CA Ex S1M04 OSI Transport Layer

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CCNA Exploration version 4.0
Objectives

Explain the role of Transport Layer protocols and services in supporting communications across data networks Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reliability Analyze the application and operation of TCP mechanisms that support reassembly and manage data loss. Analyze the operation of UDP to support communicate between two processes on end devices
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Application data
IP Protocol Field = 17
Application data
IP Protocol Field = 6
Extra: Logical Connection
Connectionoriented
Connectionless
Connectionless
Extra: TCP Operation
IP is best effort delivery. The transport layer (TCP) is responsible reliability and flow control
from source to destination.This is accomplished using:
sliding windows (flow control) sequencing numbers and acknowledgments (reliability) synchronization (establish a virtual circuit)
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Roles of Transport Layer
Transport Layer Role and Services
The purpose of the Transport layer:
1. Enables multiple applications

to communicate over the network at the same time on a single device Ensures that, if required, all the data is received reliably and in order by the correct application Employs error handling mechanisms
2.
3.
Major functions of the transport layer:

communication between applications on the source and destination hosts Segmenting data and managing each piece Reassembling the segments into streams of application data Identifying the different applications
1. Tracking the individual
2. 3. 4.
Separating Multiple Communications
Computer connected to a network that is simultaneously receiving and sending e-mail and instant messages, viewing websites, and conducting a VoIP phone call. Each of these applications is sending and receiving data over the network at the same time. However, data from the phone call is not directed to the web browser, and text from an instant message does not appear in an e-mail.
Extra: Multiplexing
Multiple applications can share the same transport connection in the

OSI reference model. Different applications can send data segments on a first-come, firstserved basis. The segments that arrive first will be taken care of first. This is referred to as the multiplexing of upper-layer conversations.
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Segmentation
Without
segmentation, only one application, the streaming video for example, would be able to receive data. You could not receive e-mails, chat on instant messenger, or view web pages while also viewing the video.
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Controlling the Conversation

Segmentation and Reassembly Conversation Multiplexing
Transport layer provides: Connection-oriented conversations Reliable delivery Ordered data reconstruction Flow control
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Controlling the Conversation
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At the Transport layer the 3 basic operations of reliability are:

tracking transmitted data acknowledging received data retransmitting any unacknowledged data
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, described in RFC 793. TCP incurs additional overhead to gain functions. Additional functions specified by TCP are the same order delivery, reliable delivery, and flow control. Each TCP segment has 20 bytes of overhead in the header encapsulating the Application layer data, whereas each UDP segment only has 8 bytes of overhead
Web, email, file transfer
DNS, Video streaming, VoIP
UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol, described in RFC 768. It has the advantage of providing for low overhead data delivery: besteffort delivery
TCP Header format:
16
TCP Header format: Port number
Source Port 16 bits. Destination Port 16 bits.
17
TCP Header format: Sequence
Sequence Number: 32 bits

The sequence number of the first data octet in this segment (except when SYN is present).
TCP Header format: Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits

This field contains the value of the next sequence number the sender of the segment is expecting to receive.
TCP Header format: Code bits
Control Bits: 8 bits URG: Urgent pointer field is valid ACK: Acknowledgment field significant PSH: This segment requests a push RST: Reset the connection SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers FIN: No more data from sender
Example: code bits
21
TCP Header format: Window
Window: 16 bits
The number of data octets beginning with the one indicated in the acknowledgment field which the sender of this segment is willing to accept.
TCP Header format: Window
Urgent Pointer: 16 bits

Points to the firsrt data octet following the urgent data. Only significant when the URG control bit is set.
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols UDP is designed for applications that do not need to put sequences of segments together . Each UDP datagram is sent within a single IP datagram. All IP implementations are required to accept datagrams of 576 bytes, which means that, allowing for maximum-size IP header of 60 bytes, a UDP datagram of 516 bytes is acceptable to all implementations. Many implementations will accept larger datagrams, but this is not guaranteed.
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UDP header fields

Source port Number of the calling port Destination port Number of the called port Length Number of bytes including header and data Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data fields Data Upper-layer protocol data The protocols that use UDP include: - TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) - DNS (Domain Name System)
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Port number representation and its role
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Port and TCP port
Reserved for services and applications. They are commonly used for These port numbers are assigned to user processes or applications.
When not used for a server resource, these ports may also be used dynamically selected by a client as its source port.
applications such as HTTP (web server) POP3/SMTP (e-mail server) and Telnet
These are usually assigned dynamically to client applications when

initiating a connection. It is not very common for a client to connect to a service using a Dynamic or Private Port
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UDP port
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TCP and UDP Common Port
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TCP and UDP port numbers
Both TCP and UDP use port (socket) numbers to pass information
to the upper layers. Port numbers are used to keep track of different conversations crossing the network at the same time.
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Extra: Sockets
The socket interface is one of several application programming

interfaces (APIs) to the communication protocols. A socket is a special type of file handle, which is used by a process to request network services from the operating system. A socket address is the triple:
<protocol, local-address, local-process>

