2.1 on the following page you will find step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter.2 Do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter. If you do, you will cripple your ability to read and write the Syllabary.
2.2
Vocabulary Review
Exercise 2.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 117):

1. ni 2. osiyo 3. yonega
1 We recommend that you obtain penmanship paper that is composed of bright tablet paper, is landscape oriented, that has seven writing lines. 2 These are only a starting point. It is normal for each person to develop their own writing style after awhile.
13
2.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
Figure 2.1: , , , , , , and
14
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON 2.3. SYLLABARY SPEAKING PRACTICE 4. howa 5. tla 6. vv 7. vsgigi 8. ayo 9. jalagi
Exercise 2.3. Translate into Cherokee, do not write out pronunciation

marks. (Answers on page 117): 1. look at that! 2. ouch! 3. hello 4. really? 5. All right. 6. no. 7. Cherokee. 8. yes. 9. English.
2.3
Syllabary Speaking Practice
Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters on the Syllabary on page 8 along with the audio from Chapter 1.
2.4
2.4.1
Vocabulary
Other
Exercise 2.4. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary

flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation a-gi-ga-ge Yonega Translation Red 15
2.5. EXERCISES
CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON
2.4.2
Greetings, Exchanges, and Interjections
Exercise 2.5. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
Pronunciation do-hi-ju do-hi-quu ni-hi:-na-hv English Translation How are you? I am well. You?
Pronunciation o-s-da u-yo?i English Translation Good Bad
Pronunciation do-na-da-go-hv-i do-da-da-go-hv-i i he do lv i i da do lv i English Translation See you later. (To one person.) See you all later. You come around again. You all come around again.
2.5
Exercises
moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds found on the disk for Chapter 1.
Exercise 2.9. Do the dictation review exercises for the seven letters
, , , , , and . Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
16
Chapter 3

Exercise 3.1. Practice writing the letters , , , , ,

, and using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 3.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
3.2
Vocabulary Review

1. osda 2. dohiquu 3. idadolvi 4. agigage 5. dohiju 6. nihinahv 7. donadagohvi 17
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON
Figure 3.1: , , , , , , and
18
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.3. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE 8. uyoi 9. dodadagohvi 10. ihedolvi
Exercise 3.3. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 118):

1. You? 2. You come around again. 3. Red 4. You all come around again. 5. I am well. 6. How are you? 7. See you all later. 8. Good 9. Bad 10. See you later.
3.3
Pronunciation Practice
moving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters of the Syllabary on page 9 along with the Syllabary practice audio.
3.4
3.4.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 3.5. Add the following vocabulary to a new flash card deck. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.
19
3.4. VOCABULARY Picture Pronunciation
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON Syllabary English
a-hwi
deer
di?li
skunk
do-ya
beaver
e-tli
mink
o-ga-na
Groundhog
3.4.2
Verbs
Exercise 3.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-go?-ti-ha i-ni-go?ti-ha i-di-go?ti-ha Syllabary English Translation I see it. You and I see it. You all and I see it.
Pronunciation hi-go?ti-ha s-di-go?ti-ha i-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary English Translation You (one) see it. You two see it. You all see it. 20
3.5. SENTENCES

flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation a-go?-ti-ha a-ni-go?-ti-ha Syllabary English Translation He sees it. She sees it. They see it.

flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation hi-go?wa-ta s-di-go?wa-ta i-ji-go?wa-ta Syllabary English Look at Look at Look at Translation it. (To one person) it. (To two people) it. (To three or more people)
Exercise 3.10. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation o-s-di-go?ti-ha o-ji-go?ti-ha Syllabary English Translation He and I see it. She and I see it. They and I see it.
3.5
Sentences
In simple declarative sentences, the subject of the sentence ordinarily precedes the verb with its modifiers and objects. In addition, objects of verbs ordinarily precede the verb, resulting in subject-object-verb as in Example 1; placing the subject after the verb is also possible, yielding object-verb-subject, as in Example 2. All the sentence examples and exercises provided assume a single object. A single it. Having them as the object will be discussed later. In addition, adjectives are placed before nouns, see Examples 3 and 4. . Asgaya awi agotiha. a man a deer he sees it A man sees a deer. . Awi agotiha asgaya. a deer he sees it a man A man sees a deer. 21
1.
2.
3.5. SENTENCES
3.
. Asgaya agigage awi agotiha. a man red a deer he sees it A man sees a red deer. . Agigage awi agotiha asgaya. red a deer he sees it a man A man sees a red deer.
4.

1. Agigage etli ijigowata. 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. 3. Osda doya idigotiha. 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. 5. Dili ogana agotiha. 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. 7. Doya jigotiha. 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. 9. Ahwi anigotiha. 10. Etli agotiha. 11. Dili ijigotiha. 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. 13. Etli higotiha. 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. 15. Dili higowata. 16. Doya sdigowata. 17. Etli sdigotiha. 18. Doya ojigotiha.

1. A beaver and I see a skunk. 22
CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 2. A mink sees a beaver. 3. You all see a deer. 4. They see a skunk. 5. They and I see a deer. 6. You all and I see a groundhog. 7. I see a red skunk. 8. I see a mink. 9. You see a deer. 10. All of you look at the red beaver! 11. He and I see a deer. 12. A skunk sees a skunk. 13. You two see a red groundhog. 14. You and I see a beaver. 15. A mink and I see a deer. 16. He sees a beaver. 17. Look at the beaver! 18. You two, look at the mink!
3.6. EXERCISES
3.6
Exercises
Exercise 3.13. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth
and moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds audio found at http: //www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html.
Exercise 3.14. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say

the name of the letter each time you start writing it.
23
3.6. EXERCISES
24
Chapter 4


, and using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 4.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.
4.2
4.2.1
Vocabulary Review
Animals Review
Exercise 4.2. Write out the names in Cherokee of each animal. Try
and do this without looking up the answers.
25
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON
Figure 4.1: , , , , , , and
26
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Picture Cherokee Name
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS Picture Cherokee Name
4.2.2
Verb Review
Exercise 4.3. Translate the following into English (Answers on

page 120): 1. Higowata. 2. Inigotiha. 3. Ijigowata. 4. Idigotiha. 5. Agotiha. 6. Ojigotiha. 7. Anigotiha. 11. Ijigotiha. 12. Jigotiha. 13. Sdigotiha. 8. Higotiha. 9. Sdigowata. 10. Sdigotiha.
4.3
Bound Pronouns and Verb Groups
Cherokee personal pronouns operate quite differently than the English personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, and they as follows: They are added to the beginning of a verb and change somewhat according to sounds in the verb. 27
4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Group A ji-, gihia-, ga-, ginisdiosdiojiijianiidiGroup B agi-, agwja-, ju-, uwginisdioginiogiijiuniigi-
I You Another (He/She/It) You and I You two Another and I They and I You all They You all and I
Table 4.1: Bound Pronouns Cherokee combines the concept of he, she, and it into a single pronoun called another. There is no distinction based on gender as in English. They are mandatory. All verbs must be prefixed with a bound pronoun. If you try and remove the bound pronoun, what is left over will be without meaning. When a bound pronoun is added to a word stem, if the word stem starts with a consonant, an -i- is usually inserted as a pronunciation aid. Bound pronouns do not stand on their on. Ji-, ga-, etc., by themselves have no meaning and would only be perceived only as gibberish. Table 4.1 shows the two main groups of bound pronouns1 :
4.3.1
What bound pronoun for what verb?
Take note that the only variations in each group are for the bound pronouns I and Another and that between the two groups, the forms for I and Another are completely different. This means you only have to learn the given the I and Another forms to use new verbs.
1 These are not all of the bound pronouns used in Cherokee. Additional bound pronouns will be introduced in later lesson material.
28
4.4. VOCABULARY
Example: Sees it
I see it. He sees it. Jigotiha Agotiha
Because He sees it uses the Group A bound pronoun for he/she/it, the rest will also be Group A bound pronouns. The following table breaks down the verb Sees it: Cherokee Jigotiha Inigotiha Idigotiha Higotiha Sdigotiha Ijigotiha Agotiha Anigotiha Osdigotiha Ojigotiha Pronoun jiiniidihisdiijiaaniosdiojiEnglish Pronoun I You and I You all and I You You two You all He They Another and I They and I Word Stem -goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-goti-
Exercise 4.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
A bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
Exercise 4.5. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the Group
B bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying what group of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverse and identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.
4.4
4.4.1
Vocabulary
Verbs
Exercise 4.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Note: The Cherokee for knows it only refers to facts or information, not about knowing a person. 29
4.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-qua-n(v)-ta u-n(v)-ta ja-n(v)-te-s-di ji-wo:-ni-ha ga-wo:-ni-ha hi-wo:ni-hi go-hu-s-di
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON Syllabary English Translation I know it. He knows it. Know it. I speak it. He speaks it. Speak it. Something.
4.4.2
Translation Exercises
Exercise 4.7. What bound pronouns and word roots are used to make
these words? (Leave off the ending -a/-ha) (Answers on page 121). 1. unta 2. sdiwoniha 3. gawoniha 4. idigotiha 5. iniwoniha 6. higotiha 7. hiwoniha 8. osdigotiha 9. jiwoniha 10. anigotiha 11. aquanta 12. ijanta 13. ijigotiha 14. jigotiha 15. aniwoniha 16. idiwoniha 17. agotiha 18. unanta 19. oganta 20. ojiwoniha 21. inigotiha 22. iganta 23. janta 24. oginanta 25. ijiwoniha 26. ojigotiha 27. sdigotiha 28. ginanta 29. osdiwoniha 30. sdanta

1. Yonega jiwoniha. 2. Gohusdi janta. 30
CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 3. Yonega iniwoniha. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. 6. Gohusdi unanta. 7. Jantesdi. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. 11. Ijantesdi. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. 13. Ginanta. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. 16. Gohusdi iganta. 17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. 19. Ijanta. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. 22. Sdantesdi. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. 24. Oganta. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. 26. Sdanta.
4.4. VOCABULARY

1. They and I know it. 2. You know it. 31
4.5. EXERCISES 3. You and I know something. 4. You and I speak Cherokee. 5. I know it. 6. Know it.
7. You all and I know something. 8. They and I speak English. 9. A beaver knows something. 10. He and I speak English. 11. You speak English. 12. You all speak Cherokee. 13. You two, speak English. 14. A skunk and I know something. 15. You all know something. 16. You two speak Cherokee. 17. You all and I speak English. 18. I speak Cherokee. 19. Speak Cherokee. 20. You all, know it. 21. They know it. 22. They all speak English. 23. You two, know it. 24. He speaks Cherokee. 25. You all, speak Cherokee. 26. You two know something.
4.5
Exercises
Exercise 4.10. Do the dictation review exercise. Be sure to say the

name of the letter each time you finish writing it. 32
Chapter 5


, and using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 5.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
5.2
Vocabulary
Exercise 5.2. Recognition and recall.

Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 33
5.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Figure 5.1: , , , , , , and
34
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Pronunciation Sa-quu Ta?li Jo?i I-lv-s-gi I-ga-da Ji-qui-s-di (ji-gwi-s-di) Ni-ga-da U-s-di U-ta-na Ululojv?i Uwoduhi Nv-ya Gu-gu Sa-dv-di Di-sa-dv-di A-gwa-du:-li-ha (A?-wa-du:li-a) U-du-li-ha Ja-du-la Syllabary
5.3. COUNTING English Translation One Two Three Few Some Many All Little/Small (in size) Large/Big (in size) Crazy Pretty (in appearance) A rock A bottle A trap Traps I want it. He wants it. Let you want it.
5.3
Counting
Syllabary English Translation Quantity/Count (Alive) Quantity/Count (Not Alive)
Pronunciation i-ya-ni i-ga
When indicating quantities, in many communities it is general practice to add either iyani after the number for living things or iga after the number for non-living things when dealing with any quantity greater than one. Examples: Saquu doya. One beaver. Tali iyani awi. Two deer. (Two alive-count-of deer.) Joi iga disadvdi. Three traps. (Three not-alive-count-of traps.)
5.4
Plurals
Plurals in Cherokee do not work like they do in English. When dealing with anything plural, you have to make sure that all the words in 35
5.5. ONE PERSON VS MANY PEOPLE CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON a sentence agree with both the aliveness and quantity you are talking about. This requirement includes words used to indicate color, size, shape, texture, and so on.
5.5
One Person vs Many People
When dealing with words that reference people, the plural is usually formed with the insertion of -ni-. Agotiha. Anigotiha. (He sees it. They see it.) Ajuja. Anijuja. (Boy. Boys.) At times, the -i- on -ni- is dropped to aid pronunciation. Unta. Unanta. (He knows it. They know it.) Usdi. Junsdi. (A little one. Little living ones, babies.)
5.6
One Thing vs Many Things
Many Cherokee words for animals, plants, places and things do not change form when used in a plural sense. They work like the English words Deer or Buffalo. Examples: Saquu awi. Tali iyani awi. Joi iyani awi. (One deer. Two deer. Three deer.) Saquu gugu. Tali iga gugu. Joi iga gugu. (One bottle. Two bottles. Three bottles.) Other words do change form to make a plural. Example: Saquu sadvdi. Tali iga disadvdi. Joi iga disadvdi. (One trap. Two traps. Three traps.) If a word has a known plural form, it will normally be supplied as part of your vocabulary. 36
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS
5.7
Plural Describing Words
Words which are used to describe something, such as gigage, usdi, and utana, are changed to match the plurality and sometimes the aliveness of the thing being described. The rules for the prefixes are similar to the Set A vs Set B rules for verbs. The main difference is the addition of di- to represent plural inanimate objects. Read through the following expanded word list. Take note of the similarity with the way the words are combined with the pronoun prefixes and the way the same prefixes are combined with words such as uduliha and agotiha. You should concentrate on recognizing these differing forms when heard or read, not memorizing them all. The translation exercises will teach which forms you should use when as your lessons progress. Jigigage.
Ji + gigage: I - red.
Higigage.
Hi + gigage: You - red.

Agigage.
A + gigage: He (alive) - red.

Gigage
Gigage: It (not alive) - red.

Inigigage.
Ini + gigage: You and I - red.

Idigigage.
Idi + gigage: You all and I - red.

Osdigigage.
Osdi + gigage: He and I - red.

Ojigigage.
Oji + gigage: They and I - red.

37
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Sdigigage.
Sdi + gigage: You two - red.

Ijigigage.
Iji + gigage: You all - red.

Anigigage.
Ani + gigage: They (alive) - red.

Digigage.
Di + gigage: They (not alive) - red.

Gosda.
Gi + osda: I - good.
Hosda.
Hi + osda: You - good.

Osda.
Osda: He (both alive and not alive) - good.

Inosda.
Ini + osda: You and I - good.

Idosda.
Idi + osda: You all and I - good.

Osdosda.
Osdi + osda: He and I - good.

Ojosda.
Oji + osda: They and I - good.

Sdosda.
Sdi + osda: You two - good.

Ijosda. 38
Iji + osda: You all - good.

Anosda.
Ani + osda: They all (alive) - good.

Josda.
Di + osda: They all (not alive) - good. (Di + a vowel not

i becomes J-) Agilulojvi.
Agi + lulojvi: I - crazy.

Jalulojvi.
Ja + lulojvi: You - crazy.

Ululojvi.
U + lulojvi: He - crazy. (Both alive and not alive).

Ginilulojvi.
Gini + lulojvi: You and I - crazy.

Igilulojvi.
Igi + lulojvi: You all and I - crazy.

Oginilulojvi.
Ogini + lulojvi: He and I - crazy.

Ogilulojvi.
Ogi + lulojvi: They and I - crazy.

Sdilulojvi.
Sdi + lulojvi: You two - crazy.

Ijilulojvi.
Iji + lulojvi: You all - crazy.

Unilulojvi.
Uni + lulojvi: They - crazy.

39
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Agwoduhi.
Aqui + oduhi: I - pretty.

Joduhi.
Ja + oduhi: You - pretty.

Uwoduhi.
U + oduhi: He - pretty. (Both alive and not alive). (U + o

becomes Uwo-). Diginoduhi.
Di + gini + oduhi: You and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Gini - You and I. Oduhi - pretty. Digoduhi.
Di + igi + oduhi: You all and I - pretty appearances. Di multiple appearances. Igi - You all and I. Oduhi - pretty. Joginoduhi.
Di + ogini + oduhi: He and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Ogini - he and I. Oduhi - pretty. Di + a vowel not i becomes J-). Jogoduhi.
Di + ogi + oduhi: They and I - pretty appearances. (Di multiple appearances. Di + a vowel not i becomes J-. Ogi - They and I. Oduhi - pretty.) Disdoduhi.
Di + sdi + oduhi: You two - pretty appearances.

Dijoduhi.
Di + iji + oduhi: You all - pretty appearances.

Junoduhi.
Di + uni + oduhi: They (alive) - pretty appearances. (Di +

a vowel not i becomes J-). Juwoduhi. 40
Di + u + oduhi: They (not alive) - pretty appearances. (Di

+ a vowel not i becomes J- and U + o becomes Uwo-). Aquatana.
Aqui + atana: I - big.

Jatana.
Ja + atana: You - big.

Utana.
U + atana: He/It - big.

Diginatana.
Di + gini + atana: You and I - big.

Digatana.
Di + igi + atana: You all and I - big.

Joginatana.
Di + ogini + atana: He and I - big. (Di + a vowel not i

becomes J-). Jogatana.
Di + ogi + atana: They and I - big. (Di + a vowel not i

becomes J-). Disdatana.
Di + sdi + atana: You two - big.

Dijatana.
Di + iji + atana: You all - big.

Junatana.
Di + uni + atana: They (alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not i

becomes J-). Jutana.
Di + u + atana: They (not alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not

i becomes J-). 41
5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON
Exercise 5.3. Recognition.

Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the forms for gigage and utana from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 37. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words. The most common word expansions you will encounter in written materials will be for the another and they forms. Compare the another and they forms with each other in the following list. Take special note of the insertion of -ni- or -n- into many of the plural forms when dealing with living things. Agigage.
A + gigage. Another, alive, red.

Gigage.
Gigage. Another, not alive, red.

Anigage.
Ani + gigage. They, alive, red.

Digigage.
Di + gigage. They, not alive, red.

Osda.
Osda. Another, either alive or not alive, good.

Anosda.
Ani + osda.
42
They, alive, good.

Josda.
Di + osda. Di + a vowel not i becomes J-. They, not alive, good.

Ululojvi.
U + lulojvi. Another, alive or not alive, crazy.

Unilulojvi.
Uni + lulojvi. They, alive or not alive, crazy.

Uwoduhi.
U + oduhi. U + o becomes Uwo-. Another, alive or not alive, pretty appearance.

Junoduhi.
Di + u + ni + oduhi. Di + a vowel not i becomes J-. They, alive, pretty appearances.

Juwoduhi.
Di + u + oduhi. U + o becomes uwo-. Di + a vowel not i becomes JThey, not alive, pretty appearances.
Utana.
U + atana. Another, alive or not alive, large appearances.

Junatana.
Di + u + ni + atana.
43
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
Di + a vowel not i becomes J-. They, alive, large appearances.

Jutana.
Di + u + atana Di + a vowel not i becomes j-. They, not alive, large appearances. Exercise 5.4. Recognition.
Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the vocabulary from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 42. Put the combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words.
5.8
Plurals Practice
Exercise 5.5. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on

page 42, translate the following into English. (Answers on page 125). 1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. 3. Igada junsdi awi. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. 5. Igada digigage gugu. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. 44
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. 14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili.
5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE
Exercise 5.6. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 on

page 42, translate the following into Cherokee. (Answers on page 126). 1. Three little deer. 2. Two crazy skunks. 3. Some good deer. 4. Many red beaver. 5. Many red rocks. 6. Two good traps. 7. A few pretty skunks. 8. Three little beaver. 9. Many crazy deer. 10. A few bad skunks. 11. A few pretty beaver. 12. A few good bottles. 13. A few red bottles. 14. Many red skunks. 15. Three large beaver. 16. Some bad rocks. 45
5.9. IT VS THEM
5.9
It vs Them
All of the verbs you have learned so far have all referred to only a single it. Similar to the way sadvdi becomes disadvdi, to change the it into them, you add de- before the bound pronoun based on the following rules: Put the de- before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
If the word starts with i-, drop the i-. Otherwise drop the -e-.
Examples:
Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. (I see it. I see them.) Inigotiha. Denigotiha. (You and I see it. You and I see
them.)
Agotiha. Dagotiha. (He sees it. He sees them.)

When giving a command, use di- instead of de- before the bound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.
If the word starts with a-, drop the a- then put di-. Otherwise di- followed by a vowel becomes j-.
Examples:
Doya higowata.
Doya dihigowata. Look at the beaver.)
(Look at the beaver.
Etli ijigowata. Etli jijigowata. (Let all of you look at the

mink. Let all of you look at the mink.)
5.9.1
Plural Living Objects
In many communities a different prefix other than de-/di- is used when talking about living objects vs non-living objects when making plurals. These additional endings will not be addressed at this time. They will be included for completeness starting in Section 8.3.5. 46
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON Single It Form Jigotiha. . I see it. Ijigotiha. . You all see it. Jiwoniha. . I speak it. Ijiwoniha. . You all speak it.
5.9. IT VS THEM Plural Them Form Dejigotiha. . I see them. Dejigotiha. . You all see them. Dejiwoniha. . I speak them. Dejiwoniha. . You all speak them.
Figure 5.2: Examples of Twin Spellings.
Figure 5.3: Musical score for the deji- twin forms.
5.9.2
Sound Twins
When performing the de- addition for verbs that use ji- for I and iji- for You all, the plural forms appear identical when written down. See Figure 5.2. However, there is a pronunciation difference that needs to be taken into account. For the forms referring to I, the ji- is usually shortened and slightly raised in tone. For the forms referring to You all, the -ji- is of normal length and uses a lower tone. Compare the different musical scores for dejigotiha vs dejigotiha and dejiwoniha vs dejiwoniha in Figure 5.3. To represent this pronunciation difference in the text, a stress mark will be added to for the You all - them forms that have a known twin.1
1 Thanks goes to Dosvdali/Formiko for his suggestion of using stress for the [1] tone form as recorded in the Durbin Feeling dictionary. I have expanded his suggestion for use to include it for twin word differentiation.
47
5.9. IT VS THEM
Exercise 5.7. Recognition.

Translate into English (Answers on page 126): 1. Doginaduliha. 2. Dagotiha. 3. Dunaduliha. 4. Dagwaduliha. 5. Dojigotiha. 6. Denigotiha. 7. Dehigotiha. 8. Dejiduliha. 9. Danigotiha. 10. Dosdigotiha. 11. Desdaduliha. 12. Degaduliha. 13. Duduliha. 14. Dejigotiha. 15. Deginaduliha. 16. Dedigotiha. 17. Desdigotiha. 18. Dogaduliha.

