Process

PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES - GENERAL

/ 2008.09.03 Rev.1

TABLE OF CONTENT Petrochemical Industry Understanding of Petrochemicals & Processes Important Olefins Production Processes
Steam Cracker ~ Ethylene Processes On-Purpose Olefin Processes

Petrochemicals from Alternative Feedstocks Integrated Petrochemical Projects Strategic Approaches to Petrochemical Projects Attachments : Additional Information & References

Petrochemical Industry Overall Structure

EPC

Petrochemical Industry Structure by Feedstocks

Feedstocks Processing Plant (upstream) Basic Products Processing Plant (downstream)
PO Chain (PE, PP)

Gas (C2, C3)

PVC Chain (EDC/VCM, PVC)

Steam Cracker (Gas Cracker, NCC)

Olefins

Styrencs Chain (SM, PS, EPS) PC Chain (Cumene, Phenol, BPA, PC) PET Chain (EDC/VCM, PVC)

Intermediates

Nylon Chain (CH, Caprolactam, NY) Alcohols, Oxo-alcohols

Naphtha Catalytic Reformer

B.T.X

EO, EG, PG, PPG TDI, MDI

Natural Gas Gasification (POx, Reforming) Coal

Syngas (CO,H2)
F-T PSA Ammonia DME (*) Intermediates : SM, EDC/VCM, CycloHexane, O-X, P-X. etc MeOH Synfuel H2 Ammonia DME MTO/MTP Olefins Urea

Process Map - GSE&C Business -Refinery /Petrochemical /Gas

Understanding of Petrochemicals & Processes

Petrochemical Processes : Basic Understanding

Basic Petrochemicals are made from Naphtha and Gases originated from Crude Oil and Natural Gas. Application of Heat and Pressure Reactions with other Chemicals/ with or without Catalysts Primary Separation Methods : Distillations and Extractions Polymerization Reactions as most important Petrochemical Industry area
Monomers : (unsaturated molecules, - Ethylene/Propylene - Iso-Butylene - Vinyl Chloride - Styrene Polymerization Reaction in the presence of a Catalyst

Polymers

Petrochemical Processes : OLEFINS ~ Ethylene

Characteristics
Contains a double bond (C2H4) Most important & largest basic chemical in industry (08 Global Demand: 120 Million TPA) Main Use of Ethylene : (1) Mostly for production of Polyethylene (~60%) (2) Production of Ethylene-derivative products : PE, EO/EG, EDC, EtOH, EB, etc

Major Production Methods : Naphtha Cracking Process

HP Steam Dilution Steam
Naphtha

Ethylene & Propylene

C.Heater Section

Quench Section

Compressor Section Recycle C2 & C3

Purification Section

Pyrolysis Gasoline

mixed C4s

Main Derivatives

(conjugation) (oxidation)

Polyethylene (HDPE, LLDPE, LDPE) Ethylene Oxide Ethylene Chlorohydrin Ethylene Benzene Ethanol Ethylene dichloride VCM PVC SM PS

Ethylene C2H4

(addition of HOCl) (C6H6 Alkylation) (H2O addition) (chlorination)

Petrochemical Processes : OLEFINS ~ Propylene

Characteristics
CH2=CH2-CH3 (C3H6) (~Propene) 2nd Largest Commodity in the Petrochemical industry (08 Global Demand: 66 Million TPA) Main use of Propylene : (1) Production of Polypropylene. (~70%) (2) Production of Propylene-derivatives : PP, AN, PO/PG, Cumene, Acrylic Acid, IPA, Oxo-alcohol

Major Production Methods

Mostly By-products from either Steam Cracking(64%) or FCC units (30%) (traditional) Increasing need for On-Purpose & Selective Propylene manufacturing Processes
: C3 PDH, Olefin Conversion Technology, MTO/MTP ( 6% @2007 15% @ 2012)

Main Derivatives
(conjugation) Polypropylene Propylene Oxide Cumene Isopropyl Alcohol PG Phenol BPA

Propylene C3H6

(oxidation) (C6H6 Alkylation) (H2O addition)

