Catholic University of Guayaquil

TUTORIAL II

Instalation Manual about ELEVATORS

Student s name:

Ivonne Ordoez Senz

Teacher s name:

Lic. Gabriela Garca Carreer: Architecture Level: Thesis

TUTORIAL II Intallation Manual about Fifts INTRODUCCIN 1. History 2. Definition 2. The Elevator Parts 3. Strange Items 4. Basic Rules Of Hygiene & Safety 5. Maintenance 6. Electric Lifts 7. Hydraulic Lifts 8. Engine Room 9. ElevatorS Types 10. Variety Of Finishes CONCLUSIN BIBLIOGRAFA

INTRODUCTION The elevators or lifts are devices for vertical transport

passenger or freight to different floors or levels, eg a building or a mine. The elevator comprises a table or a cabinet which moves within hollow or vertical guides, with raising and lowering mechanisms and with a power source. The development of modern elevator profoundly affected architecture and has been a further evolution of cities, to allow construction of multi-storey buildings. In this research topic and different points of information detailing a brief history, we dictate the main creators of these devices, as well as parts of an elevator, hygiene and maintenance, the engine room and more.

ELEVATORS OR LIFTS

1. History
The ancient Egyptians used different sets of ropes and ramps to move the stone blocks that would shape the pyramids. Back in 1500 B.C. Nile River waters were high in buckets and dumped in irrigation canals by means of an arm poised on a pivot. The Chinese improved the system using containers placed on an endless rope turned by a winch which worked by hand or pedal. The first lift (elevator) was developed by Archimedes in the year 236 BC., Which worked with ropes and pulleys. When the Emperor Titus, built the Colosseum in 80 AD, large forklifts used to move up to the gladiators and wild beasts to track level. To access the Monastery of St. Barlaam in Greece built on mountain peaks, were used forklifts for use by people and supplies, where the driving force was provided even by men. In 1203, in an abbey located on the French coast, they used the rope pulled by a donkey stepped, Just around 1800, when James Watt invented the steam engine, it gives rise to the use of other energy, that caused the beginning of the industrial revolution. In 1835 we used the elevator driven by a steam engine to lift loads in a factory in England. Ten years later, William Thompson designed the first hydraulic elevator, which used the current water pressure. In 1853, Elisha G. Otis constructed a forklift equipped with a safety device such that when cutting the traction cable, the car was stopped. His invention was presented at the Crystal Palace Exhibition in New York and won public confidence by allowing intentionally cut the cable with Mr. Otis elevator inside. It is the principle of passenger transport. In 1857, Otis installed the first passenger elevator in the world, in a shop in New York, moved by a steam engine at a speed of 0.2 m / sec.

2. The Elevator Parts

It is called the elevator mechanical device that carries (up-down) a person or persons and things. Includes mounted stretchers and are cited as "Elevators". Broadly speaking, we can establish three main parts, namely:

a) Cash: the room or space in a building or structure is intended to summon the elevator. Also called hole or passageway. b) Machine Room: is the area used to house the machinery driving, boards and other implements that govern the operation of an elevator. c) Car: combination of the frame, cab, platform and accessory that slips over the guiding principles. The rules for each one of parts that must be met by projecting an elevator. So for the Fund states that construction must be noncombustible and within or embedded in the walls that there should be close to the elevator outside pipes such as gas pipes, water,

heating, telephone facilities, cable TV, electricity emergency, etc.. The minimum cross section of the box is equal to the dimensions a and b of the cabin, adding 0.35 m. each and will accommodate the car, counterweight, guides and other elements for the operation of all equipment.

When the elevators are grouped in a box (battery) is placed between two adjacent and at the bottom of the box, a defense of non-combustible material of not less than 2.00 m. high. The machine room will be constructed of noncombustible materials and the minimal side not less than 2.20 m. The walls and ceilings should not form part of receptacles containing liquids (water tanks) and shall be a minimum clearance of 2.00 m. Will be finished to smooth plaster, plaster boards or acoustic. The ventilation is natural and permanent openings either side placed at opposite sides or side and overhead vain (skylight). The lighting can be natural and / or artificial. The circuit must be independent of driving force. The lighting should not be less than 15 Watts per square foot and mouth should be overhead light and switch on the side of the door lock.

Access will be comfortable and easy through steps in continuity with the output required. When ladder does not expect less than 0.70 m. wide. If access is by roof parapet that is not passable, shall be provided a defense of 0.90 m. minimum height in the way of such access. The access door shall be at least 1.80 m. high and 0.70 m. wide and the road will be non-combustible material and the room opens out on landing. Be fitted with lock and key. The minimum width of the steps between the different elements is 0.50 m. One of the steps allow manual operation of the machine. Front and back of board operations, the minimum width is 0.70 m step. near the front door, side door handle, there will be a fire extinguisher of 5 kg. carbon dioxide (C02) suitable for electric fire.

