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2.2 ...........................................7
2.3 , ..............................10
2.4 ..................................12
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(.2.1)
.2.1 ,
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U
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:

U=UR+UL=I*R+I*XL=L*R*sint+L*L*sin(t+ )
.
UR=I*R,
,

UL=XL*I, 90 ( ).
% #% #%#
.
, II
, :
U=UR+UL, :
= R+ L.
(3.1)
,
(.2.2).
,
.
, .
, 90
.

u,

.

0 90 .
,xL=0, =0 ,
R=0, =0 . 0 <<90 .
i=Imsint,

u=Umsin(t+).
.2.3.
(.2.3)

(. 2.2).
, . ,
, II .
:
U2=U2R+U2L
UR=RI UL=XL*I=L*I,
:
U=  =I  

:

(2.2)
I=



2.2
.
Z, .
,
R,
Z:
(2.3)
Z=  
2.2 :

I=
(2.4)

:
I(A) ,
V

U(V) ,
Z(c) .
2.4 .

,
Z .

,


(R= , XL=


Z= ). (. 2.2)

I,
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,
. (2.1)
:
_ _ _ _ __
Z=R+XL=R+L

.2.4


.2.2

Z,
R XL

.

,

,
.

.

,
R
. Z,
, U R  L
UR UL.
(2.3).


:


cos=  = =



(
):

=arc cos




R XL:



tg = = , =arc tg
II
R L :
U=UR+UL=RI+jXLI=I*(R+jL)
:
Z=R+jL
:
R ,
jL

.3.5
.
:

I=
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C
R (.2.6).


U=UR+UC=i*R+i*XC=Im *R*sint+Im* sin (t- )

.
UR=RI,
,
Uc=I*Xc

90  .

, ,
90: = R+ C.


.2.7.

(. 2.8).
,
:

,

90 .
. 2.7
, ,
.
0  -90.
,
0,
,
-90.

. 2.8
, RC (.2.9).

:


U=F    =I   )2


:
I=


  



.


   )2 , Z,


RC
:


Z=   )2

(2.5)

:

I=


RL .

Z=R+Xc=R+ , 2.5.


, , :

 
tg=- =- =



.

(=-), (> ,
<0).
RC :
U=UR+UC=UR-jUC=I(R-jX C)=I*Z
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 ??  :
Z=R-jXc = R j/C
:
R ,
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.2.10
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. .2.11
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UR=R*I, .

UC= I*XC 90
UL= I*XL
90.

.
i= Im sin t, II
:
u=URm sin t + ULm sin (t+)+UCm sin (  )

.2.12,

RLC .


, :
=R+L+C

) XL>X C (>0).
, ;
) XL>XC (>0).
,
;
) XL=XC (=0).

, .
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.


,
.

.

90 .
90
.2.13.
,
,
.
X=L-C.
.
:
(2.6)
U=  =      = I     
:


I=
=

 

Z=      RLC ,
.2.14.
,

X. , X=XL-XC=L- ,
:
Z=F  

:

 
tg =  = = = arc tg

, .2.13 2.14
,
.
RLC :

U=UR+UL+UC=UR+j(UL-UC)= [R+j(XL-XC)]
(2.7)
:

=+(XL-XC)=R+j(L -  )

.2.15 ,.
)
,
. 2.16 ,.
II :
(2.8)
U=     = I      = I*Z
:
Z=     


 .

, . 2.8
2.6.
X Z.
,

.
)
, .2.17 ,,.

, : X=XL-XC=0, na Z=R,
I= =0.
,

.

. RL XC=0,
RC XL.

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R, L C

.
() ,
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R, L C . ,
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i=Im sint,
u=Umsin(t+) :
p=u*i=UmIm sint* sint+)
:


p= ! !cos- ! ! cos(2t+)

, :
p=UI cos UI cos(2t+).
(2.9)

R,L C .
,
(2)
. 2.9
. UI
cos . UI cos(2t+)
, .
, ,
:
P= UI cos.
,
,
, .
=90
. , =90,
=90.

, .
, .
=90
, (P=0).

.

.2.18 ,
,
.

. A B


. B C
, C D

.

.
P = UI cos
.

, ,
, , .
, .. .
,
S.
, P, Q.
,
, .

.


Ia Ir.
, 90
(.2.19).
.
Ia=I cos, Ir=I sin.
,

,

.

,
P=Ia*U,
a Ia=I cos P=UI cos.


Q=Ir*U, Ir=I sin Q=UI sin. %!$'#%% 9#*

. ,

,
.
. II
Z U
:
= R+ X
(2.10)
.2.13 :
UR=R*I=U*cos UX=X*I=U*sin
2.10 :
=R* +X* .
(2.11)
,
. ,
:
_ _ _
_ _ _


P=UR*I=R*I2=U*I cos Q=UX*I=X*I2=U*I*sin
U I
2.11
S:
_ _
S=U*
(2.12)
2.11 :
_ _ _
S=P+Q


.
.. .


.2.20.

. :
S=  "
(2.13)
:
P=S*cos=U*I*cos Q=S*sin=U*I*sin
P Q 2.13 :
S=  #  $%    #  %&' =U*I
2.12:
S=U*I=Z*I*I=Z*I2
V

,
. (W),
(VAr) (VA).
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, . ,

, .
,
.
S=U*I
P=U*I*cos ,
. :
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=  = $%

.
.
0 1.
, ,
cos=1,
(, ).
, =90,
cos=0,
.
P cos
S.
cos .
cos , sin
,

sin="+ .


. U=U*ej
I=I*ej, U I ,
. = - .
UI=UI*ej(+)=UI*ej(2-)
U I
,
.
:
I*=I*e-j
:
UI*=UIej(-) =UI ej= UI(cos+jsin).
UI cos=S cos=P ,
UI sin=S sin=Q . ,

:

S=UI*=P+jQ



(.2.21)

:
P=P*ejo=P;
Q=Q*ej =jQ;
j

S=S*e =S(cos+jsin)=P+jQ.
* 2
*
2
I*I =I U*U =U
:

U=ZI, a

 

S=UI*=U*  = 
S=U*I*=Z*I*I*=Z*I2;

,
.

. , ,
Z, (R1, X1) Z2(R2, X2)
U1, U2.
:
Se=UI*=(U1+U2)I*=U1 I* + U2 I*= S1+S2,
S1=P1+jQ, S2=P2+jQ2
:
Se=P 1+jQ1+P2+jQ2=Pe+jQe,
Pe=P1+P2 Qe=Q1+Q2.

(.2.22).

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