1. He wants them. 2. You want them. 3. He sees them. 4. I see them. 5. He and I want them. 6. You see them. 48
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. You all and I see them. 8. They and I want them. 9. You two want them. 10. You two see them. 11. I want them. 12. They and I see them. 13. They see them. 14. You all and I want them. 15. He and I see them. 16. You all want them. 17. You and I want them. 18. You and I see them. 19. They want them.
5.10. AGREEMENT
5.10
Agreement
All the words in a sentence referring to a thing or action must agree in plurality and aliveness with that thing or action. This will become more second nature to you by doing the translation exercises. Examples: Gigage nvya. Digigage nvya. (A red rock. Red rocks.) Agigage doya. Anigigage doya. (A red beaver. Red beaver.) Doya etli agotiha. Doya igada etli dagotiha. (A beaver sees a mink. A beaver sees some mink.) Usdi nvya jigotiha. Igada jusdi nvya dejigotiha. (I see a little rock. I see some little rocks.) Agigage awi jigotiha. Igada anigigage awi dejigotiha. (I see a red deer. I see some red deer.)
Exercise 5.9. Translate the following into English (Answers on

page 128): 49
5.10. AGREEMENT 1. Dili unaduliha. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. 3. Awi anigotiha. 4. Doya agotiha. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. 8. Igada nvya duduliha.
9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. 17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi.
Exercise 5.10. Translate the following into Cherokee (Answers on

page 129): 1. A deer sees a rock. 2. He wants a bottle. 3. They see a deer. 4. He sees a bottle. 5. The deer wants a rock. 6. A beaver sees three rocks. 50
CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 7. She wants a few beavers. 8. A skunk wants two beavers. 9. I want three bottles. 10. He sees three bottles. 11. Two beaver see three skunks. 12. A few beavers see some skunks. 13. A few beavers want two rocks. 14. They want three rocks. 15. Some beavers see three bottles. 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. 18. Two deer see two little beavers. 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks.
5.11. EXERCISE
5.11
Exercise

51
5.11. EXERCISE
52
Chapter 6


, and using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 6.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
6.2
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. . Waya dulasutla. . . . . Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. , , ! !. , ?. , !. , !. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, Ni! Ni!. Adiha jisdu, Gado usdi doya?. Adiha doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!. Adiha doya, Sdena ale sdigowata!. 53
6.2. CHEROKEE READING
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON
Figure 6.1: , , , , , , and
54
6.3. ALE/-HNO
, , . , , . , ! ?. , !. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. Adiha waya, Osiyo! Gado usdi?. Adiha jisdu, Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!.
6.3
ale/-hno
ale () and
Ale is used to join things, actions, or entire sentences together they same way and is used in English. Examples: In the following sentence, ale is used to join the two who are seeing. Igada Some ogana danigotiha groundhogs they see them a A beaver and a deer see some doya ale beaver and groundhogs. . awi. a deer
In the following sentence, ale is used to join two sentences showing separate actions by the same actor. Awi A deer nvya agotiha ale a rock he sees it and A deer sees a rock and he . igada gugu dagotiha. some bottles he sees them. also sees some bottles.
Here, ale is used to join to separate sentences together to indicate concurrent or consecutive action. Awi A deer nvya agotiha a rock he sees it A deer sees a rock . ale doya dili uduliha. and a beaver a skunk he wants it. and a beaver wants a skunk.
-hno () also
55
6.3. ALE/-HNO
The word ending -hno is also used to join things together. It can be considered to be a combination of and and also. Carefully consider the positioning of -hno in the following sentences. Note that -hno is expressed as and in the final English sentences, even though using also will sometimes make more sense when looking at the word for word breakdown. Examples: This example demonstrates how -hno can be used in a sentence with three or more things. Igada Some . ogana danigotiha doya awi etlino. groundhogs they see them a beaver a deer a mink-also A beaver, a deer and a mink see some groundhogs.
Notice how -hno follows the action words sees and wants in the following sentence. This indicates that the same person or thing is performing more than one action either consecutively or concurrently. . Awi igada nvya dagotiha dudulihano. A deer some rocks he sees them he wants them also A deer sees some rocks that he is also wanting. Here -hno is added to the end of first word of the second together to indicate concurrent or consecutive actions or events. Awi A deer . nvya agotiha doyano dili uduliha. a rock he sees it a beaver-also a skunk he wants it A deer sees a rock and a beaver wants a skunk.
You will find that some speakers prefer -hno over ale, some use them about equally, and some who prefer ale over -hno. As a general rule, the exercises will be using -hno for basic sentences. If a sentence would end in -hno, ale will be used instead. Combined and more complex sentences will be also be using ale, unless style or convention dictate otherwise. It is through the exercises that you will learn when to use each form, not by trying to memorize these basic guidelines. You will also encounter nole () in the lesson material, this is a variant of ale (), and the two can normally be treated as having equal meaning and function.
Exercise 6.2. Translate the following Cherokee sentences into English.

If necessary, you can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in 56
6.4. VOCABULARY
Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 130). 1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili.
Exercise 6.3. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you

can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131). 1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. 6. A beaver and a mink want it. 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle.
6.4
Vocabulary
Exercise 6.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. 57
6.4. VOCABULARY Pronunciation a-di-ha a-gwo-tla da-gwa-la-su-tla de-ja-la-su-tle-s-di du-la-su-tla e:ga ga-di?a ge-ga ge-lu-hv-s-ga ge-tlu-hv-s-ga ha-da he-na he-tlu-hv-ga jo-tle-s-di u-wo-tla Syllabary
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON English Translation He is saying. I am sitting. I am wearing shoes. Wear shoes. He is wearing shoes. He is going. I am saying. I am going. I am yelling. He is yelling. Say it. Go. Yell. Sit. He is sitting (in his place).
Please take note that uwotla counts both the number of those who are sitting, and implies a count of the places sat down. As a result, when you indicate that more than individual is sitting, you also have to indicate plurality in the number of places sat. Examples: Uwotla Jotla Dunotla Desdotla He is sitting. You are sitting. They are sitting. You two are sitting.
Exercise 6.5. Translate the following into English. If necessary, you

can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 131). 1. Hega ale hadia, Donadagohvi. 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. 4. Doginotla ale osdadia, Hena!. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, Dodadagohvi. 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. 58
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega.
6.4. VOCABULARY
Exercise 6.6. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, you

can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep in mind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer the challenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different than the one provided. (Answers on page 131) 1. You are going. 2. You and I are sitting and saying Look! A deer! 3. You two are saying, No. 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. 6. You all are going. 7. They are sitting and saying We all see a rock. 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes.
6.4.1
Other
Exercise 6.7. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Pronunciation ji-s-du sa-lo-li wa-hya u-we-yv?i i-je?i di-je?i hi?a na?v di-dla Syllabary English Translation rabbit squirrel wolf river new (not alive) new (plural, not alive) this / these near towards 59
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
6.5
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 6.8. Translate the following Cherokee into English (Answers

on page 132): 1. Waya dulasutla. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, Ni! Ni! 7. Adiha jisdu, Gado usdi doya? 8. Adiha doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! 9. Adiha doya, Sdena ale sdigowata! 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. 12. Adiha waya, Osiyo! Gado usdi? 13. Adiha jisdu, Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!
Exercise 6.9. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence. Give
your answers in Cherokee. (Answers on page 133) 1. Waya dulasutla. (a) What is wolf doing? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. (a) Where is this happening? (b) What is happening? (c) Who is doing it? 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? 60
CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) In what direction?
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, Ni! Ni! (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being said? (d) To whom is this being said? 7. Adiha jisdu, Gado usdi doya? (a) What is happening? (b) Who is doing it? (c) What is being asked? (d) To whom is this being said? 8. Adiha doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! (a) Where is being talked about? (b) What is being talked about? (c) Who is talking? 9. Adiha doya, Sdena ale sdigowata! (a) What is the first thing requested? (b) What is the second thing requested? (c) How many people are speaking? (d) How many people are being spoken to? 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. (a) What is happening? (b) Where are they going? 61
6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES (c) How many are going? (d) Who are going?
11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. (a) What is happening? (b) Who is seeing? (c) Who is being seen? 12. Adiha waya, Osiyo! Gado usdi? (a) What word is used to greet them? (b) What is asked? 13. Adiha jisdu, Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! (a) What is being talked about? (b) Where is being talked about?

62
Chapter 7

Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 7.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
7.2
Formal vs Informal Speech
Much the same way English speakers shorten phrases such as do not into dont and can not into cant, Cherokee speakers also shorten phrases by dropping certain vowels, syllables, and words in everyday speech.
Formal Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the long form is normally used in writing and when speaking in a formal manner. Formal Cherokee is also referred to as the full, citation, oratory, or written style. Everyday Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the short form, is normally used on a daily basis in everyday speech. One of the most common forms of shortening is the dropping of ending vowel sounds from words. Everyday Cherokee is also referred to as the fast, informal, conversational, or casual style.
Here is an example of vowel dropping: 63
7.2. FORMAL VS INFORMAL SPEECH CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
Figure 7.1: , , , , , , and
64
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.3. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 1. Yonega giniwonisvi. 2. Yoneg giniwonisv. Additionally, certain word endings, such as -ha (happening in the present), and certain words, such as iyani (count of), may also be dropped where their meaning can usually be determined from context. Here is an example of syllable dropping (the -ha) and word dropping (iyani) combined together with vowel dropping: 1. Tsoi iyani doya didigotiha. 2. Tso doya didigoti. In your written and audio exercises: Where you are expected to answer in Cherokee, unless otherwise indicated, you should try and answer using the long form. Where you are expected to translate from Cherokee to English, a mixture of long and short forms will be used. This will help you to build up a mental image of switching between the long and the short forms from which you will gain the ability to both listen to and speak using the short form of speech. Additional information about long versus short is available from these resources: A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, page 76 onwards, Characteristics of Fast Speech. The English-Cherokee Dictionary, page 239. http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_guide.htm
7.3
Talking About the Past
When talking about something that has happened in the past, you use one of two special endings -v?i or e?i. The choice made between the two is decided by whether or not you experienced it first hand.
-v?i The -v?i ending indicates that you witnessed or otherwise experienced the event you are talking about. 65
7.4. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
-e?i The -e?i ending indicates that you were told about or otherwise
gained knowledge about the event you are talking about, but did not actually witness or experience it. In English, we accomplish the same results by adding so I was told, so I heard, I was given to understand, or any number of other similar phrases to what we are communicating. To use either -v?i or -e?i: Use the appropriate past tense word form. These will be included as part of your vocabulary. Use an appropriate Group B bound pronoun. Use the ending of either -v?i or -e?i as needed. Examples: Yonega gawoniha. He is speaking English. Yonega uwonisvi. He spoke English. Yonega uwonisei. He spoke English, so I was told. Ilvsgi awi agotiha. He sees a few deer. Ilvsgi awi ugohvi. He saw a few deer. Ilvsgi awi ugohei. He saw a few deer, so I was told. As a general rule of thumb, even if the verb form uses a Group A bound pronoun when talking about something happening in the present, one switches to using Group B bound pronouns when talking about things that are in the past.
7.4
Vocabulary
Syllabary English He saw it. He knew it. He spoke it. He said. He wore shoes. He wanted it. He went. He yelled. He sat. 66
Pronunciation ugohv?i unhtv?i uwonisv?i udvhnv?i dulasutlv?i udulvhv?i uwenvsv?i uwetluhnv?i uwotlv?i
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES
7.5
Vocabulary Exercises
Exercise 7.1. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on the facing page, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally agi- becomes agw- before any of the vowels a, e, o, u, or v. Also, u- normally becomes uw- before any vowel. (Answers on page 135) 1. He spoke it. 2. You and I wanted it. 3. They and I knew it. 4. I saw it. 5. He said it. 6. You all and I sat. 7. They saw it. 8. You all and I wore shoes. 9. You all new it. 10. He wore shoes. 11. I went. 12. They knew it. 13. He saw it. 14. You all and I said. 15. You all wanted it. 16. You and I spoke it. 17. You all and I knew it. 18. I said it. 19. You and I saw it. 20. They and I sat. 21. They sat. 22. He and I wanted it. 67
7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 23. He wanted it. 24. You said it. 25. I wanted it. 26. I wore shoes. 27. You all and I yelled.
Exercise 7.2. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.1 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the English into Cherokee with the flash cards. Dont forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
Exercise 7.3. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the
vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 136) 1. Unadulvhvi. 2. Oginigohvi. 3. Jotlvi. 4. Uwetluhnvi. 5. Oginiwonisvi. 6. Desdalasutlvi. 7. Sdetluhnvi. 8. Unetluhnvi. 9. Agiwonisvi. 10. Unhtvi. 11. Dunalasutlvi. 12. Uwotlvi. 13. Agwotlvi. 14. Uniwonisvi. 15. Ogadvhnvi. 16. Sdigohvi. 68
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES 17. Oginenvsvi. 18. Unenvsvi. 19. Dogalasutlvi. 20. Ogetluhnvi. 21. Ginenvsvi. 22. Jenvsvi. 23. Ijiwonisvi. 24. Uwenvsvi. 25. Agwetluhnvi. 26. Agwanhtvi. 27. Unadvhnvi.
Exercise 7.4. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using the
book verified answers for exercise 7.3 on the preceding page. With your study group, practice verbally translating the Cherokee into English with the flash cards. Dont forget to use the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143.
7.6
Exercise 7.5. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.

Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. (Answers on page 137) 1. I spoke English. 2. You all and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. A squirrel knew it. 5. Many beaver said, Hello. 6. You all and I knew it. 7. I wanted a trap. 8. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 69
7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 9. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 11. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. You and I said no. 13. You all wore shoes. 14. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. You yelled. 17. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. You and I sat near a rock.
Exercise 7.6. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 138)
1. Jisdu igadulvhvi. 2. Dejalasutlei. 3. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. 4. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. 5. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. 6. Osiyo ijadvhnei. 7. Unhtvi etli. 8. Yonega giniwonisvi. 9. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. 10. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. 11. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. 12. Dili sdigohei. 13. Vv, oginadvhnvi saloli. 14. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. 15. Dulasutlei waya. 16. Ijetluhnvi. 17. Sdanhte. 18. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. 70
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES
7.7

(Answers on page 139) 1. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. You and I spoke English. 3. You all yelled. 4. Let me wear shoes. 5. You all and I said, See you all later. 6. Ouch!, said a groundhog and I. 7. You all and I yelled. 8. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. You two said Really? 13. You two know it. 14. Let me sit near a little river. 15. I am seeing a mink.
Exercise 7.8. Translate each of the following sentences into English. (Answers on page 140)
1. Ayo!, sdada. 2. Agwadvhnv, Ihedolv. 3. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. 4. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. 5. Dejalasutle. 6. Oganhtesdi awi. 7. Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, Osd! 71
7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 8. Tso awi didigowata. 9. Yoneg giniwonisv. 10. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu. 11. Jisdu sdadulvhv. 12. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. 13. Jalagi jiwoni. 14. Igetluhnv. 15. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana.

(Answers on page 140) 1. Some deer saw a beaver. 2. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. You all and I knew it. 4. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. A beaver and I yelled. 7. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. You sat near a river. 9. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. I was told you wanted a few skunks. 12. Let you and I go and see something. 13. You wore shoes. 14. You two wanted a wolf. 15. You and I are going near some bottles.
Exercise 7.10. Translate each of the following sentences into English.

(Answers on page 141) 72
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 1. Ginantesdi. 2. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. 3. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. 4. Sdantvi. 5. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. 6. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. 7. Degalasutla. 8. Nav igada gugu ijena.
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
9. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. 10. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. 11. Inada, Osiyo. 12. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. 13. Agwantesdi. 14. Dili ijigowata. 15. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli.
7.8
Dictation Exercises

Exercise 7.12. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure

to say each word each time you start writing it.
73
7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES
CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON
74
Chapter 8

Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and . Refer to Figure 8.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
8.2
Word order revisited
Many languages, such as English, have fixed word order. For example, in the statement John sees a deer, the words are normally only spoken in this order. One would not say in English John a deer sees with the expectation of being understood by most English speakers. In Cherokee, while certain orderings of words are more common than others, these orderings are not fixed the same way as they are in English. This is because Cherokee uses these orderings to indicate degrees of importance or newsworthiness to the discussion at hand. The more newsworthy a word or a group of words is, the more likely it is that the speaker will change the word ordering to express that word or group of words first. This gives a Cherokee speaker the ability to indicate shades of meaning and indicate varying degrees of importance about something that can not be easily translated into English. 75
8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
Figure 8.1: , , , , , , and
76
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED This act of indicating an extra level of importance to one part of a sentence over another part is referred to as foregrounding and backgrounding. What is foregrounded is the more newsworthy or relevant part of the conversation. What is backgrounded is usually additional details, needed for proper context and understanding, but are not what the speaker is trying to emphasize. In the following four Cherokee variations for John sees a red deer., the ordering of the words indicates what part of the act the speaker considers more important. 1. For the sentence Agigage awi agotiha Jani.: (a) The fact that the deer is red is important. 2. For the sentence Awi agigage agotiha Jani: (a) The fact is is a deer being seen is very important. It just happens to be red. 3. For the sentence Jani awi agigage agotiha.: (a) The fact it is Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact that the deer is red is also important. 4. For the sentence Jani agigage awi agotiha.: (a) The fact that Jani is doing the seeing is more important than what he is seeing. (b) The fact it was a deer being seen is more important that the fact that the deer happens to be red. Where possible, a larger variability in the word ordering for the sentences will be used in the sentences you will be translating from Cherokee into English. Additionally, liberty will be taken with the English word ordering to match up with the Cherokee word ordering in your answers. 1. Agigage awi agotiha Jani. (a) A red deer is being seen by John. 2. Awi agigage agotiha Jani. 77
8.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON
(a) A deer that is red is being seen by John. 3. Jani awi agigage agotiha. (a) John sees a deer that is red. 4. Jani agigage awi agotiha. (a) John sees a red deer. See also: A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, pp116-120.
8.3
8.3.1
Vocabulary
Ayv and Nihi
As part of your new vocabulary you will find the two special words ayv and nihi. Ayv is normally used in response to questions to indicate I or we, or can be used to emphasize I or we to get a similar effect that English speakers get when they put emphasize on I or we in some sentences to get a point across. Examples: Gago uwenvsei? Who went? Ayv. I (or we). Agwenvsvi. I went. Ayv agwenvsvi. I am the one who went. Nihi is used the same as ayv when indicating you, you two, or you all. Examples: Gago gawoniha? Who is speaking? Nihi. You. Hiwoniha. You are speaking. Nihi hiwoniha. You are the one who is speaking. 78
8.3. VOCABULARY
8.3.2
Clitics
Clitics are special word endings that you can use to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. The following examples will introduce the use of -sgo, -ju, -quu, and -hv. Dont worry, their use is not hard. The clitic -sgo, (many times shortened as -s), is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase to indicate that you are asking a yes or no question. It is kinda of like adding do? or is? to the beginning of a sentence in English. Examples: Jalagi hiwoniha. You speak Cherokee. Jalagisgo hiwoniha? Do you speak Cherokee? Jalagis hiwoni? Do you speak Cherokee? Awi agoti. He sees a deer. Awis agoti? Is he seeing a deer? Does he see a deer? Ilvsgis jaduli? Do you want a few? The clitic -ju is used when you are asking a yes or no question and are expecting the answer to be yes. It also is normally added to the first word in a sentence or phrase. It is kinda of like adding yes? or I expect? to the end of what you are talking about. Examples: Jalagi gawoni. He speaks Cherokee. Jalagiju gawoni? I expect he speaks Cherokee? Uweyvju nav jotle? You sat near a river? Yes? Tohi. Being well. Health. Peace. Tohiju? You are well, yes? The clitic -quu or -squu normally means only or just. It can also appear shortened as -wu or -wv. Unlike -sgo or -ju, it is attached to the word it needs to change to be understood properly. Examples: Tohiquu. Just well. Just healthy. Just peaceful. 79
8.3. VOCABULARY Ayvquu. Just me.
Awiquu jigotiha. I see just a deer. Awi jigotiquu. I just see a deer. Uweyvquu nav agotlv. I sat near just a river. Uweyuv navquu agotlv. I sat just near a river. Uweyuv nav agotlvquu. I just sat near a river. The clitic -hv means in contrast to and is normally translated as but in English. Examples: Nihi. You. Nihihv? But you? Ilvsgihv agwaduli. But I want a few. Awihv jigoti!. But I see a deer! Clitics can be combined together. Examples: Awisgohv higoti? But, do you see a deer? Awiquus higoti? Do you see just a deer? Awis higotiquu? Do you just see a deer? Awiquuju higoti? You see only a deer I expect?
8.3.3
People
Exercise 8.1. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.1 on the facing page. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with these new words. 80
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Pronunciation A-ge-ya. A-ni-ge-ya. A-ge-yu-ja. A-ni-ge-yu-ja. A-gi-si. A-ni-gi-si. A-s-ga-ya. A-ni-s-ga-ya. A-chu-ja. A-ni-chu-ja. A-chv-ya. A-ni-chv-ya. A-yv. (A-ya.) Ni-hi. Syllabary . . . . . . . . . . . . . (.) .
8.3. VOCABULARY
English Translation A woman. Women. A girl. Girls. A female. Females. A man. Men. A boy. Boys. A male. Males. I or we. You or you all.
Table 8.1: Words for People
8.3.4
Common Names
Contrary to popular belief, it is not normal to try and translate the meaning of an English name into Cherokee to have a Cherokee name. Nor is it common practice to give people new names just because they are speaking another language. What one normally does is choose a name that is normally accepted as being the same or similar as your given name1 . For example: The English name Michael is Miguel in Spanish. It is also Michelle in French. The same thing happens with Cherokee. The name Michael becomes Magali. Examine Table 8.2 on the following page. If you look closely, you will notice that the Cherokee pronunciation is usually very similar to the English pronunciation. If you do not see your name listed here, you can check to see if it appears first in Section B.2 on page 144 and then the website http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm. If your name does not appear, you can determine the most likely Cherokee pronunciation for your name by using the following guidelines.
1 This is not to say that Cherokee speaker will not give you a nick-name, (hopefully something you know the meaning of and can accept), but, having special naming ceremonies where fancy names like White Spirit of the Buffalo are bestowed upon a recipient because a sage says that is your name is not a native thing. If you earned a name, it was because of something you did, or because your friends gave you a nickname for you that stuck into adulthood, not because of some mystical naming ceremony. Especially if money is involved.
81
8.3. VOCABULARY
Pronunciation A-li-sa-gwe-ti Cha-li De-wi-di Do-ma-si Do-quo-ti Ja-ni Je-me Ji-ni-wi Jo-se-wi Li-ni-da Ma-ga-li Ma-ga-ye-ti Ma-wi-a Me-li Qua-gwa Gwa-gwa-a Qua-ti-si Qui-ha-di Su-sa-(no) Wi-li-ha-ma
Syllabary
English Translation Elizabeth Charles David Thomas Dorothy John James Jennifer Joseph Linda Michael Margaret Maria Mary Robert Barbara Patricia Richard Susan William
Table 8.2: Cherokee Names
82
8.3. VOCABULARY
(Reproduced here from the site http://www.native-languages.org/ names.htm for easy access by students.) ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: . This doesnt actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isnt written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name Sallie, for example, the e and one of the ls dont make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, youll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, . 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in father, E as in they, I as in police, O as in note, U as in tune, V, which sounds like the u in sun, and AI together, which sounds like the i in mice. You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, . If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, . 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the 83
8.3. VOCABULARY
same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any c or ck that sounds like K as K; any c sound that sounds like s as S; and any g sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, . 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, . 5. Some English consonants dont exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca quay-quay-gah and spelled it . SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced may-lee by Cherokees and spelled .) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a silent i after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, . Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee 84
8.4. TRANSLATIONS
syllabary to spell the English name Luke, you would spell it , but to spell the Cherokee name Luga, you would spell that . There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds dont exactly match Cherokee. For example, the A in Annie is about halfway between the A and E sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it , and others spell it . These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like Makayla or LaTasha, which arent on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA () and the three characters LA, TA, and SA ().
8.3.5
Animate Plurals
The plural verb forms you have learned so far for another and them all reference non-living things. When speaking of another or others that are alive, many of these forms usually change slightly. Examine Table 8.3 on the following page. The most common differences that occur when you reference living things are the ga- sound, the e- sound, and the -yi- sound. The following exercise will help you become familiar with the sounds associated with these new forms.
Exercise 8.2. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the list
from Table 8.4 on page 87. Using the Leitner system as described in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee into English until you become comfortable with identifying which pairing of participants the bound pronouns stand for.
8.4
Translations
Alter the word order of the English sentences by taking liberty with sense match up to mimic the word order of the source or destination Cherokee sentence in the translation exercises.