Petrochemical Processes : OLEFINS ~ 1,3-Butadinene

Characteristics
CH2=CH2-CH2=CH2. (C4H6) 08 Global Demand: 10 Million TPA

Major Production Methods

Solvent Extractive Distillation Method : used mainly in Europe, Asia C4 LPG DeHydrogenation

1,3 BD Production Process

From NCC
Mixed C4s

C4 Raffinate to MMA

1,3-Butadiene

1st Extractive Distillation

2nd Extractive Distillation

Purification Section

Solvent Recovery

Main Derivatives
BR (Butadiene Rubber) SBS

Butadiene C4H6

SB Latex ABS

Petrochemical Processes : Aromatics

Aromatics Production from NCC Hydrogenation,Non-aromatics Separation & Purification of Pyrolysis Gasoline from NCC
B.T.X sent to BTX Separation C5

From NCC

Pygas

Hydrogenation Reaction H2

DeC8 / DeC5 C9+

Aromatics Purification

Major Portion of BTX Products from Aromatic Complex including CCR-Reformer (catalytic reforming of Naphthas)

Characteristics Benzene
C6H6

Toluene
C6H5CH3

Xylene ~ most valuable Aromatic chemical for downstream applications

C6H4C2H6

Petrochemical Processes : Aromatics - Benzene

Main Derivatives Benzene
BENZENE EthylBenzene Styrene PolyStyrene SAN (*) ABS (*) SBR (*) Cumene Bis Phenol-A Phenol CycloHexane Caprolactam PolyCarbonate Epoxy Resin Phenolic Resin Nylon-6

* SAN: Styrene Acryronitrile * ABS: Acryronitrile Butadien Styrene * SBR: Styrene Butadiene Rubber

Petrochemical Processes : Aromatics - Toluene & Xylene

Main Derivatives Toluene
TOLUENE Toluene Diisocyanate TNT Trinitrotoluene Polyurethane Foam Explosives

Main Derivatives Xylenes

XYLENES Para-X PTA (*) PET (*) Fiber Film Ortho-X PA(*) DOP(*) Resin

* PTA : Purified Terephthalic Acid * PET : Poly Ethylene Terephthalate * PA : Phthalic Anhydride * DOP: Dioctyl Phthalate ()

Important Olefin Production Processes

Important Olefin Production Processes

Ethylene (Steam Cracker) Production Technologies
Lummus Process S&W Process KBR Process Linde Process

On-Purpose (Alternative) Propylene Production Technologies

C3 PDH (Dehydrogenation) : Oleflex by UOP, Catofin by Lummus Metathesis : OCT (Olefin Conversion Technology) by Lummus

Gas-to Olefins : MTO by UOP, MTP by Lurgi High Severity FCC Olefins Cracking

Comparison of Propylene Production Technologies Others Sources of Olefins

Ethylene Process - Ethane Cracker (Typical)

C3/C4/C5 Recycle Cracking Heaters Q.Water Caustic/Water Charge Gas Compressor Acid Gas Absorber C2 Feed Saturator T.L.E Quench Tower H.Gas Residue C2 Recycle Wash Tower Charge Gas Dryer

C2 Feed

C2-

C1 Offgas (fuel) H2 Gas C2= Product

Chilling Train

DeC2

Acetylene Converter CH4 Washing Drum

DeC1

C2 Splitter (2)

For Ethane (Gas Feed) Cracker, Fractionation/Recovery Sections are almost same scheme among the major Licensed processes

Binary Refrigeration

C2 Recycle C2 & C2= Propane Refrigeration C3+ H2 DeC3= C3+ Hydrogenator (MAPD Conv.) DeC5 C3= Product C3/C4/C5 Recycle

C6 + Fuel

Licensors Ethylene Process - Naphtha Cracker

Schematic Diagrams
SRT Cracking Furnace

CB&I LUMMUS
Gasoline Fractionator Quench Tower Acid Gas C.G. Dryer

Feed Dilution Steam

HP Steam

Charge Gas Comp. & Acid Gas Removal

CW
Transfer Line Exchanger Fuel Oil

Methane

Hydrogen

Acetylene Converter

Ethylene

H2
Chilling Train and Hydrogen Separation

H2

Propylene

Mixed C4s

Ethane Recycle Demethanizer Deethanizer

Propane Recycle

Pyrolysis Gasoline

For Naphtha (Liquid Feed) Cracker, Fractionation/Recovery Sections are different scheme among the major Licensed processes

