Lecture 6 Cartilage and Bone Cartilage: Supportive Connective Tissue provide flexibility + support, plastic materials, no blood vessels,

, no nerve, diffusion from adjacent tissues into cartilage, perichondrium is full of water Hyaline Cartilage (breast bone in chicken): cells, fibers, ground substance, most common cartilage, o found at the articular surface of moveable joints, walls of the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ribs o collagen fiber (type II), avascular, o Chondromucoid jelly like substance give resilency + strength o Lacunae contains cartilage cells o Chondrocytes cartilage cells o Perichondrium cellular and fibrous layer, dense irregular CT, covers everywhere but articular surface o matrix appear homogenous in fresh collagen b/c same refractive index as ground substance Fibrous Cartilage: lots of collagen fibers (type I), little ground substance, very tough, no perichondrium but bonds with dense reulgar CT and hyline waste removal is continuous, dense regular blood merges with dense regular CT in cartilage o Found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, some joints and tendons Elastic Cartilage: presence of elastic fibers similar to hyaline, flexible, found in excternal ear, epiglottis, larynx

Bone: Protection, support, movement, mineral storage, blood production 2 Components o Organic 35% - cells, fibers, ground substance o Inorganic 65% - mineralized salts, hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide), calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium, fluoride Concentric cylindrical layers around longitudinal canal Microscopic structures: o Osteon basic structural of bone lamella outer interior space of bone lacune capsules containing osteocytes Canaliculi links up lacunae and eventually to Haversian canal Haversion Canal (central canal) contains blood vessels o Volkmans cana (perforating canal) connects osteon together o Intertistial lamellae bones that fill gaps between osteon o Cement lines the white lines, separate intertistial lamella and osteon o Circumferential Lamellae duct tape around the bone, holds everything together

Macroscopic structure: o 2 Forms: Compact Bone dense, long, continuous, seemingly solid Spongy bone made up of narrow bars join with the compact bone, find bone marrow here o Long Bones: Bones in arm and leg (humerous) Diaphysis long cylindrical compact bone lined with spongy bone, where we find marrow Epiphysis Rounded end of a long bone, joint area covered with articular cartilage 5

Epiphyseal line - a plane or plate on a long bone, visible as a line, marking the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, use for growth Articular cartilage white hyaline tissue that covers the surface of a joint Periosteum Lines the outer layer of bones. It is connected to the circumferential lamellae by Sharpeys Fibers Endosteum - lines the medullary cavity, covers spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals. Active during growth of bone and repair Medullary (marrow cavity) - the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored o Short Bone wrist bone + ankle bone o Flat Bone skull A sandwich of Spongy bones o Irregular Vertebrae Bone Cells o Osteoblast responsible for bone formation o Osteoclast Removes bone tissues by dissolving matrix to return phosphate and calcium in the blood o Osteocytes mature bone cells that maintain and monitors the protein and mineral in the matrix