Section 1

Introduction to several parts of a computer

Cabinet

SMPS

CPU Heat Sink & Fan

Random Access Memory

SD (Synchronous Dynamic) RAM

Mother Board

BIOS/ROM Basic Input Output System

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

DVD Drive

CD Writer

AGP Card

LAN Card

Cabinet
Power LED HDD LED Power Switch Reset Switch

SMPS Case Mother Board Ports case System Fan Case

ADD ON Cards Cases

CD drive/DVD Drive cabin

Hard disk and floppy disk cabin

Speaker

SYSTEM CABINET : A system case is a metal and plastic case that houses the main components of the computer. it protects the computer hardware from heat ,light ,temperature . The system case provides a rigid structural framework to the components which ensures that every thing fits together and works in a well organized manner it also protects inside of the system from physical damage and electrical interference It also provides cooling to the vital components it also provides information inside the box the user by using lights or LEDS

SMPS:The power supply / SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) is a transformer and a voltage control device in a computer . It transfers power to all the electronic components by converting the AC (Alternating current /high power current) to DC (Direct current / Low power) supply. The power supply also contains the main fan that controls the flow of air through the system case. This fan is major component in pc cooling system.

SMPS
Switching Mode Power Supply
SMPS Fan

230 V AC Input 230 V AC Output

Red(R) +5V Yellow(Y) +12V Orange(O) 3.3V Grey(Gr) Power Good

Purple(P) +5V Stand By Blue(Blu) -12V Green(G) Power Supply On White(W) -5V

ATX Power Connector

Blu

11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6

17 18 19 20 7 8 9 10
Y

Gr

12V

5V
GND

Peripheral Power Connector

12V

GND

5V

Floppy Power Connector

12V

ATX 12V Connector

GND

5V

3.3V

(P6)

ATX Auxiliary Connector

PROCESSOR: processor often called CPU ,is the central component of the computer it is also called as the brain of the computer . Every work that is done by the user on the computer is done either directly or indirectly by the processor. Processor executes the instructions given by the user. speed of the processor is measured in Hertz. Speed of the processor is calculated by calculating the no of instructions it can execute in one second 1Hz=1cycle/second [ cycle means executing an instruction] 1MHz=1million cycles/second 1 GHz=1Billion cycles/second 1.6Ghz=1.6 Billion cycles/ second [ it is capable of executing 1.6 Billion instructions in one second] INTEL (Integrated Electronics) and AMD (Advanced Micro Device) are the companies manufacturing processors .Intel releasing processors with the name of p series (p-1,p-2,p-3,p-4) AMD releasing processors with the name Athlon ( Athlon,AthlonXP)

Clock Speed

L2 Cache FSB Speed Core Voltage

P IV CPU Top View

Pin 1 Indication

L2 Cache

Pin 1 Indication

CPU Heat Sink & Fan

Locking Levers

Fan

GND

12V

MAIN MEMORY: Main Memory is the place where the computer holds the programs and data that are currently in use .It is also called as RAM(Random Access Memory) Ram is volatile memory that means temporary memory it requires power supply any thins that is stored in the ram is erased when the power is off For Main Memory two types of memory chips are used SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):only pins on onside, less speed DIMM(Dual inline Memory Module) :pins on both side, high speed RAM s are of four types SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic) : it contains two notches (DIMM Type) and it is of 64 bit and contains 168 pins and speed is 66MHz/100MHz/133MHz DDR (Dual Data Rate): it contains only one notch (DIMM Type) . It is of 64 bit and contains 184 pins and speed is 166MHz/200MHz/233MHz/333MHz/400MHz DDR2:looks same like DDR , in DDR2 notch is exactly at middle (DIMM Type). It is of 64 bit and contains 240 pins and speed is 66MHz/400MHz/677MHz/800MHz

Random Access Memory

SD (Synchronous Dynamic) RAM

72 pin SIMM type Ram

DDR RAM

Diff b/w DDR, DDR2, DDR3

Mother Board: Mother Board also known as system board , is a large multi layered printed circuit board inside a computer . The Mother Board contains the CPU ,the BIOS/ROM chip ,and the CMOS setup information .it has expansion slots for installing different adapter cards like video card, sound card, NIC card ,modem ,this circuit board provides a connector for connecting All the peripheral components like mouse , keyboard ,printer , vdu it also contains slots for placing processors.