(Answers .) 85
8.4. TRANSLATIONS
Pairing I + it I + them You (one) + it You (one) + them He + it He + them You and I + it You and I + them He and I + it He and I + them We + it We + them They and I + it They and I + them You two + it You two + them You all + it You all + them They + it They + them Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate Animate
Prefix ji-, g-, [agi-, agw-] ji-, jiydeji-, [dagi-, dagw-] gajiy-, gajihi-, [ja-, j-] hiy-, hidehi-, [deja-, dej-] gahiy-, gahia-, g-, ga-, [u-, uw-] a-, g-, gada-, deg-, dega-, [du-, duw-] da-, deg-, degaini-, [gini-] enideni-, [degini-] geniosdi-, [ogini-] osdidosdi-, [dogini-] gosdiidi-, [igi-] edidedi-, [degi-] gedioji-, [ogi-] ojidoji-, [dogi-] gojisdiesdidesdigesdiijiejidejigejiani-, [uni-] anidani-, [duni-] dani-
Example 1 Jigotiha. Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. Gajigotiha. Higotiha. Higotiha. Dehigotiha. Gahigotiha. Agotiha. Agotiha. Dagotiha. Dagotiha. Inigotiha. Enigotiha. Denigotiha. Genigotiha. Osdigotiha. Osdigotiha. Dosdigotiha. Gosdigotiha. Idigotiha. Edigotiha. Dedigotiha. Gedigotiha. Ojigotiha. Ojigotiha. Dojigotiha. Gojigotiha. Sdigotiha. Esdigotiha. Desdigotiha. Gesdigotiha. Ijigotiha. Ijigotiha. Dejigotiha. Gejigotiha. Anigotiha.. Anigotiha. Danigotiha. Danigotiha.
Example 2 Agwaduliha. Jiyaduliha. Dagwaduliha. Gajiyaduliha. Jaduliha. Hiyaduliha. Dejaduliha. Gahiyaduliha. Uduliha. Gaduliha. Duduliha. Degaduliha. Ginaduliha. Enaduliha. Deginaduliha. Genaduliha. Oginaduliha. Osdaduliha. Doginaduliha. Gosdaduliha. Igaduliha. Edaduliha. Degaduliha. Gedaduliha. Ogaduliha. Ojaduliha. Dogaduliha. Gojaduliha. Sdaduliha. Esdaduliha. Desdaduliha. Gesdaduliha. Ijaduliha. Ejaduliha. Dejaduliha. Gejaduliha. Unaduliha. Anaduliha. Dunaduliha. Danaduliha.
Table 8.3: Animate and Inanimate pairings.
86
CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON Question Side edigotiha. ejigotiha. enigotiha. esdigotiha. gahigotiha. gahiyaduliha. gajigotiha. gajiyaduliha. gedigotiha. gejigotiha. genigotiha. gesdigotiha. gojigotiha. gosdigotiha. hiyaduliha. jiyaduliha.
8.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE
Answer Side We see another (alive) You all see another (alive) You and I see another (alive) You two see another (alive) You (one) see them (alive) You (one) want them (alive) I see them (alive) I want them (alive) We see them (alive) You all see them (alive) You and I see them (alive) You two see them. They and I see them. You and I see another (alive) You (one) want another (alive) I want another (alive)
Table 8.4: List for Flash Cards

(Answers .)

(Answers .)

(Answers .)
8.5
8.5.1
Thinking in Cherokee
Conversations
You will be described a brief scenario. You will be asked a question in either Cherokee or English. Respond in Cherokee. Use full sentences where possible. Scene/challenge/response: 1. A friend has walked up to you at a powwow. Your friend says: (a) Siyo. 87
8.6. DICTATION EXERCISES i. Osiyo.
(b) Gadiaju Osiyo. Dohiju? i. Dohiquu. Nihinahv? (c) Dohiquu. Donadagohv. i. Donadagohvi. 2. You have a couple of friends come visit you at home for dinner. They say: (a) Dodadagohvi. i. Idadolvi. 3. You are feeling bad. (a) Dohiju? Tla. Uyoi. 4. You are at the dinner table. A friend is sitting across from you. You look out the window and see 2 deer and a squirrel. Your friend asks: (a) Awisgo higoti? i. Vv. Tali iyani awi gajigotiha. (b) Awiju gahigoti? i. Tla. Saquu iyani saloli jigotiha.
8.6
Dictation Exercises

Exercise 8.8. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sure

to say each word each time you start writing it.
88
Chapter 9

9.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and . Refer to Figure 9.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
Syllabary Writing Practice
9.2
9.2.1
Vocabulary
It is. and It was.
Syllabary English Translation It is. It is not. If it is. Is it not? It was. It was. It was (reportedly). It will be. It is usually. It was not. 89
Pronunciation i-gi tla yi-gi yi-gi gesvgi gesv?i gese?i gesesdi geso?i nigesvna
9.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON
Figure 9.1: , , , , , , and
90
9.3. CLITICS
9.2.2 9.2.3
Is/Was/Will Be Isnt/Wasnt/Wont Be
9.3
Clitics
BA/pp141-158 Clitics are special word endings used to change or add meaning to a word or sentence. -sgo/-s [yes? no?] //nihis? Is it you? Ayvs? Is it me/us? -ju [yes I expect?] // Nihiju? You I expect? Ayvju? Me/us I expect? -ke [indicates an alternate choice, either one, not both] // Nihi ayvke? You or me/us? Ayv nihike? Me/us or you? -ka [it is, is it not? it does, does it not?] -gi [echo question, to confirm misheard or missed information] -gwu/-sgwu/-wu [only, just] // Ayvgwu. Just I/we. Nihigwu. Just you. -le [indicates doubt] -hv [but] // Ayvhv, But I/We, Nihihv, But you, -dv [emphasizer, usually on first word in a phrase or sentence] // Ayvdv. [emphatic] I/We. Nihidv. [emphatic] You. -na/-nv [and what of? sometimes used to emphasize a word] // Ayvnv? And what of me/us? Nihina? And what of you? -hehno/hno/-hnv [and, also used to announce topic of a sentence, shows up alot as a sentence starter for paragraphs, used also as because] -sgini [But] 91
9.3. CLITICS Clitic Syllabary
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON Purpose or meaning.
9.3.1
-ke (or?)
pp 293-294 Normally paired with -sgo as an indicator of an possible alternate expected answer. ? ? , ? BA/pp144-145 ? English[exclusive either] and Cherokee he speaks it? ? He answered? when you were conversing with him, or not? can also be used to emphasize or alter meaning of question: ? Who made you go to the store? 92
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON ? how+ke big that rock? How big is that rock? ? who more smart you your-sister-or? Who is smarter, you or your sister?
9.3. CLITICS
9.3.2
-ka (it is, isnt it?)
This is a request for affirmative confirmation. BA/pg 147 ? A dog, it is, isnt it? ? ..., it did, didnt it? //how to use this question word? is only employed when the speaker aks for an affirmative answer. [ok, correct, yes] + [it is, isnt it?] = = Isnt that right? (correct?) [You are wanting it] + [it is, isnt it?] = You are wanting it, arent you?
9.3.3
pg 294 .
-na (what if? what about?)
More commonly attached to nouns: ?
9.3.4
-gi (echo question)
DF/pg94/gagi specific form. gagi, who?, only with echo questions. see section on -gi http://books.google.com/books? What is an echo question? id=3JtAOHLtlHoC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=linguistics+%22echo+ questions%22&source=bl&ots=qKYlOXSsVO&sig=cN1vQ-ueOOQiIa_ 93
9.4. QUESTIONS
EqP4ekj-IzHs&hl=en&ei=DfLtTMiCDcP6lwertrHCDA&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q= linguistics%20%22echo%20questions%22&f=false What is an echo question? echoquestionterm.htm BA/pp147-148 Did you say? What did you say (portion describe by who, what, etc)? . A man. ? Did you say a man? ? http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/
9.4
Questions
Ask questions section pt1. Lecture on basic questions. DF/pp327-328
9.4.1
pg94.
Gago (Who?)
gago, who?, with normal questions. only refers to persons
9.4.2
pg92
Gado (What action?)
gado, what action? Gado advneliha1 ? What is he doing? Gado anidvneliha? What are they doing? Gado hadvneliha? What are you doing?
1 pg14
94
9.4.3
Gadohv (Why?)
pg 92, why? what reason?
9.4.4
pg93
Gado Usdi (Which one? What thing?)
gado usdi, which one? / what thing? gado jusdi, plural non-alive, which things? / what things? gado unsdi, plural alive, which things? / what things? A reply of either an object or a sentence containing a to action (infinitive) is normally expected.
9.4.5
pg129 Where?
hadlv (where)
9.4.6
pg129
hila (How many?)
how or what make question portion for anything that contains units of measure, including time.
9.4.7
pg129
hilayvi (When?)
9.5
Thinking in Cherokee
English: In the following exercise, you will be described a scenario in Cherokee. 95
After the description of the scene, you will be told something has changed in the scenario in Cherokee, then you will be asked a question in Cherokee about some fact about the scenario that may or may not have changed as a result. Answer with complete Cherokee sentences. Cherokee: You are sitting near 3 bottles. 3 red deer are here. (Over) there is a large rock. Over there there are 2 red deer. Change: The deer that are next to the rock, they go to the bottles. Question: How many deer are here? Change: 2 deer go over there next to the large rock. Question: How many deer are next to the bottles? Question: How many deer are over there? Question: What color are the deer? Numbers and colors and other things.
9.5.1
Cherokee Reading
Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out as many words as you can that you recognize. . Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. . Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino jisdu ale saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. , , ! ! Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, Ni! Ni! Beaver yelled and said, Look! Look! 96
CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON , ? Udvhnei jisdu, Gado usdi? Rabbit said, Whats up?
, ! Udvhnei doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! Beaver said, Something new is near the river! , ! Udvhneino, Sdena ale sdigowata! And then he said, Go and see! . Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. , , ! ? Dugohei waya, udvhneino, Osiyo! Gado usdi? Wolf saw them and said, Hi! Whats up? , ! Udvhnei jisdu, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! Rabbit said, Something new is by the river! , Waya udvhnei, Gega. Wolf said, I am going. . Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.

1. Waya dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, Ni! Ni! Beaver yelled and said, Look! Look! 97
5. Udvhnei jisdu, Gado usdi? Rabbit said, Whats up? 6. Udvhnei doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! Beaver said, Something new is near the river! 7. Udvhneino, Sdena ale sdigowata! And then he said, Go and see!. 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, Osiyo! Gado usdi? Wolf saw them and said, Hi! Whats up? 10. Udvhnei jisdu, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! Rabbit said, Something new is by the river! 11. Waya udvhnei, Gega. Wolf said, I am going. 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.
Exercise 9.2. Answer following question and phrase sets in Cherokee.

1. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes. (a) Dulasutlei gago? 2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked. (a) Hadlv Jisdu ale Saloli? (Where are Rabbit and Squirrel?) (b) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) 3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver. (a) Gadono unadvnelei? (And then what did they do?) (b) Gago unigohei? (Who did they see?) 4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, Ni! Ni! Beaver yelled and said, Look! Look! (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 5. Udvhnei jisdu, Gado usdi? Rabbit said, Whats up? (a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 98
9.6. HABITUALLY
6. Udvhnei doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! (Beaver said, Something new is near the river!) (a) Gado usdi nav uweyvi? (What is near the river?) 7. Udvhneino, Sdena ale sdigowata! And then he said, Go and see!. (a) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?) 8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went. (a) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?) (b) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?) 9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, Osiyo! Gado usdi? Wolf saw them and said, Hi! Whats up? (a) Dugohei gago? (Who saw them?) (b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did Wolf say?) 10. Udvhnei jisdu, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! Rabbit said, Something new is by the river! (a) Hadlv gohusdi ijei? (Where is something new at?) 11. Waya udvhnei, Gega. Wolf said, I am going. (a) Gago ega? (Who is going?) 12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river. (a) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?)
9.6 9.7
Habitually Innitive

99
9.7. INFINITIVE
100
Chapter 10

10.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and . Refer to Figure 10.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
10.2
Future tense

101
10.2. FUTURE TENSE
CHAPTER 10. TENTH LESSON
Figure 10.1: , , , , , , and
102
Chapter 11

11.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and . Refer to Figure 11.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.

