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Solutions
1.
a. The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position A = 10.0 cm. b. The time for one complete oscillation T = p/2 s. Notice the maximum positive displacement x = +10.0 cm occurs at t = 0 and the next time at t = p/2 s. It occurs again at t = ps. 2.
a. v(t) = - (2p/T)(A sin 2pt/T). The maximum value of the sine is 1. The maximum absolute value of v = 2pA/T. The signs account only for the direction of the velocity.
3.
Solutions
a.
i.
a(t) =- (2p/T)2(A cos 2pt/T). Maximum value of the cosine is 1. |amax| = (2p/T)2A. The signs account only for the direction of the acceleration. a(t) = - (2p/T)2 (A cos 2pt/T) = - (2p/T)2 x(t) since x(t) = A cos 2pt/T. -a(t)/x(t) = (2p/T)2.
ii.
4.
5.
a. Given x(t) = A cos (2pt/T + d), where A is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. The maximum value of cos (2pt/T + d) is 1, so the equation accurately describe the definition of A.
Solutions
= A cos (2pt/T + d) = x(t). The definition of T is accurately described by the equation of motion for simple harmonic motion, A cos (2pt/T + d), because it allows the value of x at t to equal the value of x at t + T or t + nT where n = 1, 2, 3 . . .
6. Given that d2x/dt2 + (k/m)x = 0 (Equation 1") Show that x(t) = A cos (2p t/T + d) is a solution. (Equation 1') v = dx/dt = - (2p/T)A sin (2pt/T + d). dv/dt = d2x/dt2 = - (2p/T)2[A cos (2p\t/T + d)] = - (2p/T)2 x (Equation 2) Substituting Eq. 2 into Eq. 1", - (2p/T)2 x + (k/m)x = 0. This equation is true if (2p/T)2 = (k/m) or T = 2p(m/k)1/2.
7.
In general, x(t) = A cos (2pt/T + d) and v(t) = dx/dt = -A(2p/T) sin (2pt/T + d).
Solutions
(a) and (d) In Fig. for #7a above, x(t) is plotted for d = 0. In Fig. for #7d above, v(t) is plotted for d = 0. For d = 0 and t = 0 , the initial conditions are: the initial displacement = xo = A and the initial velocity = vo = 0. Immediately after t = 0, the object moves to the left (with a negative velocity).
(b) For d = - p/2, x(t) = A cos (2pt/T - p/2). By trigonometric identity, cos (C - D) = cos C cos D + sin C sin D (with C = 2pt/T and D = p/2) x(t) = A[cos 2pt/T cos p/2 + sin 2pt/T sin p/2]
Solutions
x(t) = A[cos 2pt/T(0) + sin 2pt/T(1)] = A sin 2pt/T Notice the first maximum in Fig. b (immediately above) lags that in Fig. a (above) by p/2 radians. (e) v(t) = - 2pA/T sin (2pt/T - p/2) By trigonometric identity, sin (C - D) = sin C cos D - cos C sin D v(t) = -2pA/T[(sin 2pt/T)(0) - (cos2pt/T)(1)] v(t) = (2pA/T) cos 2pt/T For d = - p/2 and t = 0, xo = 0 and vo = +2pA/T (c) For d = - p, x(t) = A cos (2pt/T - p) = A[cos 2pt/T cos p + sin 2pt/T sin p] = A[(cos 2pt/T)(-1) + (sin 2pt/T)(0)] x(t) = - A cos 2pt/T Notice that Fig. c (immediately above) lags Fig. a (above) by p radians. (f) v(t) = - A(2p/T) sin (2pt/T - p) = - (2pA/T)[sin 2pt/T cos p-cos 2pt/T sin p] =(- 2pA/T)[(sin2pt/T)(-1) - (cos2pt/T)(0)]. v(t) = (2pA/T) sin 2pt/T For d = - p and t = 0, xo = - A and vo = 0. Immediately after t = 0, the object moves to the right with a positive velocity. (g) The function of d is to state the initial conditions. Note: d = p or - p gives the same result.
8.
Solutions
9.
In Fig. for #9(a) above, the spring is not stretched. In Fig. for #9(b) above, the mass is attached and the spring is stretched a distance xo.
From Eq. 1, we see that - kxo + mg = 0. Eq. 2 becomes: - kx = ma or - a/x = k/m. The ratio of a to x is the same whether the spring is mounted horizontally or vertically.
10 .
Solutions
a. The forces acting on the pendulum bob are its weight mg and
the tension T in the string. b. The only force tangent to the path is a restoring force - mg sin Q. From the triangle with lengths, we find that sin Q = x/L and - mg sin Q = - (mg/L)x. For small displacements, x s, we can think of the displacement and the restoring force acting horizontally. Fnet = ma - (mg/L)x = ma
11 Given x(t) = 0.01 m cos (0.02p s-1 t - p/2) compare with x(t) = A cos
Solutions
b. 2p/T = 0.02p s-1; period T = 100 s, c. the frequency f = 1/T = 0.01 s-1, and
d. the initial phase d = - p/2. 12 .
