NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Assalamualaikum, Alhamdulillah, finally my assignment, Numerical Literacy have finished perfectly.

Because of it, I would like to thank to Allah SWT because of His Righteousness and His Blessing, Ive completed my task in Numerical Literacy successfully. Next, I want to thank to my lovely and caring lecturer, Sir Razali Bin Ibrahim because he had giving me a chance to complete and did my best assignment ever. I can finish my assignment completely because of his guidance and all of he supports. Then, I want to say thank you to my parents for all of their support to me while Im doing this assignments. Thanks a lots because all of their support, I can finish my task excellent and nicely. My father and my mother had lots giving me many advice and many supports to my carrier now and when Im doing my task. Im also wanted to say thank you to all of my friends because they did too much help to me while Im doing this task such as giving me many tips and ways how to make and create a good words. Thanks again to all of my good friends. . Last but not least, I want to say sorry to all of you if during Im doing this assignments, I have make all of you became mad at me because of something that I dont know. Sorry for one more times. Lastly, I would like to thanks again to all of the people that helped me so much during Im doing this task. Thank you so much for once again. All of you are so kind. Thats all, thank you. Youre truly, NAZIRUL AZRI BIN AHMAD JAMEL (881210 26 5385)

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) TESSELLATION

A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a collection of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps. One may also speak of tessellations of the parts of the plane or of other surfaces. Generalizations to higher dimensions are also possible. Tessellations frequently appeared in the art of M. C. Escher. Tessellations are seen throughout art history, from ancient architecture to modern art. In Latin, tessella was a small cubical piece of clay, stone or glass used to make mosaics. The word "tessella" means "small square" (from "tessera", square, which in its turn is from the Greek word for "four"). It corresponds with the everyday term tiling which refers to applications of tessellation, often made of glazed clay. Tessellations also have many categories to analyze, for example, we can know this tessellation by look at it. We look at its color, how its using space around it and also the shapes that have be after tessellations. For this semester, in my Numerical Literacy class, Sir Razali has taught me how to make a tessellation using GSP. GSP as known as Geometry Sketch Pad is a very useful tool to draw and make a perfect tessellation. I have made five tessellations but only two that Ive chose in my final tessellations that Ive submitted to Sir Razali. Tessellation is a new subject that Ive learnt in Numerical Literacy in this semester. For me, Numerical Literacy is goods subject to learn because it can improve and open up our minds to the new way to study mathematics. So, Numerical Literacy is a good subject to learn in this semester and I hope we can learn something like this in our new semester soon Wallpaper groups Tilings with translational symmetry can be categorized by wallpaper group, of which 17 exist. All seventeen of these patterns are known to exist in the Alhambra palace in Granada, Spain. Of the three regular tilings two are in the category p6m and one is in p4m. Tessellations and color
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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) If this parallelogram pattern is colored before tiling it over a plane, seven colors are required to ensure each complete parallelogram has a consistent color that is distinct from that of adjacent areas. (To see why, we compare this tiling to the surface of a Torus.) If we tile before coloring, only four colors are needed. When discussing a tiling that is displayed in colors, to avoid ambiguity one needs to specify whether the colors are part of the tiling or just part of its illustration. See also color in symmetry. The four color theorem states that for every tessellation of a normal Euclidean plane, with a set of four available colors, each tile can be colored in one color such that no tiles of equal color meet at a curve of positive length. Note that the coloring guaranteed by the four-color theorem will not in general respect the symmetries of the tessellation. To produce a coloring which does, as many as seven colors may be needed, as in the picture at right. Tessellations with quadrilaterals Copies of an arbitrary quadrilateral can form a tessellation with 2-fold rotational centers at the midpoints of all sides, and translational symmetry with as minimal set of translation vectors a pair according to the diagonals of the quadrilateral, or equivalently, one of these and the sum or difference of the two. For an asymmetric quadrilateral this tiling belongs to wallpaper group p2. As fundamental domain we have the quadrilateral. Equivalently, we can construct a parallelogram subtended by a minimal set of translation vectors, starting from a rotational center. We can divide this by one diagonal, and take one half (a triangle) as fundamental domain. Such a triangle has the same area as the quadrilateral and can be constructed from it by cutting and pasting. Regular and irregular tessellations A regular tessellation is a highly symmetric tessellation made up of congruent regular polygons. Only three regular tessellations exist: those made up of equilateral triangles, squares, or hexagons. A semiregular tessellation uses a variety of regular polygons; there are eight of these. The arrangement of polygons at every vertex