103
11.1. SYLLABARY WRITINGCHAPTER 11. ELEVENTH LESSON PRACTICE
Figure 11.1: , , , , , , and
104
Chapter 12

12.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and . Refer to Figure 12.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
105
12.1. SYLLABARY WRITING PRACTICE 12. TWELTH LESSON CHAPTER
Figure 12.1: , , , , , , and
106
Chapter 13

Problem 13.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say
13.1
!
Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and, . Refer to Figure 13.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
13.2
13.2.1
Vocabulary
Animals
Exercise 13.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
107
13.2. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
Figure 13.1: , , , , , , and
108
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON Picture Pronunciation
13.3. HOMEWORK Yonega
u-gu-gu
owl
u-tla-v
mole
u-we-ji
an egg
wa-le-la
humming bird
wa-lo-si
frog
ya-(na)-se
buffalo
13.3
Homework
Exercise 13.2. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the eight
letters , , , , , , , and . Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.
Exercise 13.3. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the eight letters
, , , , , , , and . in the order listed here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.

the name of the letter each time you start writing it. 109
13.3. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON
110
Chapter 14

14.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and, . Refer to Figure 14.1 on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
14.2
Homework

111
14.2. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 14. FOURTEENTH LESSON
Figure 14.1: , , , , , , and,
112
Chapter 15

15.1
! Practice writing the letters , , , , , , and, . Refer to Figure 15.1 on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.
15.2 15.3
Homework Vocabulary
Problem 15.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practice with your study group.
113
15.3. VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
Figure 15.1: , , , , , , and,
114
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON 15.4. WOLF WEARS SHOES Picture Pronunciation Yonega
a-ja-di
fish
da-la-la
wood pecker
da-ma-ga
horse fly
dla-nu-si
leech
dv-(ga)-si
turtle
15.4
Wolf Wears Shoes
Exercise 15.1. Translate the following into English. Exercise 15.2. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence, in
Cherokee.
15.5
Homework
Exercise 15.3. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the seven letters , , , , , , and . Use one letter per line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it. Exercise 15.4. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the seven letters , , , , , , and . in the order listed 115
15.5. HOMEWORK
CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON
here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finish writing it.