From Fig. 3 above, we see that: a. The cosine curve repeats itself every 4.0s so the period T = 4.0 s. b. The amplitude of the motion A =10.0 cm.
13
Solutions
For the X-component: (a) x = r cos Q = r cos wt (b) vx = dx/dt = - wr sin wt ax = dvx/dt = - w2 (r cos wt) = - w2x (c) ax/x = - w2 = - 4p2f2 (d) (e) Since the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement and in the opposite direction, the motion is simple harmonic. Remember by Newton's second law of motion the acceleration is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the force. (f) ax/x = - w2 = - 4p2f2 = - k/m or w = 2pf = (k/m)1/2 For the Y-component: (a) y = r sin Q = r sin wt (b) vy = dy/dt = wr cos wt ay = dvy/dt = - w2(r sin wt) = - w2y (c) ay/y = - w2 = - 4p2f2 (d) (e) The motion is again simple harmonic, and (f) ay/y = - w2 = - 4p2f2 = - k/m or w = 2pf = (k/m)1/2
14 For a mass-spring system, . - kx = ma = md2x/dt2 or d2x/dt2 + (k/m)x = 0, where the period T = 2p (m/k)1/2.
Solutions
By comparison with b2d2x/dt2 + c2x = 0 or d2x/dt2 + (c/b)2x = 0, we see that in this case T = 2p (b/c).
15 For a total swing back and forth of 4.0 cm, the amplitude A is 2.0 cm. . For x(t) = A cos 2pt/T, v(t) = dx/dt = - A2p/T sin 2pt/T. The maximum velocity of the pendulum occurs at the center of the swing equal to 10 cm/s. |vmax| = 2pA/T. T = 2pA/vmax= 2p (2.0 cm)/10 cm/s = 0.4p s.
16 x(t) = 4.0 cm cos (pt s-1 - p/6). . 2.0 cm = 4.0 cm cos (pt s-1 - p/6). cos (pt s-1 - p/6) = 0.5 and (pt s-1 - p/6) = p/3 (60o). v(t) = dx/dt = - 4.0p cm/s sin (pt s-1 - p/6). When (pt s-1 - p/6) = p/3, sin p/3 = 0.866 and v = - 4.0p (0.866) cm/s = - 10.9 cm/s.
17 .
We know that 0 < d < p/2 because xo is positive and vo is negative. The initial position of the object is less than the amplitude, but positive, and moving toward the equilibrium position with a negative velocity. As shown in #8 above, A = [(xo)2 + (- vo/w)2]1/2 = [(0.25 m)2 + (1.5 m/s/3p s-1)2]1/2 = 0.296 m. tan d = - vo/wxo = 1.5 m/s/(0.25 m)(3p s-1) = 0.637. tan-1 0.637 = 0.18p = 32.5o. x(t) = A cos (2pt/T + d) = 0.296 m cos (3pt s-1 + 0.18p).
10
Solutions
Plots of position x and the velocity v as a function of t are shown in 17a and 17b above, respectively. Note xo = 0.25 m and vo = - 1.5 m/s.
18 .
Fnet = ma = m d2x/dt2 For Fig. 5a, - k1x - k2x = - (k1 + k2)x = m d2x/dt2 or d2x/dt2 + [(k1 + k2)/m]x = 0. Compare with d2x/dt2 + [k/m]x = 0 when f = (1/2p)(k/m)1/2 and find for this case, f = (1/2p)[(k1 + k2)/m]1/2. The "effective" spring constant for springs in parallel is keff = k1 + k2 . . + kn. For Fig. 5b, the spring with constant k2 is in contact with mass m that has a displacement x = x1 + x2, where x1 is the extension of the spring with constant k1 and x2 is the extension of the spring with constant k2. The force on the object is: - k2x2 and - k2x2 = m d2x/dt2 (Equation 1) Also, x = x1 + x 2 (Equation 2) and the magnitude of the force on the second spring due to the first spring equals the magnitude of force on the first spring due to the second spring, or k1x1 = k2x2 or x1 = k2x2/k1 (Equation 3) Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 2, x = (k2x2/k1) + x2 = (k1 + k2)x2/k1 , or x2 = k1x/(k1 + k2) (Equation 4) Substituting Eq. 4 into Eq. 1, - [k2k1/(k1 + k2)]x = m d2x/dt2 or d2x/dt2 + [{k1k2/(k1 + k2}/m)]x = 0. Comparing with d2x/dt2 + [k/m]x = 0 For this case,
11
Solutions
f = (1/2p)[{k1k2/(k1 + k2)}/m]1/2. The "effective" spring constant for series is: keff = {k1k2/(k1 + k2} or 1/keff = 1/k1 + 1/k2 + . .+ 1/kn.
