Third Review

Technical Report

A NOVEL APPROACH FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN MULTILEVEL INVERTER

Under the Guidance of

Mr. N. Kumara Sabapathy. M.E., Assist. Professor, EEE, AUTT.

by

Sathakkathulla S, Roll No.: 01103306013, II-M.E. Embedded System, AUTT.

Introduction To provide electrical power with greater quality it is essential to eliminate the harmonics. In electrical power distribution, the system utilizes inverter for compensating reactive power requirement and other quality related issues like harmonic reduction. For series line compensation DVR is used and for parallel line compensation STATCOM is used. In all the compensating device inverter plays a vital role. To extract the power in feasible form from natural source of generation like solar energy and other methodology invoking in generation of electrical charge like batteries from waste materials, inverters are very much needed. Single level inverter converts direct current into alternating current with high distortion (harmonics). Most of the power will be lost because of the high distortion by single level inverter. But multilevel inverter produces very less distortion compared to single level inverter. And also by using three phase multilevel inverter we can generate very high ratings of A.C voltage. So in some high power application it is possible to operate it without the need of transformers. PSO invoked in MLI To operate diode clamed MLI, for the switching devices, a sequence of triggering signals will be provided. Also the switching device (IGBT) is to deliver maximum output, for that the firing of that devices is to be optimized. The switching angle is derived from the Fourier analysis of output voltage waveform. This generates a non-linear transcendental equation. To solve that equation, Newton-Raphson method was invoked in earlier work. NR methods solution is not continuous one but for the high online application it is essential to provide continuous solution for such application. To solve non-linear transcendental equations evolutionary strategies are introduced. In advance sophistic stochastic approach like PSO is invoked in finding the best solution for such equation. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) PSO is a robust stochastic optimization technique based on the movement and intelligence of swarms.PSO applies the concept of social interaction to problem solving. It was developed in 1995 by James Kennedy (social-psychologist) and Russell Eberhart (electrical

engineer). It uses a number of agents (particles) that constitute a swarm moving around in the search space looking for the best solution. Each particle is treated as a point in a N-dimensional space which adjusts its flying according to its own flying experience as well as the flying experience of other particles. Each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the solution space which are associated with the best solution (fitness) that has achieved so far by that particle. This value is called personal best, pbest. Another best value that is tracked by the PSO is the best value obtained so far by any particle in the neighborhood of that particle. This value is called gbest. The basic concept of PSO lies in accelerating each particle toward its pbest and the gbest locations, with a random weighted acceleration at each time step as shown in Fig.1 Each particle tries to modify its position using the following information: 1. the current positions, 2. the current velocities, 3. the distance between the current position and pbest, 4. the distance between the current position and the gbest. The modification of the particles position can be mathematically modeled according the following equation : Vik+1 = wVik +c1 rand1() x (pbesti-sik) + c2 rand2() x (gbest-sik) .. (1) where, vik w cj rand sik pbesti gbest : : : : : : : velocity of agent i at iteration k, weighting function, weighting factor, uniformly distributed random number between 0 and 1, current position of agent i at iteration k, pbest of agent i, gbest of the group.

The following weighting function is usually utilized in (1) w = wMax-[(wMax-wMin) x iter]/maxIter where, wMax = initial weight, wMin = final weight, maxIter = maximum iteration number, iter = current iteration number. (2)

sik+1 = sik + Vik+1

X
Fig.1 Concept of modification of a searching point by PSO k

: current searching point.

sk+1 v v
k k+1

: modified searching point. : current velocity. modified velocity. : velocity based on pbest.

vpbest

vgbest : velocity based on gbest Comments on the Inertial weight factor: A large inertia weight (w) facilitates a global search while a small inertia weight facilitates a local search. By linearly decreasing the inertia weight from a relatively large value to a small value through the course of the PSO run gives the best PSO performance compared with fixed inertia weight settings. Comparison with other evolutionary computation techniques. Unlike in genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming and evolutionary strategies, in PSO, there is no selection operation. All particles in PSO are kept as members of the population through the course of the run PSO is the only algorithm that does not implement the survival of the fittest. No crossover operation in PSO. In EP balance between the global and local search can be adjusted through the strategy parameter while in PSO the balance is achieved through the

inertial weight factor (w).

3-Level DCMLI

3-level DCMLI

3-Level DCMLI

5-Level DCMLI

The output voltage waveform of 5-level DCMLI

5-level DCMLI
Output voltage

5-Level DCMLI

6-Level DCMLI

The output voltage and current waveform for 6-level DCMLI

6-level DCMLI

Waveform analysis

6-Level DCMLI

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

The waveform gets highly distorted here without the optimization of switching angle.

After switching angle optimization.

Conclusion: The Multilevel inverter of diode clamped type produce total harmonic distortion of 26.41% (3-level system),13.62% (5-level system) and 13.54% (6-level). After applying the PSO technique in DCMLI the total harmonic distortion is reduced to 7%. Thus PSO technique improves the power quality. References: 1. P. Maruthu Pandi and N.Devarajan Estimation of Optimized Power Quality In Micro Controller Based Cascaded Multilevel Inverter IEEE Region 8 SIBIRCON-2010, Irkutsk Listvyanka, Russia, July 11 15, 2010 2. Engin Ozdemir, Sule Ozdemir and Leon M. Tolbert, Fundamental- Frequency-Modulated Six-Level Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Three-Phase Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.56, no.11, 3. G. Mahesh, Manivanna Kumar and S. Rama Reddy Simulation and Experimental Results of 7-Level Inverter System, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 3(2): 88-95, 2011,ISSN: 2040-7467 4. Sanjay Bahadoorsingh, Jovica V. Milanovic and Jelena Dragovic Minimization of Voltage Sag Costs by Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Using Genetic Algorithms IEEE Transactions on power deleivery, vol. 22, no. 4, OCT 2007 5. Urmila BANDARU and Subbarayudu D Harmonic Orientation of pulse with modulation tevhnique in multi-level iinverters Power Engineering and Elelctrical 6. Engin Ozdemir, Sule Ozdemir,and Leon M. Tolbert Fundamental Frequency Modulated SixLevel Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Three- Phase Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 11, NOV2009 7. Hanny H. Tumbelaka, and Masafumi Miyatake, A Grid Current-controlled Inverter with Particle Swarm Optimization MPPT for PV Generators, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 67, 2010. 8. Sule Ozdemir, Engin Ozdemir, Leon M. Tolbert, and Surin Khomfoi .Elimination of Harmonics in a Five-Level Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter Using Fundamental Modulation IEEE, PEDS 2007. 9. B. Muralidhara, A. Ramachandran and A. Srinivasan Space Vector PWM Signal Generation for a Three Phase Inverter and Hardware Implementation Using - Controller, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(10), 2010, 5074-597.