Assisted GPS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS or aGPS, is a system which can, under certain conditions, improve the startup performance, or time-to-first-fix (TTFF) of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones as its development was accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 mandate making the location of a cell phone available to emergency call dispatchers.[1] Contents
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1 Description 2 Basic Concepts of AGPS 3 Different modes of AGPS operation 4 AGPS Standards 5 See also 6 References

[edit]Description
"Standalone" or "Autonomous" GPS operation uses radio signals from satellites alone. A-GPS additionally uses network resources to locate and utilize the satellites in poor signal conditions. In very poor signal conditions, for example in a city, these signals may suffer multipath propagation where signals bounce off buildings, or be weakened by passing through atmospheric conditions, walls or tree cover. When first turned on in these conditions, some standalone GPS navigation devices may not be able to work out a position due to the fragmentary signal, rendering them unable to function until a clear signal can be received continuously for up to 12.5 minutes (the time needed to download the GPS almanac and ephemeris).[2] An Assisted GPS system can address these problems by using data available from a network. For billing purposes, network providers often count this as a data access, which can cost money depending on the plan.[3] Assistance falls into two categories: 1. Information used to more quickly acquire satellites

It can supply orbital data or almanac for the GPS satellites to the GPS receiver, enabling the GPS receiver to lock to the satellites more rapidly in some cases.

The network can provide precise time.

2. Calculation of position by the server using information from the GPS receiver

The device captures a snapshot of the GPS signal, with approximate time, for the server to later process into a position.

The assistance server has a good satellite signal, and plentiful computation power, so it can compare fragmentary signals relayed to it

As an additional benefit, in some A-GPS device implementations, known as "MS-Assisted," the amount of CPU and programming required for a GPS receiver is reduced by offloading most of the work onto the assistance server. 1.

Accurate, surveyed coordinates for the cell site towers allow better knowledge of local ionospheric conditions and other conditions affecting the GPS signal than the GPS receiver alone, enabling more precise calculation of position. (See also Wide Area Augmentation System)

A typical A-GPS-enabled receiver will use a data connection (Internet or other) to contact the assistance server for aGPS information. If it also has functioning autonomous GPS, it may use standalone GPS, which is sometimes slower on time to first fix, but does not depend on the network, and therefore can work beyond network range, and without incurring data usage fees.[3] Some aGPS devices do not have the option of falling back to standalone or autonomous GPS. Many mobile phones combine A-GPS and other location services including Wi-Fi Positioning System and cellsite triangulation and sometimes a hybrid positioning system.[4] High Sensitivity GPS is an allied technology that addresses some of these issues in a way that does not require additional infrastructure. However, unlike some forms of A-GPS, high-sensitivity GPS cannot provide a fix instantaneously when the GPS receiver has been off for some time.[citation needed]

[edit]Basic

Concepts of AGPS

Standalone GPS provides first position in approximately 30-40 seconds. A Standalone GPS system needs orbital information of the satellites to calculate the current position. The data rate of the satellite signal is only 50 b/s, so downloading orbital information like ephemeris and almanac directly from satellites typically takes a long time. In AGPS, the Network Operator deploys an AGPS server. These AGPS servers download the orbital information from the satellite and store it in the database. An AGPS capable device can connect to these servers and download this information using Mobile Network radio bearers such as GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE or even using other wireless radio bearers such as Wi-Fi. Usually the data rate of these bearers is high, hence downloading orbital information takes less time.

[edit]Different

modes of AGPS operation

AGPS has two modes of operation:

1. Mobile Station Assisted (MSA) - In MSA mode A-GPS operation, the A-GPS capable device receives acquisition assistance, reference time and other optional assistance data from the A-GPS server. With the help of the above data, the A-GPS device receives signals from the visible satellites and sends the measurements to the A-GPS server. The A-GPS server calculates the position and sends it back to the A-GPS device. 2. Mobile Station Based (MSB) - In MSB mode A-GPS operation, the A-GPS device receives ephemeris, reference location, reference time and other optional assistance data from the A-GPS server. With the help of the above data, the A-GPS device receives signals from the visible satellites and calculates the position.

[edit]AGPS

Standards

AGPS protocols are part of Positioning Protocol defined by two different standardization body, 3gpp and Open Mobile Alliance(OMA). 1. Control Plane Protocol - It is defined by 3gpp for various generations of mobile phone system. These protocols are defined for Circuit Switched Networks. Following positioning protocol has been defined. 1. RRLP - 3gpp defined RRLP or Radio resource location protocol to support positioning protocol on GSM networks. 2. TIA 801 - CDMA2000 family defined this protocol for CDMA 2000 networks. 3. RRC position protocol - 3gpp defined this protocol as part of the RRC standard for UMTS network. 4. LPP - 3gpp defined LPP or LTE positioning protocol for LTE Networks. 2. User Plane Protocol - It is defined by OMA to support positioning protocols in Packet Switched Networks. Two generations of User plane Protocol have evolved. 1. SUPL V1.0 2. SUPL V2.0

[edit]See

also

 

List of devices with Assisted GPS Mobile phone tracking

[edit]References
1. 2. 3. ^ "Assisted GPS: A Low-Infrastructure Approach". GPS World. March 1, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-11. ^ [1] NavCen GPS User. 3.5.3 Almanac Collection ^ a b Watch out for data charges on your GPS phone. CNET, August 2007

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^ Networking iPhone A-GPS Hybrid system