For example, in the TCP/IP suite: <tcp, 193.44.234.3, 12345>
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Netstat command
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Segmentation and Reassembly.
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The TCP Protocol Communicating with Reliability
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TCP Making Conversations Reliable
The key distinction between TCP and UDP is reliability.
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TCP Server Processes
Each application process running on the server is configured to use a port number, either by default or manually by a system administrator.
Request destination port, request source port Response destination port, response source port
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3-way handshake
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3-way handshake
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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms
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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms
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Managing TCP Sessions
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TCP Segment Reassembly
Resequencing Segments to Order Transmitted
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TCP Acknowledgement with Windowing
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TCP Retransmission

Retransmission for lost data employed by TCP. If the ACK is not received within a timeout interval, the data is retransmitted.
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45
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TCP Congestion Control Minimizing Segment Loss
Flow Control
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TCP Congestion Control Minimizing Segment Loss
Reducing window size
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Extra: Flow Control
Goal:
Flow control avoids the problem of a transmitting host overflowing the buffers in the receiving host. TCP provides the mechanism for flow control by allowing the sending and receiving host to communicate. The two hosts then establish a data-transfer rate that is agreeable to both.
Flow Control
When datagrams arrive too

quickly for a host or gateway to process and the transport function can issue a not ready indicator to the sender to stop sending data. When the receiver can handle additional data, the receiver sends a ready transport indicator. When this indicator is received, the sender can resume the segment transmission.
Windowing and Acknowledgment
The purpose of windowing is to improve flow control and reliability. The window size is determined by the receiver when the connection is established and is variable during the data transfer. Window size refers to the number of bytes that are transmitted before receiving an acknowledgment. The window size determines how much data the receiving station can accept at one time.
Simple Windowing
This is known as a Stop-and-Wait windowing protocol.

Sliding Windows
Initial Window size Usable Window Can send ASAP Working Window size Octets sent Usable Window Not ACKed Can send ASAP ASAP=As Soon As Possible
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Host A - Sender
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4
Host B - Receiver
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10
11
12
13
Window size = 6 Octets sent Not ACKed

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3
13
Usable Window Can send ASAP

7 8 9 10 11 12
ACK 4 4 5
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10
11
12
13
ACK 6 6 7
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 1 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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The UDP Protocol Communicating with Low overhead
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UDP Low overhead vs. Reliability

UDP is a simple protocol that
provides the basic Transport layer functions. It much lower overhead than TCP, since it is not connection-oriented and does not provide the sophisticated retransmission, sequencing, and flow control mechanisms. Domain Name System (DNS) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Online games
UDP Datagram Reassembly
UDP simply reassembles the data in the order that it was received and forwards it to the application.
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UDP Server Processes and Requests
Like TCP-based applications, UDP-based server applications are assigned Well Known or Registered port numbers.
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UDP Client Processes
As with TCP, client/server communication is initiated by a client application that is requesting data from a server process: using ports
Lab 4.2.5.2
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Extra: Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

DoS attacks are a common method
that hackers utilize to halt system response. One type of DoS is known as SYN flooding. SYN flooding exploits the normal three-way handshake and causes targeted devices to ACK to source addresses that will not complete the handshake.
C:/> netstat SYN_RECV
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Lab: Observing TCP and UDP using Netstat
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Summary
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CA Ex S1M04 OSI Transport Layer

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Please purchase a personal license.

CCNA Exploration version 4.0

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Extra: Logical Connection

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Extra: TCP Operation

Roles of Transport Layer

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Transport Layer Role and Services

The purpose of the Transport layer:

1. Enables multiple applications

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Transport Layer Role and Services

Major functions of the transport layer:

1. Tracking the individual

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Separating Multiple Communications

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Multiple applications can share the same transport connection in the

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Controlling the Conversation

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Controlling the Conversation

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Transport Layer Role and Services

At the Transport layer the 3 basic operations of reliability are:

Transport Layer Role and Services

Web, email, file transfer

DNS, Video streaming, VoIP

TCP Header format:

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TCP Header format: Port number

Source Port 16 bits. Destination Port 16 bits.

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TCP Header format: Sequence

Sequence Number: 32 bits

TCP Header format: Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits

TCP Header format: Code bits

Example: code bits

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TCP Header format: Window

TCP Header format: Window

Urgent Pointer: 16 bits

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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UDP header fields

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Transport Layer Role and Services

Port number representation and its role

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Port and TCP port

These are usually assigned dynamically to client applications when

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TCP and UDP Common Port

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TCP and UDP port numbers

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The socket interface is one of several application programming

<protocol, local-address, local-process>