TRANSIENTS

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Problem 7.30 The problem is to determine io(t) for t 0 in the circuit drawn below, right. The first step would seem to be to determine the initial state of the circuit. But sometimes a moments thought might be useful. For example the circuit geometry is not significant for the analysis; it is the topology that is significant. This is something to keep in mind. We can redraw the circuit diagram as is shown to the right,

In the new drawing it is clear that the two capacitors in parallel are equivalent to a single 200F capacitor, and since this is in series with the 200F capacitor the net equivalent to all three capacitors is a single 100F capacitor. Now let us calculate the initial state of the circuit, i.e., the state at t= 0- just before the switch is closed. Any method of circuit analysis may be used; the branch voltages and currents do not , of course, depend on the manner in which they are calculated. The problem assumes the circuit has come to a steady state before the switch is closed, so that the result of the differentiation operation d/dt on any variable is 0. There is therefore no current through the capacitor(s) and so they are effectively open-circuit for the initial state calculation. The switch branch also is open-circuit. Both are removed from the circuit diagram (see below) to simplify the drawing.

Different methods of calculating io(t=0) are illustrated next; any one will provide all the needed information.. Method #1: Convert the source branches to Norton equivalents, i.e., a current source in parallel with a resistor

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Method #2: Superposition

Method #3: Node-to-datum analysis

Method #4: Mesh analysis

Method #5: Apply Thevenin theorem to circuit 'seen' by the 6K.

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Now that the initial conditions are known we close the switch. The complete solution consists of the general (transient) solution to which is added the particular solution. Since the sources are DC the particular solution simply is a constant, say K. The general solution is that which satisfies the circuit equation with all source strengths set to zero; the circuit diagram is shown to the right with the triplet of capacitors replaced by the one equivalent capacitor for simplicity. The circuit can be simplified further, but this will be done 'on the fly'. The particular solution has the general form est, and we use this knowledge to simplify use of the capacitor voltampere relation. For example replace all the resistors by a single equivalent 2/3 K and write a nodal equation e (0.5K + 100s) =0 from which we find and s =-15. Hence

where the particular solution has been added to provide the complete solution. We have the initial condition io(t=0) = 1/6 ma. In addition we can ascertain the steady-state value of io(t), i.e. as t-> . This involves analysis of the circuit with the sources in place but with the capacitors effectively open-circuit. It is left as an exercise to verify (using any analysis method) that the current is 1/9 ma as t-> . It follows that (with current units of ma) K= 1/9, and for the initial current to be 1/6 A = 1/18. Hence

The other circuit currents and voltage follow directly, e.g., e = 6io(t). The voltage at the node common to the three capacitors in the original circuit is half of this, etc. Problem 7.32 1) Observe that the circuit topology is different before and after the switch opens. The circuit is to be analyzed for t 0, i.e., after the switch opens. 2) The circuit behavior depends on the initial energy stored in the circuit, i.e., at t = 0. That initial energy is provided by the history of the circuit prior to t = 0. 3) The connection between the circuit state immediately before and immediately after the switch is opened is provided by the inductor. As discussed the inductor current cannot change instantaneously, i.e., iL(t=0 ) = iL(t=0+ ). Hence we may start by computing iL(t=0-). 4) For this computation we suppose the circuit had been assembled far enough in the past for all transients to become negligible. (All the transients decay exponentially; far enough into the past means about 5 time constants or so since e-5 < 0.01.) There is no further change of current or voltage with time. This means zero voltage drop across an inductor, since diL/dt = 0. The circuit is redrawn to the right for clarity. The inductor is replaced by a short-circuit (zero voltage drop), and it is the current through this short-circuit that is to be calculated. Note the switch is closed at this point. By inspection note that iL(t=0-) = 1A. After all 6||3 = 2, 2 in series with 2 = 4, and Circuits Transient Problems 5

M H Miller

12v across 4 is 3A. (even though a 4 resistor bridges the short-circuit it has no effect on the calculation; Ohm's law requires zero current through this resistor and it is effectively an open-circuit.) The 3A source current divides between the 6 and 3, with 1A passing through the short-circuit into the 6. 5) At this point we have calculated the desired current, and we turn to the circuit, as it exists for t 0. In this circuit we have determined that iL(t=0+ ) = 1A. That current divides between the resistors such that the current through the 6 is 4/(4+6+3) = 4/13, and hence we have vo(0+ ) = 24/13 v. The general solution (the particular solution here is zero there is no fixed source and the voltage must eventually decay to zero as the initial energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is dissipated in the resistors. There are several ways to solve for the time constant, e.g., combine the resistors. However to illustrate the convenience of knowing in advance that the solution has the exponential form est we write a loop equation. The voltage drop across the resistors is readily expressed in terms of the current by Ohm's law. The impedance equivalent to the inductor in parallel with the 4 resistor is (4)(s/2)/( 4+s/2)). This follows the general form for combining two resistors in parallel, although we cannot reduce the equivalent impedance to a simple number.