116
Appendix A
A.1 Chapter 1
1. Look there. 2. Hello. 3. English. 4. O.K. / Alright. 5. No. 6. Yes. 7. Really? 8. Ouch! 9. Cherokee Translate into Cherokee: 1. Ni! ! 2. Ayo! ! 3. Osiyo. . 4. Vsgigi? ? 5. Howa. . 117
A.2. CHAPTER 2 6. Tla. . 7. Jalagi. . 8. Vv. . 9. Yonega. .
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.2
Chapter 2
1. Good. 2. I am well. 3. You all come around again. 4. Red. 5. How are you? 6. And you? 7. Let you and I see each other again. 8. Bad. 9. Let you all and I see each other again. 10. You come around again. 1. You? Nihinahv? ? 2. You come around again. Ihedolvi. . 3. Red. Agigage. . 4. You all come around again. Idadolvi. . 5. I am well. Dohiquu. . 6. How are you? Dohiju? ? 7. See you all later. Dodadagohvi. ? 8. Good. Osda. . 9. Bad. Uyoi. . 10. See you later. Donadagohvi. . 118
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.3. CHAPTER 3
A.3
Chapter 3
1. Agigage etli ijigowata. . You all see a red mink. (A red mink, you all see it). 2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. . You and I see a bad deer. (A bad deer, you and I see it). 3. Osda doya idigotiha. . You all and I see a good beaver. (A good beaver, you all and I see it). 4. Doya ahwi agotiha. . A beaver sees a deer. (A beaver, a deer, he sees it). 5. Dili ogana agotiha. . A skunk sees a groundhog. (A skunk, a groundhog, he sees it). 6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. . A beaver and I see a deer. (A deer, he and I see it, the beaver). 7. Doya jigotiha. . I see a beaver. (A beaver, I see it). 8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. . I see a red groundhog. (A red groundhog, I see it). 9. Ahwi anigotiha. . They see a deer. (A deer, they see it). 10. Etli agotiha. . He sees a mink. (A mink, he sees it). 11. Dili ijigotiha. . You all see a skunk. (A skunk, you all see it). 12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. . You two see a red mink. (A red mink, you two see it). 13. Etli higotiha. . You see a mink. (A mink, you see it). 14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. . A mink and I see a groundhog. (A mink, a groundhog, he and I see it). 15. Dili higowata. . You, look at the skunk. (A skunk, be seeing it). 16. Doya sdigowata. . You two, look at the beaver. (A beaver, you two, be seeing it). 17. Etli sdigotiha. . You two see a mink. (A mink, you two see it). 119
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
18. Doya ojigotiha. . They and I see a beaver. (A beaver, they and I see it). 1. A beaver and I see a skunk. . Doya dili osdigotiha.
2. A mink sees a beaver. Etli doya agotiha. . 3. You all see a deer. Ahwi ijigotiha. . 4. They see a skunk. Dili anigotiha. . 5. They and I see a deer. Ahwi ojigotiha. . 6. You all and I see a groundhog. Ogana idigotiha. . 7. I see a red skunk. Agigage dili jigotiha. . 8. I see a mink. Etli jigotiha. . 9. You see a deer. Ahwi higotiha. . 10. All of you look at the red beaver! Agigage doya ijigowata! ! 11. He and I see a deer. Ahwi osdigotiha. . 12. A skunk sees a skunk. Dili dili agotiha. . 13. You two see a red groundhog. Agigage ogana sdigotiha. . 14. You and I see a beaver. Doya inigotiha. . 15. A mink and I see a deer. .. Etli ahwi osdigotiha.
16. He sees a beaver. Doya agotiha. . 17. Look at the beaver! Higowata! ! 18. You two, look at the mink! Etli sdigowata! !
A.4
Chapter 4
1. Higowata. . Look at it. 2. Inigotiha. . You and I see it. 3. Ijigowata. . You all, look at it. 120
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 4. Idigotiha. . You all and I see it. 5. Agotiha. . He sees it. 6. Ojigotiha. . They and I see it. 7. Anigotiha. . They see it. 8. Higotiha. . You see it. 9. Sdigowata. . You two, look at it. 10. Sdigotiha. . You two see it. 11. Ijigotiha. . You all see it. 12. Jigotiha. . I see it. 13. Sdigotiha. . You two see it. 1. unta u - he, ant - knows it 2. sdiwoniha sdi - you two, woni - speak it 3. gawoniha ga - he, woni - speaks it 4. idigotiha idi - You all and I, goti - see it 5. iniwoniha ini - you and I, woni - speak it 6. higotiha hi - you, goti - sees it 7. hiwoniha hi - you, woni - speaks it 8. osdigotiha osdi - he and I, goti - see it 9. jiwoniha ji - I, woni - speak it 121
A.4. CHAPTER 4
A.4. CHAPTER 4 10. anigotiha ani - they, goti - see it 11. aquanta aqua - I, ant - know it 12. ijanta iji - you all, ant - know it 13. ijigotiha iji - you all, goti - see it 14. jigotiha ji - I, goti - see it 15. aniwoniha ani - they, woni - speak it 16. idiwoniha idi - You all and I, woni - speak it 17. agotiha a - he, goti - sees it 18. unanta uni - they, ant - know it 19. oganta ogi - they and I, ant - know it 20. ojiwoniha oji - they and I, woni - speak it 21. inigotiha ini - you and I, goti - see it 22. iganta igi - You all and I, ant - know it 23. janta ja - you, ant - know it 24. oginanta ogin - he and I, ant - know it 122
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 25. ijiwoniha iji - you all, woni - speak it 26. ojigotiha oji - they and I, goti - see it 27. sdigotiha sdi - you two, goti - see it 28. ginanta gini - you and I, ant - know it 29. osdiwoniha osdi - he and I, woni - speak it 30. sdanta sdi - you two, ant - know it
A.4. CHAPTER 4
1. Yonega jiwoniha. . I speak English. 2. Gohusdi janta. . You know something. 3. Yonega iniwoniha. . You and I speak English. 4. Jalagi hiwonihi. . Speak Cherokee. 5. Yonega idiwoniha. . You all and I speak English. 6. Gohusdi unanta. . They know something. 7. Jantesdi. . Know it. 8. Jalagi gawoniha. . He speaks Cherokee. 9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. . A beaver and I know something. 10. Yonega sdiwonihi. . You two, speak English. 11. Ijantesdi. . You all, know it. 12. Etli dohusdi unta. . A mink knows something. 13. Ginanta. . You and I know it. 14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. . They and I speak Cherokee. 15. Yonega ijiwonihi. . You all, speak English. 16. Gohusdi iganta. . You all and I know something. 123
A.4. CHAPTER 4
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. . You all speak Cherokee. 18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. . A groundhog and I speak English. 19. Ijanta. . You all know it. 20. Yonega sdiwoniha. . You two speak English. 21. Jalagi hiwoniha. . You speak Cherokee. 22. Sdantesdi. . You two, know it. 23. Gohusdi aquanta. . I know something. 24. Oganta. . They and I know it. 25. Jalagi aniwoniha. . They speak Cherokee. 26. Sdanta. . You two know it. 1. They and I know it. Ogan(v)ta. . 2. You know it. Jan(v)ta. . 3. You and I know something. Gohusdi ginan(v)ta. . 4. You and I speak Cherokee. Jalagi iniwoniha. . 5. I know it. Aquan(v)ta. . 6. Know it. Jan(v)tesdi. . 7. You all and I know something. . Gohusdi igan(v)ta.
8. They and I speak English. Yonega ojiwoniha. . 9. A beaver knows something. Doya gohusdi un(v)ta. . 10. He and I speak English. Yonega osdiwoniha. . 11. You speak English. Yonega hiwoniha. . 12. You all speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwoniha. . 13. You two, speak English. Yonega sdiwonihi. . 14. A skunk and I know something. Dili gohusdi oginan(v)ta. . 15. You all know something. Gohusdi ijan(v)ta. . 124
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
16. You two speak Cherokee. Jalagi sdiwoniha. . 17. You all and I speak English. Yonega idiwoniha. . 18. I speak Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoniha. . 19. Speak Cherokee. Jalagi hiwonihi. . 20. You all, know it. Ijan(v)tesdi. . 21. They know it. Unan(v)ta. . 22. They all speak English. Yonega aniwoniha. . 23. You two, know it. Sdan(v)tesdi. . 24. He speaks Cherokee. Jalagi gawoniha. . 25. You all, speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwonihi. . 26. You two know something. Gohusdi sdan(v)ta. .
A.5
Chapter 5
1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. . Three red traps. 2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. . A few good ground hogs. 3. Igada junsdi awi. . Some little deer. 4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. . Many bad skunks. 5. Igada digigage gugu. . Some red bottles. 6. Tali iyani anosda dili. . Two good skunks. 7. Tali iga jutana nvya. . Two large rocks. 8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. . Many good deer. 9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. . Three good traps. 10. Igada unilulojvi etli. . Some crazy mink. 11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. . Many large deer. 12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. . A few large beaver. 13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. . A few pretty traps. 125
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. . Two little beaver. 15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. . A few good skunks. 16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili. . Three crazy skunks. 1. Three little deer. Joi iyani junsdi awi. . 2. Two crazy skunks. . Tali iyani unilulojvi dili.
3. Some good deer. Igada anosda awi. . 4. Many red beaver. Jiquisdi anigigage doya. . 5. Many red rocks. Jiquisdi digigage nvya. . 6. Two good traps. Tali iga josda disadvdi. . 7. A few pretty skunks. Ilvsgi junoduhi dili. . 8. Three little beaver. Joi iyani junsdi doya. . 9. Many crazy deer. Jiquisdi unilulojvi awi. . 10. A few bad skunks. Ilvsgi uniyoi dili. . 11. A few pretty beaver. Ilvsgi junoduhi doya. . 12. A few good bottles. Ilvsgi josda gugu. . 13. A few red bottles. Ilvsgi digigage gugu. . 14. Many red skunks. Jiquisdi anigigage dili. . 15. Three large beaver. Joi iyani junatana doya. . 16. Some bad rocks. Igada uniyoi nvya. . 1. Doginaduliha. . He and I want them. 2. Dagotiha. . He sees them. 3. Dunaduliha. . They want them. 4. Dagwaduliha. . I want them. 5. Dojigotiha. . They and I see them. 126
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 6. Denigotiha. . You and I see them. 7. Dehigotiha. . You see them. 8. Dejiduliha. . You all want them. 9. Danigotiha. . They see them. 10. Dosdigotiha. . He and I see them. 11. Desdaduliha. . You two want them.
A.5. CHAPTER 5
12. Degaduliha. . You all and I want them. 13. Duduliha. . He wants them. 14. Dejigotiha. . I see them. 15. Deginaduliha. . You and I want them. 16. Dedigotiha. . You all and I see them. 17. Desdigotiha. . You two see them. 18. Dogaduliha. . They and I want them. 1. He wants them. Duduliha. . 2. You want them. Dejaduliha. . 3. He sees them. Dagotiha. . 4. I see them. Dejigotiha. . 5. He and I want them. Doginaduliha. . 6. You see them. Dehigotiha. . 7. You all and I see them. Dedigotiha. . 8. They and I want them. Dogaduliha. . 9. You two want them. Desdaduliha. . 10. You two see them. Desdigotiha. . 11. I want them. Dagwaduliha. . 12. They and I see them. Dojigotiha. . 13. They see them. Danigotiha. . 14. You all and I want them. Degaduliha. . 127
A.5. CHAPTER 5
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. He and I see them. Dosdigotiha. . 16. You all want them. Dejiduliha . 17. You and I want them. Deginaduliha. . 18. You and I see them. Denigotiha. . 19. They want them. Dunaduliha. . 1. Dili unaduliha. . They want a skunk. 2. Awi nvya uduliha. . A deer wants a rock. 3. Awi anigotiha. . They see a deer. 4. Doya agotiha. . He sees a beaver. 5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. . A beaver sees two traps. 6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. . He wants a few rocks. 7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. . A beaver sees many traps. 8. Igada nvya duduliha. . He wants some rocks. 9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. . Three deer want two skunks. 10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. . Some deer want a few rocks. 11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. . A few deer see three beavers. 12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. . A few beavers want a few bottles. 13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. . I want some pretty deer. 14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. . They want three little skunks. 15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. . Some beavers want two little bottles. 16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. . I see some crazy bottles. 128
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.5. CHAPTER 5
17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. . Some large deer want a few pretty bottles. 18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. . Some large skunks want many red bottles. 19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. . Some large beavers want a few little skunks. 20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi. . Many little deer see many large beavers. 1. A deer sees a rock. Awi nvya agotiha. . 2. He wants a bottle. Gugu uduliha. . 3. They see a deer. Awi anigotiha. . 4. He sees a bottle. Gugu agotiha. . 5. The deer wants a rock. Awi nvya uduliha. . 6. A beaver sees three rocks. Joi iga nvya dagotiha doya. . 7. She wants a few beavers. . Ilvsgi doya duduliha.
8. A skunk wants two beavers. Tali iyani doya duduliha dili. . 9. I want three bottles. . Joi iga gugu daquaduliha.
10. He sees three bottles. Joi iga gugu dagotiha. . 11. Two beaver see three skunks. Joi iyani dili danigotiha tali iyani doya. . 12. A few beavers see some skunks. Igada dili danigotiha ilvsgi doya. . 13. A few beavers want two rocks. Tali iga nvya dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. . 14. They want three rocks. Joi iga nvya dunaduliha. . 129
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
15. Some beavers see three bottles. Joi iga gugu danigotiha igada doya. . 16. Some deer see many crazy traps. Jiquisdi unilulojvi disadvdi danigotiha igada awi. . 17. Some skunks see three red rocks. Joi iga digigage nvya danigotiha igada dili. . 18. Two deer see two little beavers. Tali iyani awi tali iyani junsdi doya danigotiha. . 19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. Ilvsgi juwoduhi nvya dunaduliha joi iyani junatana doya. . 20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks. . Jiquisdi junatana dili dunaduliha igada unilulojvi awi.
A.6
Chapter 6
1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. . A mink sees a bottle and a beaver. 2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. . A mink sees a rock and a trap. 3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. . A mink wants a deer and a bottle. 4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. . A mink sees a rock and a beaver. 5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. . A groundhog wants a deer and rock. 6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. . A groundhog and a skunk see it. 7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. . A beaver and a skunk see a trap. 8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili. . A deer and a skunk want a rock and a beaver. 130
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6
1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. Nvya doyano dagotiha awi. . 2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. Gugu sadvdino duduliha ogana. . 3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. Gugu doyano duduliha awi. . 4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. Gugu dilino dagotiha ogana. . 5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. Doya nvyano duduliha awi. . 6. A beaver and a mink want it. Unaduliha doya ale etli. . 7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. Dili anigotiha doya ale etli. . 8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle. Sadvdi guguno dunaduliha doya ale etli. . 1. Hega ale hadia, Donadagohvi. , . You are going and saying, Lets see each other again. 2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. . You and I are sitting and wearing shoes. 3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. yelling and going. . You and I are
4. Doginotla ale osdadia, Hena!. , ! He and I are sitting and saying, Go!. 5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. . They and I are wearing shoes and yelling. 6. Ijega ale ijadia, Dodadagohvi. , . You all are going and saying, Lets all see each other again. 7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. . They are sitting and wearing shoes. 8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega. . You all and I are yelling and going. 1. You are going. Hega. . 131
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
2. You and I are sitting and saying Look! A deer! Deginotla ale inadia, Ni! Awi!. , ! ! 3. You two are saying, No. Sdadia, Tla. , . 4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Osdetluhvsga ale doginalasutla. . 5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. Dogalasutla ale ojega. . 6. You all are going. Ijega. . 7. They are sitting and saying We all see a rock. Dunotla ale anadia, Nvya idigotiha. , . 8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Idetluhvsga ale degalasutla. . 1. Waya dulasutla. . Wolf Wears Shoes. 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. . Rabbit and squirrel are sitting near a river. 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. squirrel are speaking. . Rabbit and
4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. . Rabbit and squirrel see beaver. 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. . Beaver goes towards rabbit and squirrel. 6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, Ni! Ni! , , ! ! Beaver is yelling, saying, Look! Look! 7. Adiha jisdu, Gado usdi doya? , ? Rabbit says, Whats up beaver? 8. Adiha doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! , ! Beaver says, There is something new by the river! 9. Adiha doya, Sdena ale sdigowata! , ! Beaver says, Go and see it! 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. , , . Rabbit, squirrel, and beaver go towards the river. 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. , , . Wolf sees rabbit, squirrel, and beaver. 132
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.6. CHAPTER 6
12. Adiha waya, Osiyo! Gado usdi? , ! ? Wolf says to them, Hello! Whats going on?
13. Adiha jisdu, Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! , ! Rabbit says, Beaver says something new is by the river! 1. Waya dulasutla. . (a) What is wolf doing? Dulasutla. . 2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. . (a) Where is this happening? Nav uweyvi. . (b) What is happening? Dunotla. . (c) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. . 3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. . (a) What is happening? Aniwoniha. . (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. . 4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. . (a) What is happening? Anigotiha. . (b) Who is seeing? Jisdu ale saloli. . (c) Who is being seen? Doya. . 5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. . (a) What is happening? Ega. . (b) Who is doing it? Doya. . (c) In what direction? . Didla jisdu ale saloli.
6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, Ni! Ni! , , ! ! (a) What is happening? Gehluhvsga ale adiha. . (b) Who is doing it? Doya. . (c) What is being said? Ni! Ni! ! ! 133
A.6. CHAPTER 6
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
(d) To whom is this being said? Jisdu ale saloli. . 7. Adiha jisdu, Gado usdi doya? ., ? (a) What is happening? Adiha. . (b) Who is doing it? Jisdu. . (c) What is being asked? Gado usdi? ? (d) To whom is this being said? Doya. . 8. Adiha doya, Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! , ! (a) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. . (b) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. . (c) Who is talking? Doya. . 9. Adiha doya, Sdena ale sdigowata! ! ,
(a) What is the first thing requested? Sdena. . (b) What is the second thing requested? Sdigowata. . (c) How many people are speaking? Saquu. . (d) How many people are being spoken to? Tali. . 10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. , , . (a) What is happening? Anega. . (b) Where are they going? Didla uweyvi. . (c) How many are going? Tsoi. . (d) Who are going? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. , , . 11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. , , . (a) What is happening? Dagotiha. . (b) Who is seeing? Wahya. . (c) Who is being seen? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. , , . 12. Adiha waya, Osiyo! Gado usdi? ? 134 , !
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
(a) What word is used to greet them? Osiyo. . (b) What is asked? Gado usdi? ? 13. Adiha jisdu, Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi! , ! (a) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. . (b) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. .
A.7
Chapter 7
(From 7.1 on page 67) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally agi- becomes agw- before any of the vowels a, e, o, u, or v. Also, u- normally becomes uw- before any vowel. 1. He spoke it. . Uwonisvi. 2. You and I wanted it. . Ginadulvhvi. 3. They and I knew it. . Ogantvi. 4. I saw it. . Agigohvi. 5. He said it. . Udvhnvi. 6. You all and I sat. . Degotlvi. 7. They saw it. . Unigohvi. 8. You all and I wore shoes. . Degalasutlvi. 9. You all new it. . Ijantvi. 10. He wore shoes. . Dulasutlvi. 11. I went. . Agwenvsvi. 12. They knew it. . Unanhtvi. 13. He saw it. . Ugohvi. 14. You all and I said. . Igadvhnvi. 15. You all wanted it. . Ijadulvhvi. 16. You and I spoke it. . Giniwonisvi. 135
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
17. You all and I knew it. . Iganhtvi. 18. I said it. . Agwadvhnvi. 19. You and I saw it. . Ginigohvi. 20. They and I sat. . Dogotlvi. 21. They sat. . Dunotlvi. 22. He and I wanted it. . Oginadulvhvi. 23. He wanted it. . Udulvhvi. 24. You said it. . Jadvhnvi. 25. I wanted it. . Agwadulvhvi. 26. I wore shoes. . Dagalasutlvi. 27. You all and I yelled. . Igetluhnvi. (From 7.3 on page 68) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. They wanted it. . Unadulvhvi. 2. He and I saw it. . Oginigohvi. 3. You sat. . Jotlvi. 4. He yelled. . Uwetluhnvi. 5. He and I spoke it. . Oginiwonisvi. 6. You two wore shoes. . Desdalasutlvi. 7. You two yelled. . Sdetluhnvi. 8. They yelled. . Unetluhnvi. 9. I spoke it. . Agiwonisvi. 10. He knew it. . Unhtvi. 11. They wore shoes. . Dunalasutlvi. 12. He sat. . Uwotlvi. 13. I sat. . Agwotlvi. 14. They spoke it. . Uniwonisvi. 136
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS 15. They and I said it. . Ogadvhnvi. 16. You two saw it. . Sdigohvi. 17. He and I went. . Oginenvsvi. 18. They went. . Unenvsvi.
A.7. CHAPTER 7
19. They and I wore shoes. . Dogalasutlvi. 20. They and I yelled. . Ogetluhnvi. 21. You and I went. . Ginenvsvi. 22. You went. . Jenvsvi. 23. You all spoke it. . Ijiwonisvi. 24. He went. . Uwenvsvi. 25. I yelled. . Agwetluhnvi. 26. I knew it. . Agwanhtvi. 27. They said it. . Unadvhnvi. (From 7.5 on page 69) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speaker heard about it. 1. . Yonega agiwonisvi. I spoke English. 2. . Yonega igiwonisvi. You all and I spoke English. 3. . Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. . Unhtvi saloli. A squirrel knew it. 5. , . Unadvhnvi jigwisdi doya, Osiyo. Many beaver said, Hello. 6. . Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 7. . Sadvdi agwadulvhvi. I wanted a trap. 8. . Nav nvya oginenvsvi jisdu. A rabbit and I went near a rock. 9. . Nav uweyvi ogenvsvi tsoi iyani saloli. Three squirrels and I went near a river. 10. . Saloli oginigohvi ogana. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel. 137
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
11. . Jisdu sdadulvhei. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told. 12. , . Tla, ginadvhnvi. You and I said no. 13. . Dejalasutlvi. You all wore shoes. 14. . Igada jisdu dugohei saloli. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told. 15. . Dunalasutlei jiquisdi waya. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told. 16. . Jetluhnvi. You yelled. 17. . Nav sadvdi dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a trap. 18. . Nav nvya deginotlvi. You and I sat near a rock. (From 7.6 on page 70) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. You all and I wanted a rabbit. Jisdu igadulvhvi. . 2. You wore shoes, so I heard. Dejalasutlei. . 3. A few wolves and I yelled. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. . 4. Two deer and I spoke English. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi. . 5. You all and I saw three rocks. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. . 6. I was told you all said hello. Osiyo ijadvhnei. . 7. A mink knew it. Unhtvi etli. . 8. You and I spoke English. Yonega giniwonisvi. . 9. You and I went near a trap. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. . 10. I was told three wolves sat near a trap. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya. . 11. A beaver and I wanted three squirrels. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya. . 138
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
12. I heard you two saw a skunk. Dili sdigohei. . 13. A squirrel and I said, yes. Vv, oginadvhnvi saloli. , . 14. I sat near a river. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. . 15. I was told a wolf wore shoes. Dulasutlei waya. . 16. You all yelled. Ijetluhnvi. . 17. You two knew it, so I was told. Sdanhte. . 18. A few groundhogs went near a trap. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana. . (From 7.7 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. . Nav nvya oginenvsvi awi. A deer and I went near a rock. 2. . Yonega giniwonisvi. You and I spoke English. 3. . Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled. 4. . Dagalasutlesdi. Let me wear shoes. 5. , . Dodadagohvi, igadvhnvi. You all and I said, See you all later. 6. !, . Ayo!, oginadvhnvi ogana. Ouch!, said a groundhog and I. 7. . Igetluhnvi. You all and I yelled. 8. . Dili idigowata. Let you all and I see a skunk. 9. . Unhtei doya. I was told a beaver knew it. 10. . Nav nvya dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi. Three deer and I sat near a rock. 11. . Nav igada disadvdi ijenvsei. I heard you all went near some traps. 12. ?, . Vsgigi?, sdadvhnvi. You two said Really? 13. . Sdanta. You two know it. 139
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
14. . Nav usdi uweyvi agwotlesdi. Let me sit near a little river. 15. . Etli jigotiha. I am seeing a mink. (From 7.8 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you two say Ouch!. Ayo!, sdada. !, . 2. I said Come back and see me. Agwadvhnv, Ihedolv. , . 3. You see some traps. . Igada disadvdi dehigotiha.
4. Let three wolves wear shoes. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya. . 5. I was told you wore shoes. Dejalasutle. . 6. Let a deer and I know it. Oganhtesdi awi. . 7. Two rabbits and I are saying Good! Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, Osd! , !. 8. Let you all and I see three deer. Tso awi didigowata. . 9. You and I spoke English. Yoneg giniwonisv. . 10. I was told many rabbits yelled. . Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu.
11. You two wanted a rabbit. Jisdu sdadulvhv. . 12. A skunk and I wanted two squirrels. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili. . 13. I am speaking Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoni. . 14. You all and I yelled. Igetluhnv. . 15. I was told a groundhog went near some traps. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana. . (From 7.9 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee. 1. . Doya unigohvi igada awi. Some deer saw a beaver. 140
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
A.7. CHAPTER 7
2. . Yonega uniwonisei ilvsgi ogana. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English. 3. . Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it. 4. . Nav gugu dunotlei tsoi iyani jisdu. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle. 5. . Jigwisdi awi duduliha jisdu. A rabbit wants many deer. 6. . Oginetluhnvi doya. A beaver and I yelled. 7. . Jalagi jiwonihi. Let me speak Cherokee. 8. . Nav uweyvi jotlvi. You sat near a river. 9. . Yonega ogiwonisvi jigwisdi jisdu. Many rabbits and I spoke English. 10. . Waya dulasutla. A wolf is wearing shoes. 11. . wanted a few skunks. Ilvsgi dili dejadulvhei. I was told you
12. . Inena gohusdino inigowata. Let you and I go and see something. 13. . Dejalasutlvi. You wore shoes. 14. . Waya sdadulvhvi. You two wanted a wolf. 15. . Nav igada gugu inega. You and I are going near some bottles. (From 7.10 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences into English. 1. Let you and I know it. Ginantesdi. . 2. A rabbit wanted a trap. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. . 3. A wolf and I are speaking Cherokee. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. . 4. You two knew it. Sdantvi. . 5. Some minks are speaking English. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli. . 141
A.7. CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX A. ANSWERS
6. Let you all sit near some traps. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. . 7. You all and I are wearing shoes. Degalasutla. . 8. Let you all go near some bottles. Nav igada gugu ijena. . 9. A rabbit and I went near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu. . 10. Let you sit near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. . 11. Let you and I say, Hello.. Inada, Osiyo. , 12. Some groundhogs and I yelled. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. . 13. Let me know it. Agwantesdi. . 14. Let you all see a skunk. Dili ijigowata. . 15. A mink is sitting near a large river. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli. .
142
Appendix B
Additional Resources
B.1 The Leitner System
The Leitner system is a widely used method to efficiently use flashcards that was proposed by the German science journalist Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principle of spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing interval.
Method In this method flashcards are sorted into groups according