19 Imagine the spring cut into thirds with each part having a spring . constant k. When the three springs are connected in series, the spring constant is k = 10.0 N/m. For series, 1/k = 1/10 N/m = 1/k + 1/k + 1/k= 3/k k = 3k = 30.0 N/m. When two of these springs with k are connected in series, 1/k = 1/k + 1/k = 2/30 N/m, or the spring constant with 2/3 of the spring left (1/3 cut off) is k = 15 N/m. T= 2p(m/k)12 = 2p(0.30/15)1/2 s = 2p (0.02)1/2 s.
20 .
The effective mass that takes place in the oscillation is ms/3. The fraction of the mass is 1/3.
12
Solutions
21 .
a. The slope of force F as a function of the extension x is k = (5.0 - 0)N/(0.50 - 0)m = 10 N/m.
b. For a total mass M and force constant k, the period of the motion is T = 2p(M/k)1/2.
13
Solutions
For a spring of effective mass ms, M = m + ms, where m is the variable mass added to the spring load. For this case T = 2p (m + ms)/k]1/2 or T2 = (4p2/k)m +(4p2/k)ms (Equation 1)
If we compare Eq. 1 to the equation of a line, y = (slope)x + (y-intercept), we see that T2 versus m should yield a straight line and the intercept on the T2 axis is (4p2/k)ms. From Fig. 7a above, we find k = 10 N/m. From Fig. 7b above, we find the intercept on the T2 axis = 0.154 s2 = (4p2/k)ms = (4p2/10 N/m)ms. ms = (1.54/4p2)kg = 0.390 kg and ms = 3 x (0.390 kg) = 0.117 kg = 117 g.
ms = - m = - (-0.0390 kg). ms = 0.0390 kg, agreeing with the value found in part (b).
For simple harmonic motion, a/x = - w2. For maximum acceleration, |amax| = Aw2. For motion in the vertical direction, (Fnet)y = may = m(0) or N - mg = 0 and N = mg. The frictional force that keeps the block from slipping on the plate f = N = mg = ma = mAw2. A = g/w2 = 0.60(10 m/s2)/(1.5 s-1)2 = 2.7 m.
23 .
14
Solutions
b.
The reduced mass = m/2 and the frequency f = (1/2p)(k/)1/2 = (1/2p)[(12b/m)(3b/5a)5/2]1/2. 24 .
a. U = mgy
d[R - (R2 - x2)1/2]/dx = mgx/(R2 - x2)1/2. For x < < R, dU/dx = mgx/R. Fx = - dU/dx = - (mg/R)x. The force Fx is directly proportional to the displacement x and in the opposite direction. The motion is simple harmonic. Fx = ma or - (mg/R)x = m d2x/dt2 and d2x/dt2 + (g/R)x = 0. Compare d2x/dt2 + (k/m)x = 0 (for which T = 2p(m/k)1/2) and see for this case T= 2p(R/g)1/2.
c.
25 .
b. Multiplying Eq. 1 by 2/m gives: (k/m)A2 = (k/m)x2 + 1/2 mv2 or (k/m)(A2 - x2) = v2 and
15
Solutions
Let x = A sin Q, dx = A cos Q dQ. (A2 - x2)1/2 = A(1 - sin2 Q)1/2 = A cos Q.
For limits on Q, xo = A sin Qo and sin Qo = xo/A. The lower limit is sin -1 xo/A and the upper is sin Integrating the above equation gives: sin sin
-1 -1
-1
x/A.
Letting sin
xo/A = d,
26 .
b. t = Ia
16
Solutions
-Lg(m1/2 + m2)sin Q= (m1/3 + m2)L2 d2Q/dt2 For small Q, sin Q is approximately equal to Q and d2Q/dt2 + [g(m1/2 + m2)/(m1/3 + m2)L]Q = 0. Comparing with d2x/dt2 + [k/m]x = 0 (for which Period = 2p (m/k)1/2), we find for this pendulum, Period = 2p [2(m1 + 3m2)L/(m1 + 2m2)3g]1/2
27 .
a. t = r x F.
t = rF sin r,F = -rmg sin Q -rmg Q for small Q. The moment of inertia about the pin a distance r from the center of mass, I = (1/2 mR2 + mr2).
b.
17
Solutions
d2x/dt + [k/m]x = 0 (for which Period = 2p[m/k]1/2) and see for the disk, Period = 2p[(R2 + 2r2)/2rg]1/2.
Source: http://www.wellesley.edu/Physics/phyllisflemingphysics/107_p_harmonic.html
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