Still

I I {3 + (4)(s/2)/( 4+s/2)).+ 6} = 0

and to avoid the nonphysical solution I=0 we set the factor in brackets to zero. This gives a value for s of 72/13. Hence Vo(t) = Ae-72t/13 and since vo(0+ ) = 24/13 Vo(t) = (24/13)e-72t/13

Problem 7.52 While the basic procedure to solve this problem is no different than for the preceding problem it may be considered 'tricky' if you substitute a vague intuition or feeling for KVL, KCL, and the v-a relations. 1) The connection bridging the circuit topology before the switch is closed to the different circuit topology after the switch is closed is the inductor current; it cannot change instantaneously. Hence we calculate the current in the inductor just before the switch close. 2) Assuming (as usual) the circuit transients have died down (exponentially) by the time we are prepared to close the switch the voltage across the inductor is zero. Then we may note from KVL, for example, that 12 = -(2+4)ia + 2ia, and so ia = -3A. Then the current through the inductor is iL(0-) = 2ia/4 = -1.5A. 3) Now close the switch. We then apply superposition, i.e., recognize that the complete solution consists of a general (source-free) partial solution, and a particular (source-dependent) partial solution. We know that the general solution has the form Aest, and the particular solution for fixed sources is a constant. Consider the general solution first. Circuits Transient Problems 6 M H Miller

4) The general solution is for the source-free circuit, so turn off the sources, i.e., set the independent source amplitudes to zero as illustrated to the left. Note that this short-circuits the 2 resistor, so that the resistor is effectively an open-circuit (Ohm's law). Then one might observe that the voltage across the 4 resistor is 2ia, so Ohm's law requires ia = 2ia/4, and this requires ia=0. Then a loop equation provides 2si +4i=0, or s = -2. Therefore the general solution is Ae-2t, where the constant of integration remains to be evaluated for a specific variable (which will be vo(t) ).. 5) To compute the particular solution first restore the sources; see figure above. Then use the condition that the transient dies down as t-> , i.e., no further changes with time. Hence the voltage across the inductor is zero (but note this is a different circuit than that used to calculate the initial condition. This time we observe -4 = -4ia + 2ia (this is as t-> ). Note that the 12v source does not enter into this observation, neither does the inductor branch. This is simply an application of KVL. Hence ia(t-> ) = 2, and vo(t> ) is 4v. 6) The complete solution (for t0) is vo(t)= Ae-2t + K, where the integration constants have values as required to meet the boundary conditions at t=0 ( vo(0)= -4iL(0) =-6v), and t-> (vo(t-> )= -4 Thus vo(t) = -10e-2t + 4. 7) Just for fun solve using Thevenin's theorem.

The Thevenin voltage is the open-circuit voltage across the terminals. As before we may note that 2ia = 4ia -4, and ia= 2A. Hence VT = 4v. The short-circuit current is 2ia/4 = ia/2, and even in this calculation ia=2A. Hence RT =4. Replace the inductor, observe that R/L = 2 and apply the boundary conditions as before. Problem 7.53 1) Observe that the circuit topology is different before and after the switch opens. The circuit is to be analyzed for t 0, i.e., after the switch opens. 2) The circuit behavior depends on the initial energy stored in the circuit, i.e., at t = 0. That initial energy is provided by the history of the circuit prior to t = 0. 3) The connection between the circuit state immediately before and immediately after the switch is opened is provided by the inductor. As discussed the inductor current cannot change Instantaneously, i.e., iL(t=0-) = iL(t=0+ ). Hence we may start by computing iL(t=0-). 4) For this computation we suppose the circuit had been assembled far enough in the past for all transients to become negligible. (All the transients decay exponentially; far enough into the past means about 5 time constants or so since e-5 < 0.01.) There is no further change of current or voltage with time. This means zero voltage drop across an inductor, since diL/dt = 0. The circuit is redrawn below for clarity. The inductor is replaced by a short-circuit (zero voltage drop), and it is the current through this short-circuit that Circuits Transient Problems 7 M H Miller

is to be calculated. Note the switch is closed at this point. By inspection note that iL(t=0-) = 1A. After all 6||3 = 2, 2 in series with 2 = 4, and 12v across 4 is 3A (even though a 4 resistor bridges the short-circuit it has no effect on the calculation; Ohm's law requires zero current through this resistor and it is effectively an open-circuit.) The 3A source current divides between the 6 and 3, with 1A passing through the short-circuit into the 6. 5) At this point we have calculated the desired current, and we turn to the circuit, as it exists for t 0. In this circuit we have determined that iL(t=0+ ) = 1A. That current divides between the resistors such that the current through the 6 is 4/(4+6+3) = 4/13, and hence we have vo(0+ ) = 24/13 v. The general solution (the particular solution here is zero there is no fixed source and the voltage must eventually decay to zero as the initial energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductor is dissipated in the resistors. There are several ways to solve for the time constant, e.g., combine the resistors. However to illustrate the convenience of knowing in advance that the solution has the exponential form est we write a loop equation. The voltage drop across the resistors is readily expressed in terms of the current by Ohm's law. The impedance equivalent to the inductor in parallel with the 4 resistor is (4)(s/2)/( 4+s/2)). This follows the general form for combining two resistors in parallel, although we cannot reduce the equivalent impedance to a simple number. Still I{ 3 + (4)(s/2)/( 4+s/2)).+ 6} = 0 and to avoid the nonphysical solution I=0 we set the factor in {} to zero. This gives a value for s of -72/13. Hence Vo(t) = Ae-72t/13 and since vo(0+ ) = 24/13 Vo(t) = (24/13)e-72t/13