3. Strange Items
It is very common (except new construction) to meet a series of irregularities in the "machine room", because both managers and boards of directors do not fulfill or enforce the regulations. This site is exclusively for machines, components and installations under

pressure and needs to be controlled solely by the company in charge of service and possibly the presence of the Administrator or Manager of the building. In that room is prohibited to place tools, plant or ducts outside the elevator. But even though you are electrical components that sometimes spark, are the repository of furniture and mattresses, bottles, waste etc.

Add to this the board driving force is the temptation to supply electrical power much comes to mind as installed in the building of the terrace lighting, emergency lighting equipment and cable TV, etc.., Which brings other people outside the elevator to access a place that is forbidden. The road is often easier because the front door of the machine room is not regulatory, and sometimes not lock the handle, which makes security is completely invalidated. If we think that people are going to dry your clothes on the terrace, and are accompanied by their children, neglect can occur in a serious accident. When defining car, including the cabin, which is the enclosure which houses the persons or things to be transported by car. Should be metallic and interior height shall be not less than 2.00 m. The requirements for elevator cab as dimensions, lighting, ventilation, alarm bells, mirrors, etc.. Just as the engine room is the sign that we can at first glance an idea of maintenance and interest in doing things right, is complemented by the implementation of the rules or not as belonging to the cabin, such as the sign indicating the number of people and the pounds to carry, if you have double the lighting circuit, one independent of the other function button that triggers an alarm bell placed in the hallway and another button for emergency stop. As for the mirror glass or glass usually not exceed 0.50 m each side up to 1.00 m. The separation between facing doors and landing cabin no greater than 0.15 m. The violation of this policy has led to many fatal accidents due to recklessness of youth who have found this haven a suitable place to play hide and seek without measuring the consequences of closing doors, the elevator starts to call of any floor. Parachutes and speed limiter: the parachute is mandatory for use in the car used to stop acting against the guides if accidental descent accelerated. The speed limiter is the device responsible for actuating the parachute through a cable and it usually housed in the engine room.

By creating the lift works were made possible as the Eiffel Tower, the Empire State or other similar characteristics. NOTE: Some authors assign to Leonardo Da Vinci, circa 1500 - as the inventor of the elevator.

4. Basic Rules of Hygiene & Safety

1. Sure they are clean and tidy all the commonplaces of the consortium: basement, storage spaces, meter rooms, boiler and elevator machine room and also the well hole (passage) of the same. 2. All that is rubbish or waste shall be deposited in the receptacles provided for that purpose. The newspapers and rags increase the fire load and thus the possibility of a fire. 3. Check the load of fire extinguishers and request that the company providing training and drills on an annual basis to the manager. 4. Electricity can kill life. Do not repair or modify. Only licensed electricians can do. 5. Notices and signs are safety standards, and as such must be respected, not destroy, damage them or obstruct them. 6. Keep lifts in good condition: not to exceed the capacity limit, not smoking, verify that the doors are closed and not used in case of fire.

5. Maintenance
There are three types of maintenance of lifts: a. Corrective: it basically consists of replacing items when they break is what is commonly done at this time. b. Preventive: that is permanently verifying and systematically all safety features to detect the expected time to wear the same supply your replacement before their total failure occur. This brings a higher cost of maintenance, but that includes the safety of users to reduce accidents and improve the quality of service. Thus the new ordinance specifies the verification and testing routines and the frequency thereof. c. Predictive: which is the ideal to which we desire and will arrive shortly. This will require applying recognized standards, as the main requirement for the manufacture of parts that they do at all: design, manufacture, installation and maintenance, the maximum guarantee for the safety of persons and property.

6. Electric Lifts
In 1880 the German inventor Werner von Siemens introduced the electric motor in the construction of elevators. In his invention, the cabin, holding the motor below, climbed through the hole by rotating pinion gears that powered the brackets on the sides of the hole. In 1887 he built an electric elevator, operated by an electric motor spinning a rotating drum in which the hoisting rope coiled. Over the next twelve years began to be of general use with electric elevators worm gear, connecting the motor with the drum, except in the case of high buildings. In the elevator drum, the length of the hoisting rope, and therefore the height to which the cab could climb, was limited by the size of the drum.

