SCHNEINDER ELECTRIC y y y y Classification of transformers: Power transformer, Control transformer, Isolation transformer, Earthing transformer Maximum efficiency occurs

in the operation of a transformer when the load is about 3839% of full-load Protection: Earthing of transformer, use of Silica Gel for moisture level indication, use of Buchholz Relay to detect dielectric failure of oil and oil leaks Package Substations: It is the whole substation built in one unit package. It contains a transformer, ring main unit, fuse board and circuit breakers, HT and LT controls etc. It is easier to transport, space saving & cost effective. Standards followed:  IS 6600 Guidelines for loading of oil immersed transformers  IS 2026 regulations pertaining to Power Transformers Circuit Breakers:  Classification: Air Blast Circuit breaker, Minimum Oil Circuit breaker, Oil Circuit breaker, SF6 Circuit breaker, Vacuum Circuit breaker, Minimum Oil  Obsolete Technology: Bulk Oil CB, Minimum oil CB, ABCB. Difficult maintaining and testing, bulky in size, use old heavy arc chutes  New Technology: VCBs. Compact size, with simple vacuum bottles, easier to handle and service  Application: Low Voltage (below 66kV) ABCB, VCB Medium & High Voltage (above 66kV) - SF6, GIS. SF6 is used in HVDC as well.

HAVELLS - LIGHTS Lux it is the unit of luminous emittance, measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of light that passes through a surface. Measured using lux-meters. Min 18 lux, Max- 30 lux y y Lumens it measures luminous flux i.e. the total "amount" of visible light produced by a light source.

Area spread of light the spread distance (diameter) of light is considered appx. three times the pole height. Spread Type: Asymmetrical/ Symmetrical:  Asymmetrical Light coverage is uniformly spread over distance.  Symmetrical Light coverage is directional HID (High Intensity Discharge) Lamps: Lamps that produce light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent fused quartz. They are classified into:

MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP Emit greenish-white light Lowest Lumen Efficacy Outdoor/ Street lightning (now phased out)

SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP Yellow, provide poor color rendition. Medium Lumen Efficacy Can penetrate into foggy areas, hence prevalent in outdoor lighting. Security, industrial lighting applications 3000K, 4000K colour code

METAL HALIDE LAMP (Eg. sodium iodide) White light and natural daylight; soothing to eyes Highest Lumen Efficacy Commonly used in stadiums, warehouses, and any industrial setting where distinguishing colors is important. Used where fog penetration is less 4000K, 6000K colour code

Reflector Aluminium is commonly used for high reflectivity, although silver-polished mirrors can be used to give a fancy look Environmental Impact all the three types of lamps use mercury base, hence have to be discarded carefully HAVELLS CABLES Classification of cables: H.T. POWER CABLES Conductor Aluminium 1-core or 3-core Used mainly for transmission Armoured L.T. POWER CABLES Conductor Aluminium 1, 2, 3, 3.5 and 4 core Used mainly for distribution Both armoured and unarmoured L.T. CONTROL CABLES Conductor Copper 2,3,4,5 upto 61 cores Used for signal and data Both armoured and unarmoured

New Technology in cables: FRLSH - fire-retardant, low-smoke low-halogen cables In case of fire, due to the burning of PVC a corrosive smoke is emitted, which makes fire fighting difficult. FRLSH-PVC compound, used on inner sheath and/or outer sheath, has better fire retardant properties. When it catches fire, it minimizes the spread of smoke and toxic gases. FRLSZH fire-retardant, low-smoke zerohalogen cables Halogens, if released, can form hazardous gases. Because LSZH releases little or no halogen gas when burned, it reduces the damage to the human respiratory system if inhaled and contributes to less corrosion damage to equipment near the fire.

Conductor: Usually stranded copper or aluminum. Aluminium is widely used. Insulation - Materials include thermoplastic (eg. PVC) or thermosetting (eg. XLPE) type compounds.  Screen: Applied over the insulated conductor for shielding against noise/ radiation, interference from other cables and lightning protection. E.g. copper or aluminum screen.  Filler used to fill the interstices of the insulated bundle usually with a soft polymer material. E.g. PVC  Armour: Used for mechanical protection of the conductor bundle. Steel wire armour or aluminum strips are typically used.  Sheath: Applied for overall mechanical, weather, chemical and electrical protection of the cable. Usually a thermoplastic compound (eg. PVC) or thermosetting compound is used. Outer Sheath is applied over armour. Standards: IS 1554 Part-1 and IS 7098 Part-2   EARTHING & ERECTION:

y y

Grounding: The earth is dug around 3-5m deep. Earth resistance is calculated to find the location of minimum resistance. Earth is then designed according to the soil resistivity (parameters include soil type and moisture content). A layer of Salt and Charcoal is added, which helps and absorb and retain moisture, hence provide path for grounding current. Earth mat next an earth mat is laid, using strips of M.S./ G.I., in the form of a grid. The length and thickness of the iron strips are pre-calculated. Touch and Step Potential A layer of gravel (4-inch) is added on the top of this layer. Gravels act as an insulator to protect anyone who walks on the surface of the grounded area from the voltage gradients. These are called Touch and Step Potentials Lightning Arrestor (L.A.) is used to conduct any voltage surges to ground. Its voltage rating is 10% less than that of supply voltage.

SECURE METERS The meters can be HT or LT. Most meters are of HT type Types:  MDC (Max. Demand Control meter): In these, Maximum Demand is calculated and billed by a meter which records the highest kW value consumed in a fixed, short period, averaged over a monthly billing cycle. They have (i) Alarm and (ii) Trip mechanism, like in a C.B.  ABTM availability based tariff meter: The meters circuit breaker are placed in series with capacitors to facilitate tripping for short time in event of a fault. It immediately reverses if tampered with.  Both MDC, ABTM are energy saving meters  Isolators are used for changing routes over different bays according to connection needs, esp. during repair

Secure Meter  Operate on frequency upto 60Hz, have more memory and store data upto 2 years  AC and DC supply have to be given, one of which acts as stand-by

L&T  Cost-effective and more efficient, but Operate upto 50Hz frequency only  It doesnt require standby supply