Licensors Ethylene Process - Naphtha Cracker

Schematic Diagrams

Shaw : S & W
Quench Oil Tower Quench Water Tower C.Gas Comp Caustic C.Gas Tower Dryer Depropanizer Acetylene Converter

USC Cracking Furnace Feed

Dilution Steam

HP Steam

Fuel Oil Hydrogen Methane Dephlegmator Chilling System(*)

Pyrolysis Gasoline Ethylene H2 Propylene Mixed C4s

Ethane Recycle
(*) Advanced Recovery System with heat-integrated rectifier system

Propane Recycle Propylene Fractionator Debutanizer

Pyrolysis Gasoline

Demthanizer

Deethanizer

Ethylene MAPD Fractionator Converter

Licensors Ethylene Process - Naphtha Cracker

Schematic Diagrams
Selective Pyrolysis Furnace Feed Pyrolysis Fractionator C.Gas Comp. & Acid Gas Removal

KBR
C.G Dryer

Dilution Steam

HP Steam

Fuel oil

Pyrolysis Gasoline Methane & H2 Ethylene Chilling Train C2 Ethylene Splitter Ethane Recycle Deethanizer Propylene Propylene Splitter Propane Recycle

Mixed C4s

Depropanizer

C5+ Debutanizer

C3 Acetylene Converter Demethanizer

Licensors Ethylene Process - Naphtha Cracker

Schematic Diagrams
PyroCrack Furnace Feed Dilution Steam

LINDE A.G
C.Gas Dryer Deethanizer Hydrogen

Primary Quench W. Tower Fractionator Cracked Gas Comp. & Acid Gas Removal

HP Steam

Cold Train

Cold Train

Acetylene Converter Fuel oil

H2 Methane Mixed C4s Propylene Ethylene

Pyrolysis Gasoline Debutanizer Depropanizer MAPD Converter

Propane Recycle Propylene Fractionator

Demethanizer

Ethylene Fractionator

Ethane Recycle

Five On-Purpose (Alternative) Propylene Production Technologies

1. C3 PDH
C3 C3=

PDH

4. Gas-to-Olefins
Natural Gas C3=

H2

85% Propylene yield on C3 feed Fully commercialized since 1992 by Lummus (CATOFIN), and UOP (OLEFLEX). Up to > 450,000 MTY plant capacity $ 230~280 Million for 350,000 MTY plant Cheap propane is the key to recover the investment 9 plants operations Planned projects : PTT, Al Zamil,
C2=

Syngas

MeOH

MTO/MTP
C2=

Need huge (mega) Methanol plant to make world scale (min. 1,000,000 MTY. Current largest capacity : 1,650,000 MTY) Capital costs comparable to steam cracking Need cheap gas (under $1 per mmBTU) Competes with LNG and GTL for cheap gas Cheap MeOH shipping is opportunity 2 projects are planned by 2008.

2. Metathesis
C4=

Metathesis

C3=

3 plants operation. 8 projects announced by 2006 Feed stock valuation is important $ 40~50 Million for 200,000 MTY plant Lummus OCT process: 3 plants operation, 8 plants planned by 07 Pushing ethane-only feedstock option
C3=

5. Olefins Cracking

C4-C8 Olefins -Crude C4~C5s -FCC Butylene -FCC Naphtha

C3=

Cracking

C2=

3. High Severity FCC

Gas Oil

DCC
Motor gasoline

Upgrade multiple , cheap heavier olefins stream Similar to conventional FCC technology Upgrade low-quality/value gas oils and residues $ 250~275 Million for 200,000 MTY plant Almost all plants in China (Sinopec developed technology) Yields 30!~45% Propylene depending on feeds $ 35~45 Million for 100,000 MTY plant Not well commercialized

C3 PDH (Propane Dehydrogenation) Process (I)

Basic Chemistry :
C3H8 propane Catalyst Heat C3H6 + H2 propylene

Oleflex Process Diagram - UOP

Reactor Section CCR Section Expanders C2Light Ends

C C R

Propylene product
C3 Feed (fresh)

Dryer Separators

Heaters

Comp.