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) point is identical. An edge-to-edge tessellation is even less regular: the only requirement is that adjacent tiles only share full sides, i.e. no tile shares a partial side with any other tile. Other types of tessellations exist, depending on types of figures and types of pattern. There are regular versus irregular, periodic versus aperiodic, symmetric versus asymmetric, and fractal tessellations, as well as other classifications. Penrose tilings using two different polygons are the most famous example of tessellations that create aperiodic patterns. They belong to a general class of aperiodic tilings that can be constructed out of self-replicating sets of polygons by using recursion. A monohedral tiling is a tessellation in which all tiles are congruent. The Voderberg tiling discovered by Hans Voderberg in 1936, which is the earliest known spiral tiling. The unit tile is a bent enneagon. The Hirschhorn tiling discovered by Michael Hirschhorn in the 1970s. The unit tile is an irregular pentagon. Tessellations and computer graphics In the subject of computer graphics, tessellation techniques are often used to manage datasets of polygons and divide them into suitable structures for rendering. Normally, at least for real-time rendering, the data is tessellated into triangles, which is sometimes referred to as triangulation. In computer-aided design, arbitrary 3D shapes are often too complicated to analyze directly. So they are divided (tessellated) into a mesh of small, easy-to-analyze pieces -- usually either irregular tetrahedrons, or irregular hexahedrons. The mesh is used for finite element analysis. Some geodesic domes are designed by tessellating the sphere with triangles that are as close to equilateral triangles as possible. Tessellations in nature Basaltic lava flows often display columnar jointing as a result of contraction forces causing cracks as the lava cools. The extensive crack networks that develop often produce hexagonal columns of lava. One example of such an array of columns is the Giant's Causeway in Ireland.

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) The Tessellated pavement in Tasmania is a rare sedimentary rock formation where the rock has fractured into rectangular blocks. A regular tiling of polygons (in two dimensions), polyhedra (three dimensions), or polytopes ( dimensions) is called a tessellation. Tessellations can be specified

using a Schlfli symbol. The breaking up of self-intersecting polygons into simple polygons is also called tessellation (Woo et al. 1999), or more properly, polygon tessellation.

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) There are exactly three regular tessellations composed of regular polygons symmetrically tiling the plane.

Tessellations of the plane by two or more convex regular polygons such that the same polygons in the same order surround each polygon vertex are called semiregular tessellations, or sometimes Archimedean tessellations. In the plane, there are eight such tessellations, illustrated above (Ghyka 1977, pp. 76-78; Williams 1979, pp. 37-41; Steinhaus 1999, pp. 78-82; Wells 1991, pp. 226-227).

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105)

There are 14 demiregular (or polymorph) tessellations which are orderly compositions of the three regular and eight semiregular tessellations (Critchlow 1970, pp. 62-67; Ghyka 1977, pp. 78-80; Williams 1979, p. 43; Steinhaus 1999, pp. 79 and 81-82). In three dimensions, a polyhedron which is capable of tessellating space is called a space-filling polyhedron. Examples include the cube, rhombic dodecahedron, and truncated octahedron. There is also a 16-sided space-filler and a convex polyhedron known as the Schmitt-Conway biprism which fills space only aperiodically. A tessellation of -dimensional polytopes is called a honeycomb.

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This is my first final tessellation, sunflower. In this tessellation, I used one based shape of one of geometry shapes. I used hexagon to be my based shape. Before I make a based shape, I make one line. After that, I select all and click at the point that has pointed all ready by double click. After click, I went to toolbar transform and choose rotate. I make was create. rotation and repeat that step until a hexagon shape

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) Then, I select that entire hexagon and went to toolbar construct and select hexagon interior. So, that hexagon was filling with color selected. Then, I select that entire hexagon to make a rotation again to make one flower. I rotate with . After

rotation, I segment all point after the rotation to make a big circle at the center of flower to make a full flower shape. So, I fill with color to show the sunflower color. After all finish, I select the entire flower and rotate it with to make one

tessellation model. After rotation, one new shape was created at the center of rotation. That shape was one flower and Ive fill with different color to make contrast with sunflower and also to make a nice tessellation and graphic. After I finish this tessellation, I fell so happy because after many try I was fail. I very like with this activity.

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NUMERICAL LITERACY (WAJ 3105) This is my second final tessellation, wall. In this tessellation, I used one based shape of one of geometry shapes. I used pentagon to be my based shape. Before I make a based shape, I make one line. After that, I select all and click at the point that has pointed all ready by double click. After click, I went to toolbar transform and choose rotate. I make create. Then, I select that entire pentagon and went to toolbar construct and select pentagon interior. So, that pentagon was filling with color selected. Then, I select that entire pentagon to make a rotation again to make design like flower. I rotate with , , . After finish rotation, in my tessellation was created another shape rotation and repeat that step until a pentagon shape was

like square, star and also prism. All that shape I color with different color by shape to make out one design. After all finish, I select the entire shapes and rotate it with to make one

tessellation model. After rotation, one new shape was created at the center of rotation. After I finish this tessellation, I fell so happy because after many try I was fail. I very like with this activity. This tessellation has taught me many things about myself. That is we must pay attentions when we want to make a very important thing. For example, to do this tessellation. This is because if we do not pay attentions when to make a tessellation, we will get the wrong degree and bad shapes also the wrong shape that we want to use. So be careful when you are doing this work because if we have make a little mistake even though it so small, but be careful because this mistake we bring us many problems and we cant get the right shape if we get the wrong degree.

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