Problem 7.53 Assuming the circuit is in a steady-state condition just before the switch is closed the inductors are effectively short-circuit. There is then no current through either the 6 or 12 resistors, since they are short-circuit, and so io(t=0) = 0. More importantly (since it provides the connection between the circuit state just before and just after the switch closes) the current through the inductors (combined) is 3A. Note: Redraw the circuit with the inductors replaced by short-circuits and use, say, superposition.) After the switch is closed, and after the transients die down (i.e., t-> ), the inductors again are effectively short-circuit. The inductor current then approaches 10/3A. Actually it is easiest (probably) just to recognize that the inductors are in parallel (replace by an equivalent 6/5H) and determine the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit 'seen' by the inductor. Or just follow the (arrow) step by step reduction illustrated. Start by converting the 12v & 4 into a Norton equivalent.; combine the two current sources as indicated. Then replace the 6A current source and the 12 resistor by a Thevenin equivalent, and combine the resistors to reduce the circuit to a voltage source, a resistor, and an inductor as shown. The solution for the inductor current then follows directly. For io(t) use the resistive current divider expression.

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Problem 8.25 With the switch in the position shown a steady-state current of 4A flows in the inductor; the capacitor is uncharged. At t=0 the switch position changes to form an RLC loop. Anticipating a solution of the form est (this is a source-free loop) write a loop equation and factor the quadratic to (s+1)(s+8)=0. Then express the current as i(t) = Ae-t + Be -8t Since the initial current is 4A, A + B =4. Note that i(t) is the current through the capacitor, and the voltage across the capacitor is determined by integrating :vc(t) = (8/3)(-Ae-t - (B/8)e-8t). The initial voltage is zero, so that -A -B/8 = 0. Solve to obtain i(t) = (-4e-t + 32e -8t)/7

Circuits Transient Problems

M H Miller

Problem 8.27 The initial charge (voltage) on the capacitor is zero. The initial current in the inductor also is zero, and hence (KCL) the initial capacitor current is zero. After the switch is thrown the circuit approaches (t->) a steady-state capacitor voltage of 8 volts. The transient solution has the form est, and writing a node equation obtain

From the roots of the quadratic, and noting that the particular solution is a constant, write v(t) = Ae-5t + B e-t + K From the condition as t-> determine K = 8. At t=0 we have v(t=0) = A + B +8 =0. Also at t=0 we have dv/dt = 0 (zero current condition), or -5A -B = 0. Solve to obtain v(t) = 2e-5t -10e-t + 8 Problem/Comment: Continually using initial conditions and conditions as t-> tends to leave an erroneous impression that there is nothing else. This example is intended to dispel that impression. In this example we suppose that by means not shown the capacitor is charged to 5 volts and connected at t=0 to the series combination of a 2 and 3 resistors.. The switch shown remains closed until t=1second, at which time it opens. The circuit may be analyzed in two parts, 0 t 1, and t 1. For 0 t 1 the circuit is simply a series combination of a 1F capacitor and a 2 resistor, and it is easy to determine i(t) = 2.5e-2t, and v(t) = 5e-2t. For t 1the form of the solution also is not difficult. The switch is open, and the circuit becomes equivalent to a series combination of a 1F resistor and a 5 resistor. Hence i(t) = Ae-5t, v(t) = Be-5t, where the constants of integration A and b are to be determined. What is needed is some information which relates the circuit state just before the switch opens to the state just after the switch opens. There is nothing really new herethe voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously, and so v(t=1-) = v(t=1+ ). Now v(t=1-) = 5e-2, and v(=1+) = Be-5.. Hence v(t) = 5e-2e-5(t-1) for t 1, and from Ohm's law we have i(t) = e-2e-5t for t 1. It is convenient to use t-1 in the exponent both as a reminder that this part of the solution is valid for t 1 and because t-1=0 at this starting point. In this way it is easier to see that that the solution is the expected exponential decay starting from t' = t - 1 = 0. Incidentally note that i(t=1-) i(t=1+ ), i.e., the current changes abruptly. Since there is no inductor in this circuit there is no problem.

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M H Miller