C4+ by-product
Sulfur H2 recycle To C3= Recovery C3 Recycle

C3 Combined Feed Net H2 rich gas

DEC2

P.P Splitter

DEC3

Feed Guard Bed

C3 PDH (Propane Dehydrogenation) Process (II)

Basic Chemistry :
C3H8 propane Catalyst Heat C3H6 + H2 propylene

CATOFIN Process - Lummus

Charge Heater Air Heater Air

Reactor on Purge

Reactors on Stream

Reactor on Reheat/ Regen. Fuel

Steam

Exhaust Air Steam Fuel Gas Propylene Product

Propane Feed

Effluent Exchanger

Low Temp. Recovery Unit

Cooler Flash Drum Product Compressor recycle-Propane Deethanizer

P/P Splitter

OCT~ Olefin Conversion Technology

Basic Chemistry (step 1) :
Metathesis

C2H4 + C4H8
Ethylene 2-butene

2 C3H6 propylene 2-butene

Basic Chemistry (step 2) :

1-butene

Isomerization

OCT Process by Lummus

Comparison of Propylene Production Technologies

C3 PDH
Propylene/ Propane (250~300 $/ton )

Metathesis (OCT)
-Low Ethylene & Butene price -High Propylene price Medium to Large : 200~700 KTA Small to Moderate

High Severity Gas to Olefins FCC (DCC) (MTP/MTO)

FCC -Cheap MeOH price : < 100$/ton-MeOH -Cheap N.G price : < 1 $ /MMBTU Large

Olefins Cracking
Very Low MeOH Price from Mega scale

Key Factor to ROI Commercial Plant Size Capital investment Feed Stock By-products Technology Availability Commercial Experiences

Large : 400~500 KTA Moderate

Medium to Large

Small to Large : Moderate

Moderate to Large

-From N.Gas : Huge -From MeOH: Moderate to Large -N.Gas (methane) -or. Methanol Ethylene & Water Yes : Lurgi or UOP No : 2 Plants planned startup 2008, China -Starting feedstock? -Need mega-size plant upto MeOH -Needs commercial reliability

Propane H2 Yes : UOP or Lummus Sufficient

Ethylene & Butene None Yes : OCT by Lummus Sufficient

Low grade Gas oils Motor gasoline Yes : Sinopec Sufficient : All plants in China -FCC

Cheap C4~ C8 Olefins Ethylene & BTX gasoline Yes : KBR 2 Plants planned by 2008 -High dependence on Feedstock availability

Considerations

-Sensitive to C3-/C3 price difference -Integration of PDH& Downstream business

-Very sensitive to Ethylene prices -Limited to NCC owner /location

Others Sources of Olefinic Hydrocarbons

Catalytic Cracking RFCC Process : can produce C2, C3 C4 Olefins along with Gasoline and Gas Oil products See Olefins Yields Data by FCC at the Attachment New Catalytic Cracking Process for Ethylene & Propylene : ACO (Advanced Catalytic Process) under commercialization by KBR/ SK Corp./ KRICT See more detail Information about ACO Process at the Attachment Oligomerization of Light Olefins Ethylene Oligomer : Linear Alpha-Olefin from Ethylene dimerization Metathesis of Ethylene & Butene to get Propylene : OCT Paraffin Dehydrogenations :
C3 Dehydrogenation to Propylene : OLFLEX (UOP), or CATOFIN (Lummus) C4 Dehydrogenation to n-Butenes : OLFLEX (UOP), or CATADINE (Lummus) Higher HC (C11~C14) Dehydrogenation to linear Olefins for feed to LAB production : PACOL/OLEX

(UOP)

