Basic Java Material

2/1/12 Basic Java Material
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.
protected
The second possible access modifier is protected. Protected methods can be
accessedbyanyclasswithinthecurrentpackage,butareinaccessibletoanyclass
outsidethepackage.
default
The next access modifier that can be applied to a class is that of default. Default
methodsareaccessibleonlytothecurrentclassandanyclassesthatextendfromit.
Ifyoufailtospecifyanaccessmodifier,themethodisconsidereddefault.
private
privateisthehighestdegreeofprotectionthatcanbeappliedtoamethod.Aprivate
method is only accessible by those methods in the same class. Even classes that
extendfromthecurrentclassdonothaveaccesstoaprivateclass.
MethodModifiers
Method modifiers enable you to set properties for the method, such as where it will
bevisibleandhowsubclassesofthecurrentclasswillinteractwithit.
static
Placing the static modifier in front of a method or variable declaration makes it
common to all object references of that class. While non-static methods can also
operate with static variables, static methods can only deal with static variables and
staticmethods.
abstract
Abstractmethodsaresimplymethodsthataredeclared,butarenotimplementedin
the current class. The responsibility of defining the body of the method is left to
subclassesofthecurrentclass.
final
By placing the keyword final in front of the method declaration, you prevent any
subclasses of the current class from overriding the given method. This ability
enhancesthe degreeof insulationof yourclasses, youcan ensurethat the
enhancesthe degreeof insulationof yourclasses, youcan ensurethat the
functionalitydefinedinthismethodwillneverbealteredinanyway.
Note:
Neither static methods nor class constructors can be declared to be abstract.
Furthermore, you should not make abstract methods final, because doing so
preventsyoufromoverridingthemethod.
native
Nativemethodsaremethodsthatyouwanttouse,butdonotwanttowriteinJava.
NativemethodsaremostcommonlywritteninC++,andcanprovideseveralbenefits
such as faster execution time. Like abstract methods, they are declared simply by
placing the modifier native in front of the method declaration and by substituting a
semicolonforthemethodbody.
synchronized
By placing the keyword synchronized in front of a method declaration, you can
prevent data corruption that may result when two methods attempt to access the
same piece of data at the same time. While this may not be a concern for simple
programs, once you begin to use threads in your programs, this may become a
seriousproblem.
7
.
ModifiedHelloWorld
IntheaboveHelloWorldprogram,theprintmethodwascalledinsidethesameclass.
ThefollowingexamplecreatesaseparatePrintWorldobjectthathasaprintmethod
andanyotherclasscaninvokethismethodtoprintthenecessaryresult.
$ 2
3
5 = ) ) ;
$ 2 4 5 8
3
= ) ) > - 5 4 8 ;
<
+ 4 8
3
5 0 ) 4 = ) ) 8 ;
<
<
? 2
3
3
) 4 5 6 7 8
$ 2 = - > - $ 2 4 9 1 2 9 8 ;
<
<
= - + 4 8 ;
<
Intheaboveprogram,
PrintWorldp_world=newPrintWorld("HelloWorld");
is used to construct the class PrintWorld. Quite simply, the line tells the compiler to
allocatememoryforaninstanceoftheclassandpointsvariabletothenewsectionof
memory. In the process of doing this,the compiler also calls the class's constructor
methodandpassestheappropriateparameterstoit
p_world is the object to the class PrintWorld. This class has a data member,
data_memberandamethodprintMe().
Intheconstructionphaseoftheclass,theargumentoftheconstructorisassignedto
the data member. And later when the printMe() method is called, this data member
valueisretrievedandprinted.
GettinginformationfromtheuserwithSystem.in
System.out has a convenient partner called System.in. While System.out is used to
printinformationtothescreen,System.inisusedtogetinformationintotheprogram.