Mother Board

Socket 478

Mother Board

North Bridge

Mother Board

South Bridge

Mother Board

CMOS Battery

Mother Board

Primary & Secondary

Mother Board

Ports

Mother Board
SD RAM Slots DDR RAM Slots

RAM Slots

Mother Board

AGP Slot

Mother Board

PCI Slots

Mother Board

CNR Slot

Mother Board

BIOS

Mother Board

ATX Power Connector

Mother Board

Floppy Drive Connector

Socket 478

DDR RAM Slots

SD RAM Slots

Ports AGP Slot BIOS PCI Slots

North Bridge

ATX Power Connector Floppy Drive Connector

South Bridge

Primary Secondary CMOS Battery

Socket 478

CPU Heat sink and Fan Retention Module

Locking Lever

Socket 478 Close Up

Socket Name

Pin 1 Indication

Locking Lever

North Bridge

Socket 478

Mother Board

North Bridge
Controls the high speed devices

AGP Slot

DDR RAM Slots

SD RAM Slots

South Bridge

Socket 478

DDR RAM Slots

SD RAM Slots

Ports AGP Slot BIOS PCI Slots

North Bridge

ATX Power Connector Floppy Drive Connector

South Bridge

Primary Secondary CMOS Battery

BIOS/ROM Basic Input Output System

ROM: It is a non volatile memory means permanent storage device it is used to store BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input Output System): BIOS is an interface between hardware and the software .FIRMWARE is the technical term for BIOS. It is present inside the ROM .It consists of several routines and startup instructions . It runs as soon as the machine is switched on and it checks the computer what hardware is connected and conducts simple test called post (power on self test) if all the tests are passed then it determines the device(harddisk / cd) to boot the machine. In most of the pcs booting device is set to primary harddisk

CMOS Battery

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) : motherboard includes a separate block of memory which needs very less power called CMOS . This chip is always on by using a battery even when the power is off. The function of the CMOS chip is to store basic information about the pc ex:configuration number, type of hard and floppy drives, memory capacity The other important data which is kept in CMOS memory is system time and date The clock ,CMOS chip, batteries all combined in to a single chip

Secondary

Primary

CMOS Jumper

System Fan Connector

SD RAM Slots DR RAM Slots

South Bridge
North Bridge Socket 478

AGP Slot

BIOS Ports

PCI Slots

Ports (Back View)

Ports (Front View)

Ethernet Port Parallel Port Mouse Port

Game Port

Keyboard Port USB Ports

Serial Port

VGA Port

Sound Ports

PS/2 ports: it is a standard serial port connector used to plug computer mouse and keyboard. It consists of 6 pins in small and round shape socket. Serial ports : it is general purpose communication port through which data is sent serially , that is one bit at a time. these ports are used for transmitting data over longer distances. Because of its slow speed these computers are used for computer mouse and modem Parallel port: it is an interface on a computer, which supports transmission of multiple bits of data at the same time .it is faster and is exclusively used for connecting printers. USB port:(Universal Serial Bus) is a plug and play hardware interface for connecting peripherals such as mouse,joystick,pendrives. It has the capability to connect up to 127 devices. these are replacement of parallel and serial ports VGA port: used for connecting monitor Game ports: these are used for connecting joysticks Sound port:used for connecting speakers/headset Ethernet port: used for connecting our system to a network /other computer

SD RAM Slots DDR RAM Slots

North Bridge

DDR RAM & SD RAM Slots

266 MHz

133 MHz

North Bridge

AGP Slot

BIOS Ports

PCI Slots

AGP Slot
Accelerated Graphics Port
66MHz

PCI Slots
Peripheral Component Interconnect

33MHz

CNR Slot

Communications and Networking Raiser

CNR, PCI, AGP Slots

AGP Slot

PCI Slots

CNR Slot

Socket 478

DDR RAM Slots

SD RAM Slots

Ports AGP Slot BIOS PCI Slots

North Bridge

ATX Power Connector Floppy Drive Connector

South Bridge

Primary Secondary CMOS Battery

IDE Integrated Drive Electronics

Jumper Pins

IDE Connector

Power Connector

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

HDD Top View

Hard disk Inner view

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

Access LED

Eject Button

FDD Back View

Power Connector

Data Cable Connector

CD Writer

Vendor Name

Access LED Head Phones Jack Volume Control

Write Speed

Read Speed

Pin Hole

Re Write Speed

Access LED Open / Close Button

CDD Connectors Specifications

ESPANSION CARDS: Sound cards: an expansion card that allows the computer to output sound through connected speakers , to record sound from a microphone input sound card is used Video cards: video cards are used for editing digital videos' these are used for designing graphics Network Interface card: NIC card is a computer circuit board that is fixed in a computer so that it can be connected to other systems of the network Modem(Modulation and Demodulation): it is used for connecting our computer to internet using ordinary phone lines.

CD Writer Rear View

IDE Connector Jumper Pins Power Connector CD Audio Connectors

AGP Card

AGP Card top view

LAN Card

RJ 45 Jack

Cables
Floppy Drive Cable IDE Cables

40 Conductor Cable
Low Speed

80 Conductor Cable
High Speed

Thank You