Petrochemicals from Alternative Feedstocks

Syngas Basic Entity of Gas to Chemicals

Feedstocks:
- Natural Gas - Coal - Heavy Oil - Biomass

Acetic Acid

Formaldehyd MTBE

SYNGAS : CO + H2
Methanol

FTFischer Tropsch Products Hydrogen DME Clean Fuels, Lubricants, Fuel Cell, -Olefins Green Fuels Urea Ammonia Diesel EnergyProduction Polyethylene Ethylene-Glycol -Olefins Fuel Olefins

DieselAdditives

Polypropylene Acrylonitril

Liquids

Petrochemicals Productions from Alternative Feedstocks

Diesel

F-T

Upgrading

Gasoline LPG Fuel Gas Waxes/Lube Oil

Gas Cracker MTG/DTG Methanol/DME MTP/DTP AA

Ethylene Power Fuel Cells MTBE, Acetic Acid Diesel/Gasoline Propylene/ Polypropylene Acrylic Acid/Acrylates Fuel (DME)

MTO/DTP

Ethylene/Propylene Ammonia/Urea/ Fertilizer

Ammonia

MTG : Methanol to Gasoline DTP : DME to Propylene

DTG : DME to Gasoline AA : Acrylic Acid process

MTP : Methanol to Propylene MTO : Methanol to Olefin

 : GSE&C Project Cases

LNG Project LG LNG

South Par 9 & 10

GTL Project

, () , LPG

Saudi SIPCHEM Project

LPG

LPG

, () , ()

Qatar Laffan Project

Typical Syngas Plant (Heavy Oil Feed case)

Air Separation
Air Steam

ASU

N2

B-C Oil feed

O2 Raw Syngas

Gas Treating
Amine Absorber Sweet Syngas

Gas Separation CO
TSA/ Cryogenics Off-gas PSA

H2

Gasifier Scrubber Gasification

Water M/U Amine Regenerator Sour gas

Soot Filtering Soot Removal

Sour water Stripper Sulfur Recovery

Sulfur Recovery
Tail Gas Treating Off-gas Incinerator Flue gas

Soot Incinerator Ash Waste Water to W.W.T Sulfur to Storage

Typical Syngas Plant (Coal Feed case)

Configuration of Coal-based Syngas- Fertilizer Complex

ASU

N2 Wash

AMMONIA Plant

Gasification

& Quench

Syngas Scrubber

CO- Shift & Heat Recov.

RECTISOL Unit

CO2
Purification

UREA Plant

SRU
Claus/TGTU

Coal

Syngas Plant Configuration with Gas Treatment by RECTISOL and Purification by N2 Wash Design and CO2 Recovery.

Coal to Petrochemicals : Coal-base VCM ( PVC)

Chemistry : 1) Reduction of Lime (Calcium oxide) by Carbon (coke) Chemistry : 2) Hydrolysis of Calcium Carbide to produce Acetylene

: CaO + 3C

CaC2 (Calcium Carbide) + CO

: CaC2 + 2 H2O
hydrochlorination : C2H2 + HCl

C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

3) Conversion to VCM by Acetylene CH2=HCl (VCM)

Future Resources & Sustainable Routes to Petrochemicals

Feedstocks

Process Technology

Intermediate Products
Aromatics

Petrochemical Products
Polyolefins
PE PP Acrylates

Crude Oil

Refining & Separation Steam Cracker

Bz Tol Xylenes

Polycondensates
Condensates Associated Gas Natural Gas

Olefins
PDH Ethylene Propylene

PC PET PBT

Solvents
Coal

Alternative/ New Routes ? Oxidates

Alcohols Ethers Esters Acids Aldehydes

Fuels & Additives

Renewable Resources Biomass

Syngas

MeOH

MTO/MTP

Petrochemical Technology Roadmap - Alternative Feedstocks

Integrated Petrochemical Complex Projects

NCC - Petrochemical Complex ()

NCC - Petrochemical Complex (LG/)