to how well you know each one in the Leitners learning box. This is how it works: you try to recall the solution written on a flashcard. If you succeed, you send the card to the next group. But if you fail, you send it back to the first group. Each succeeding group has a longer period of time before you are required to revisit the cards.
Example Suppose you have 3 groups called Group 1, Group 2 and

Group 3. The cards in Group 1 are the ones that you often make mistakes with, and Group 3 contains the cards that you know very well. You might choose to study the Group 1 cards once a day, Group 2 every 3 days, and the Group 3 cards every 5 days. If you look at a Group 1 card and get the correct answer, you promote it to Group 2. A correct answer with a Group 2 card promotes that card to Group 3. If you make a mistake with a Group 2 or Group 3 card, it gets demoted to the first level, which forces you to study that card more often. The advantage of this method is that you can focus on the most difficult flashcards, which remain in the first few groups. The result is, ideally, a reduction in the amount of study time needed. 143
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system
B.2
Names
The following list of names is largely based upon the names as listed at http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b. htm. Where a name that is in the table was not available at that website, the guidelines from website http://www.native-languages. org/cherokee_names.htm were used for creating the Cherokee version. Table B.1: English to Cherokee Names Anthony Barbara Betty Brian Carol Charles Christopher Daniel David Deborah Donald Donna Dorothy Elizabeth Helen Jennifer Edward George James Jason e-(ni)-to-ni qua-qua que-di qua-ya-(ni) ka-lo ja-li qui-s-do-quv de-ni-li de-wi-di de-quo-a da-na-li da-na do-quo-ti a-li-sa-que-ti he-le-ni je-ni-que e-di-wa-di ja-ji je-mi je-sa-ni
144
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES English Name Jeff John Joseph Kenneth Kevin Karen Kimberly Laura Linda Lisa Mark Michael Margaret Maria Mary Michelle Nancy Patricia Paul Richard Robert Ronald Ruth Sandra Sarah Sharon Susan Steven Thomas Syllabary
B.2. NAMES
Cherokee Pronunciation je-wi ja-ni jo-se-wi gi-ni-ti gwa-ni gu-qua-ni gi-mi-que-li la-qua-a li-ni-da li-sa ma-ga ma-ga-li ma-ga-ye-ti ma-wi-a me-li me-s-he-li ne-(ni)-si qua-ti-si quo-li qui-ha-di qua-qua quo-la-di quu-ti se-(ni)-di-a se-gi je-qua-(ni) su-sa-(no) s-ti-wi-ni do-ma-si
145
B.2. NAMES English Name William
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Syllabary Cherokee Pronunciation wi-li-ha-ma
If you do not see your name listed, you try looking it up at http: //home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm, or if it does not appear there, you can determine the Cherokee pronunciation for you name by using the following guidelines (reproduced here for easier reference) as originally posted at http: //www.native-languages.org/names.htm: ... basically, each character represents one syllable, so if your name is Mona, you would use the two characters for MO and NA, written left to right, like this: . This doesnt actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course it is just a way of spelling the English name Mona using the Cherokee writing system. Easy so far, right? However, there are several significant differences between the English and Cherokee writing systems that can make it hard to spell English names in Cherokee: 1. English isnt written phonetically. There are many letters in English names that are not pronounced. In the name Sallie, for example, the e and one of the ls dont make any sound at all. The name is pronounced the same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli, or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, youll need to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with the two characters for SA and LI, . 2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different vowel sounds may be spelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronounced like the i in police. The a in say and the e in they are pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are always pronounced essentially the same: A as in father, E as in they, I as in police, O as in note, U as in tune, V, which sounds like the u in sun, and AI together, which sounds like the i in mice. You need to pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way your name is actually pronounced, which may be different from how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with the two characters LE and LA in Cherokee, . If your name is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you 146
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
B.2. NAMES
would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LA in Cherokee, . 3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelled two different ways, or two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erick are all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindy is pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronounced the same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name by spelling any c or ck that sounds like K as K; any c sound that sounds like s as S; and any g sound that sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and 3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), you should spell it with the two characters KA and NI in Cherokee, . 4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may be spelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU, and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO, GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TV are written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV in Cherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonant sounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same in Cherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jeenee) you should spell it with the two characters TSI and NI in Cherokee, . 5. Some English consonants dont exist in Cherokee. There are no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P, R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakers replaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so that they pronounced the name Rebecca quay-quay-gah and spelled it . SH is usually replaced with S, TH is usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replaced with L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which is pronounced may-lee by Cherokees and spelled .) The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) is also replaced with QU. 6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except for S, which can be written by itself, all syllables in the Cherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writing English words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, the standard practice is to write a silent i after the final consonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokee people would spell it with the three characters E, LE, and NI, . 147
B.2. NAMES
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Those are the general rules for spelling English words in Cherokee; of course, as in any language, some names can have more than one spelling. In particular, some names that entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, such as Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms for example, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variant of Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokee variant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee syllabary to spell the English name Luke, you would spell it , but to spell the Cherokee name Luga, you would spell that . There is also some variation in spelling names whose vowel sounds dont exactly match Cherokee. For example, the A in Annie is about halfway between the A and E sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee people spell it , and others spell it . These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but the good thing is that you can use them to write ANY name in Cherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled name to contend with like Makayla or LaTasha, which arent on any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, you can easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelled with the three characters MA, GE, and LA () and the three characters LA, TA, and SA ().
148

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6.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

10.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10.2 Future tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

11.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 xi

12.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

14.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 14.2 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1.2. ON-LINE SUPPORT

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

Getting the most out of this material.

Graduated Interval Recall is the answer.

1.3.2.1 Paraphrased from Wikipedia :

How Graduated Interval Recall ts in.

Audio Lesson Structure

Each set of audio lessons is composed of three main components:

1.3.4.1 Syllabary Dictation Exercises

1.3.4.2 General Lectures

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

1.3.4.3 Vocabulary Exercises

gi? ki? do? to?

1.6. YOU VS YOU

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

1.8. LET US SAY THE LETTERS.

Let us say the letters.

1.10. SYLLABARY, WITH MARKINGS. CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

The Cherokee Syllabary, with English markings.

a ga ka ha la ma na hna nah qua sa s da ta dla tla ja wa ya

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.11. SYLLABARY, WITHOUT MARKINGS.

The Cherokee Syllabary, without English markings.

Key to Pronunciation3 Vowel Sounds

1.12. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

Exercise 2.1. Do the dictation exercise for the seven letters , ,

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 117):

2.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW

CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON

Figure 2.1: , , , , , , and

Exercise 2.3. Translate into Cherokee, do not write out pronunciation

Syllabary Speaking Practice

Exercise 2.4. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary

CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON

Greetings, Exchanges, and Interjections

Exercise 3.1. Practice writing the letters , , , , ,

Exercise 3.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 118):

3.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Figure 3.1: , , , , , , and

Exercise 3.3. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 118):

3.4. VOCABULARY Picture Pronunciation

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON Syllabary English

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Exercise 3.8. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary

Exercise 3.9. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabulary

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Exercise 3.11. Translate into English (Answers on page 119):

Exercise 3.12. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 120):

Exercise 3.14. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to say

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Exercise 4.1. Practice writing the letters , , , , ,