Let'suseSystem.in.read()togetacharacterfromtheuser.
ReadHello.java
@ 1
8
.
3
) 4 5 6 7
3
> & ;
5 0 ) 4 9 B C 9 8 ;
0
3
> 5 0 ) 4 8 ;
5 0 ) 4 9 D 9 E 8 ;
<
4 B F 8
3
5 0 ) 4 9 B ) 9 8 ;
<
<
<
You'veprobablyalreadynoticedthatthereisalotmoretothiscodethantherewasto
thelastone. Letsfirstcompiletheprogram.
EnteraCharacter:
A
Youentered65
Thecodewearemostinterestedinistheline,whichreads:
inChar=System.in.read();
System.in.read()isamethodthattakesalookatthecharacterthattheuserenters.It
thenperformswhatisknownasareturnonthevalue.Avaluethatisreturnedbya
methodisthenabletobeusedinanexpression.InthecaseofReadHello,avariable
called inChar is set to the value which is returned by the System.in.read() method.
Inthenextline,thevalueoftheinCharvariableisaddedtotheSystem.outstring.By
adding the variable into the string, you can see the results of your work. It's not
actuallynecessarytouseavariable.Ifyouprefer,youcanprintitoutdirectlyinthe
secondSystem.outline,bychangingitto
System.out.println("Youentered"+System.in.read());
Now,noticethattheprogramdisplaysanumberinsteadofacharacterforwhatyou
entered. This is because the read() method of System.in returns an integer, not an
actualcharacter.ThenumbercorrespondstowhatisknownastheASCIIcharacter set.
Convertingintegertocharacter
ToconvertthenumberthatisreturnedfromSystem.inintoacharacter,youneedto
dowhatisknownasacast.Castingeffectivelyconvertsagivendatatypetoanother one.
---
inChar=(char)System.in.read();
---
9
.
Notice the characters before System.in.read().The (char) causes the integer to be
changedintoacharacter.
! # $
Inthiscode,thereisasequencetherecalledatry-catchblock.
Insomeprogramminglanguages,whenaproblemoccursduringexecution,thereis
no way for you as a programmer to catch it and deal with the problem. In some
languages, it's a bit complicated. In Java, most problems cause what are known as
Exceptions.
Whenamethodstatesthatitwillthrowanexception,itisyourresponsibilitytoonly
try to perform that method, and if it throws the exception, you need to catch it. See
the line of code right after the catch phase. If there is an error while reading, an
exceptioncalledanIOExceptionisthrown.Whenthathappens,thecodeinthecatch
blockiscalled.
blockiscalled.
JAVALANGUAGEFUNDAMENTALS
KEYWORDS
Thefollowingisalistofthe56keywordsyoucanuseinJava.
abstract boolean Break Byte
case cast Catch Char
class const Continue Default
do double Else Extends
final finally Float for
future generic Goto if
implements import Inner instanceof
int interface Long native
new null Operator outer
package private Protected public
rest return Short static
super switch Synchronized this
throw throws Transient try
var void Volatile while
EXTENDINGOBJECTSTHROUGHINHERITANCE
InheritanceisafeatureofOOPprogrammingthatenablesusinheritallthecommon
featuresofaparentclassontoachildclass,it'snotnecessarytoreinventtheobject
every time. When new classes inherit the properties of another class, they are
referredtoaschildclassesorsubclasses.Theclassfromwhichtheyarederivedis
thencalledaparentorsuperclass.
ASimpleInheritanceProgram
G
3
3
<
G 4 8
5 0 ) 4 9 G 9 8 ;
10
.
<
# H
/ F 0
G
H #
/ F G
3
/ 4 8
3
5 0 ) 4 9 / 9 8 ;
<
<


3
3
5 0 ) 4 9 9 8 ;
) 4 5 6 7 8
G > - G 4 8 ;
I I I I I I I I I I I I
/ > - / 4 8 ;
<
<
Theoutputis:
BaseClassConstructorCalled
------------
BaseClassConstructorCalled
DerivedclassConstructed
By looking at the output, you can find that, when the child class is constructed, the
parentclassconstructorisinvokedfirst.
INTERFACES
InterfacesareJava'ssubstituteforC++'sfeatureofmultipleinheritance,thepractice
ofallowingaclasstohaveseveralsuperclasses.Whileitisoftendesirabletohavea
class inherit several sets of properties, for several reasons the creators of Java
decided not to allow multiple inheritance. Java classes, however, can implement
several interfaces, thereby enabling you to create classes that build upon other
objectswithouttheproblemscreatedbymultipleinheritance.
The syntax for creating an interface is extremely similar to that for creating a class.
However,thereareafewexceptions.Themostsignificantdifferenceisthat noneof
themethodsinyourinterfacemayhaveabody.
AnInterfaceExample
$
3
$ 4 8 ;
<
5 ) ) $
11
BSc / BCA & BCM graduates
Of 2012, work with Wipro & get sponsored MS degree from BITS
www.i nsti tute.net.i n
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learnitboyleft a comment
and thanks of course for sharing it
03 / 07 / 2010
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learnitboyleft a comment
looks good
03 / 07 / 2010
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