Ethylene Ethylene

Feedstock
Naphtha Naphtha

HDPE HDPE

HDPE HDPE

Propylene Propylene BD BD Extraction Extraction

1,3 Butadiene 1,3 Butadiene

NCC NCC

Raffinate-1 Raffinate-1

To MMA plant

C4 C4 Hydrogenation Hydrogenation

Butane Butane Benzene Benzene

Pygas Pygas Treatment Treatment

BTX BTX Recovery Recovery

Toluene Toluene Xylenes (mixed) Xylenes (mixed)

C5 C5 Hydrogenation Hydrogenation

Pentane Pentane

Coal-based Gasification- Fertilizer Complex Vietnam Ha Bac Project (1/2)

ASU

N2 Wash

AMMONIA Plant

Gasification

& Quench

Syngas Scrubber

CO- Shift & Heat Recov.

RECTISOL Unit

CO2
Purification

UREA Plant

Coal Prep.
Grinding/Slurry

SRU
Claus/TGTU

Preliminary Configuration
FIG. Configuration Case for RECTISOL / N2 Wash Design and CO2 Production

Coal-based Gasification- Fertilizer Complex Vietnam Ha Bac Project (2/2)

Ammonia Plant
Pure Syngas H2+N2 from N2 Wash Unit Coal - Gasification
NH3 Synthesis NH3 Separation
(Cryogenic) Storage -33C

NH3

Urea Plant

Pure CO2

CO2
from CO2 Purification Coal - Gasification

Urea Synthesis

Decomposer
Oil /Carbamate Recycle: NH3, CO2

Separation

Concentration (Evaporation)

Prilling /Granulation

Bagging /Storage

Urea

Integrated Petrochemical Complex Kazakhstan KPI Project

TCO
Dry Gas 7 bcma

Gas Separation Plant

Propane - 550 kta

Returned TCO Export /fuel gas

Ethane - 1083 kta

Ethane Cracker

Propane Dehydrogenation

Ethylene 800 kta

Utility & Offsite

Propylene 450 kta

PE Production HDPE / LLDPE + LDPE 400 kta 400 kta

PP Production PP 450 kta

Cracker Complex Qatar QPCC Project

Cracker PKG

NGL, Recycled

500

Ethylene

450

Dual Feed
220

Cracker (1,000 KTA)

C4

2 /

Butene

700

OCU

PP
200

PP

Light (1.150)

EDU, OCU PKG

2,650

Splitter

Aromatics PKG

PP, PS PKG
Benzene 220

PS EB/ SM
380

PS

Reformer
Heavy (1,500)

Toluene

SM

EBSM PKG

Xylene

700

Mixed Xylene

- :

Utility

Offsite

Gas to Chemical - UGCC Project- Uzbekstan

50%
PROJECT J/V

KOGAS

35%(17.5%) 35%(17.5%) 10%(5%)

LG/SK/STX

UNG

50%
[ : / ]

(10.1$/m3) Return Import Storage Gas (85 ) Condensate ) (5.5 Nat. Gas (810) CH4 234 GSP Cracker LPG 275 C3= (84) C2= (367)

HDPE

HDPE (362)

Feed N. Gas (2,429) 1 Condensate (140)

PP

PP (83) By-products (64)

($41.38//m3) CH4 Gas (2,040)

TIC (ISBL 5.0 + OSBL 2.0): 7 U$ p 18.3 U$ (PFS )

TIC(ISBL 7.2 + OSBL 4.1): 11.3 U$

Strategic Approaches to Petrochemical Projects

Strategic Approaches to Petrochemical Projects

More chances of Complex Projects with integrated plant configuration - (Upstream) Feedstock Production + (Downstream) Final Petrochemical Production Refinery + Petrochemical Plants Integration - Gas Plant + Gas Cracker + Downstream Petrochemical units - SynGas Plant + Downstream Petrochemical units Concentrate on Region/ Clients with large and competitive upstream Feedstocks
Partnering with governing Technology Licensors Collaboration with Global Competitive FEED / EPC Contractors

Buildup of Global level FEED/EPC Experiences & Project knowledges : LAB , PP, Aromatics, and Whats more?

ATTACHEMENT:
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Refinery Industry Process Flows

Company Brochure

Petrochemical Industry Process Flows

Company Brochure

Natural Gas (CH4)

Gas to Chemicals - Syngas - MeOH Gas Cracker

Gas:
- Ethane, - Propane - Butane

Gas Industry Process Flows

Liquefaction Liquefaction Storage & Storage & Loading Loading Receiving & Receiving & Vaporizing Vaporizing PSA PSA

Company Brochure

LNG

H2 Fuel Cell

Natural Gas

Methane Reforming Reforming SynGas Gasification Gasification Methanol Methanol

MTBE MTBE MTP MTP MTO MTO AA AA DME DME

MTBE Propylene Olefins Acetic Acid DME

Gas Treating & Separation

Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Urea Urea Urea

Fischer Fischer Tropsch Tropsch

Synthetic Fuel

Ethane

Ethane Cracker Ethane Cracker OCU OCU PDH PDH

Ethylene

Propylene LPG

LPG

Condensate

Condensate

Korean Petrochemical Process Industry

Typical Pyrolysis Yields at Steam Cracker

FEEDSTOCK

Ethane
PRODUCT

Propane

nButane

Full range Naphtha

AGO (Gas Oil)

VGO (Gas Oil)

Ethylene (wt%) Propylene (wt%) Butadiene (wt%) Aromatics (wt%)

84.0 1.4 1.4 0.4

45.0 14.0 2.0 3.5

44.0 17.3 3.0 3.4

34.4 14.4 4.9 14.0

28.7 14.8 4.8 16.1

22.0 12.1 5.0 8.5

Typical FCC Yields

Products Stream C2- Cuts C3 Cuts C4 Cuts C5 Cuts Gasoline Light Gas Oil Residues Coke Total

% wt of Feedstock 4.4 2.7 4.9 5.0 27.5 43.0 8.5 4.0 100 %

Olefins Content (wt%) C2-: 20.9%/ C3-: 11.8% in the C2 Cuts C3- : 72% in the C3 Cuts C4- : 56% in the C4 Cuts

Olefins Yields from the FCC Feeds Ethylene (C2-): 0.92% Propylene (C3-): 2.46% Butene (C4-) : 3.23%

New Catalytic Cracking Process for Ethylene & Propylene

ACO : Advanced Catalytic Process for Ethylene & Propylene

Co-developed by KBR/ SK Corp. / KRICT Catalytic Bed Reactor System instead of Cracking Furnaces Maximize Propylene Production : P/E ratio up to 1.0 15-20% Higher Olefins Yields More 25% more BTX Can reprocess all the C4s/C5 without additional treating To be first commercialized in 2010 @ SK Corp. Plant

New Catalytic Cracking Process for Ethylene & Propylene

ACO Process Scheme : Reactor Section

Fresh Feed
To Flue Gas System

CW Catalyst Fines Fuel Oil Oil Wash Tower

Quenched Reactor Effluents to Recovery

SUPERFLEX Orthoflow Reactor / Regenerator

Ethane/propane Recycle Regn Air Recycle C4/C5 & Non-arom C6+

New Catalytic Cracking Process for Ethylene & Propylene

ACO Process Scheme : Recovery Section

References for Petrochemical Technology & Information

GS E&C GUIDEBOOK FOR LICENSED PROCESSES (2005) : Hard Book(Vol.1, 2, 3) and PDF Files ~ (issued by () ). HANDBOOK OF PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES : Hard Book(Vol.1) and PDF File ~ by Robert A. Meyers. McGRAW-HILL Company, 2005. PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES : Hard Book (Vol.1, 2) ~ (Technical & Economic Characteristics) Gulf Publishing Company, 1989 CHEMICAL & PROCESS DESIGN HANDBOOK : PDF version (633 sheets) ~ by James. G. Speight (McGraw-Hill) SRI PEP YEARBOOK INTERNATIONAL 2003: Hard Book (Vol. 1~3) and PDF Files ~ Process Economics Program, SRI Consulting

http://www.icis.com Chemical Intelligence database http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com Petrochemical process Handbook http://www.cri.co.kr ~ (ChemLocus) Chemical News & Information DB site http://cischem.com ~ DB site

END