Space limitations and manufacturing difficulties prevented the drum mechanism used in the skyscrapers. However, the advantages of electric elevator (performance, installation costs relatively low and almost constant speed regardless of load) pushed inventors to find a way to use the electrical driving force in these buildings. The balances that created tension electrically run over pulleys solved the problem. Since the introduction of electric motive power in elevators made several improvements in engines and methods of control. At first, single-speed motors were the only ones that were used. As required a second lower speed to facilitate leveling of the cab with respect to the platforms were introduced auxiliary engines low speed, but later devised systems for changing the speed by varying the voltage to be supplied to the motor of elevation. In recent years have been used with automatic devices for leveling frequency cabs platforms. At first, the ignition of the engine and brakes were operated mechanically from the cockpit by hand ropes. The electromagnets, which were controlled by the operating switches of the cabin, is introduced for connecting the motor and a spring brake release. The control buttons was an early discovery, which was later supplemented with an elaborate system of signals. The safety devices had been developed much. In 1878 introduced a mechanism connected to a speed governor, appealed to the security system when the car was moving at a dangerous speed, broke or not the rope. In subsequent security systems were used pliers who clung to the guides and the cab stopped gradually. Today, so-called regulators control a variety of devices to reduce the speed of the car if it increases even slightly, to stop the engine and use an electromagnetic brake if the car continues to accelerate, and to resort to a mechanical safety device if the speed becomes dangerous.

The switch terminals are independent of other mechanisms to control and stop the car at the upper and lower limits of the journey. At low speed booths are placed Bumper lever in the bottom of the lifting means. High speed cabins are damped by placing pistons within the cylinder bushings. Electrical circuits, supplemented with contact points in the various plants in the doors of the lifting means and the cab doors, enable operation only when the doors are closed. Major advances in electronic systems that were made during World War II resulted in many changes in the design and installation of lifts. In 1948 he set up computers or computers to automatically analyze the information, which greatly improved the operating performance of the elevators in large buildings. The use of automatic programming equipment finally eliminated the need for starter motors on the ground floor of large commercial buildings, and thus, the operation of the lifts are made fully automatic. The electric lifts are used today in all types buildings. The Sears Tower in Chicago, 110 floors, has 109 elevators that reach speeds up to 549 m / min. The World Trade Center in New York, with its two 110-story towers had 244 elevators or hoists with capacities up to 4,536 kg and speeds up to 488 m / min.

7. Hydraulic Lifts
In these early elevators, a steam engine is connected through a belt and a gear to a rotating drum in which the hoisting rope wrapped. In the 1870 was introduced gear hydraulic elevator cable. The plunger in this model was replaced by a short piston moving in a cylinder vertically or horizontally installed within the building. The effective length of the opening of the piston is multiplied with a system of ropes and pulleys. Due to its smoother operation and greater efficiency, the hydraulic elevator generally replaced by model of a cord wound on a rotating drum.

8. Engine Room
The enclosure for housing the machine must have a minimum: 2.20 m side (We recommend placing it next to the passage in the lower landing). Will be constructed of noncombustible material, with a door width of 70m and 2.00 m in height and shall open outwards. You will have 1 (one) of 0.30 fixed ventilation M2 3/4 and 114 lighting ventilation. Be lit artificially with 15 watts per m '. The steps next to the machines and controls should be respected as are furnished in the sketch.

9. ELEVATORS TYPES
While there is a wide range of lifts to suit every need, they fall into three basic types:

a) Gearless traction, b) Oriented traction and c) Machine-room.

a) Gearless traction elevators.

In 1903, Otis introduced the design would become the standard in the elevator industry, in the gearless traction elevator. These elevators typically operate at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second).In a gearless traction machine, called woven steel wire hoisting ropes are attached to the top

of the elevator car and wrapped around the drive pulley in special grooves. The other ends of the cables are attached to a counterweight which moves up and down in the elevator shaft on its own guideways.

The combined weight of the elevator cab and counterweight machines of the cable drive pulley grooves, provide the necessary traction as the pulley turns. Gearless technology makes the world's tallest buildings as possible, as Malaysia's Petronas Towers

b) Oriented traction elevators.

As its name indicates, the electric motor in the design of a reduction gear unit-type, which converts the lift sheave. Although slower than a gearless elevator typical gear reduction provides the

advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the pulley. These elevators typically operate at speeds of 350 to 500 feet per minute (1.7 to 2.5 meters per second) and carry loads up to 30,000 pounds (13,600 kilograms). An electrically controlled brake between the motor and reduction unit of the elevator stops, holding the car at the desired floor level.

c) Machine lifts without machine room.

This revolutionary elevator system is based on the first breakthrough in lifting technology in nearly 100 years. Stories designed for buildings of two to 30, this system uses a small sheave than conventional elevators and gearless directed. The reduced size of the pulley, with newly designed equipment, allows the machine to be mounted on the shaft, eliminating the need for a bulky machine room ceiling. Just as unique are the flat belts polyurethane coated steel, invented by Otis for Gen2 elevator system,

replacing the heavy, woven steel cables that have been the industry standard since 1800. Belt pulley making the minimum. They are only 0.1 inches (3 mm) thick, however, are as strong as woven steel cables and more durable, flexible and space saving. Machine room-less elevators machines are ideal for a variety of applications, and more unusual, as the monument to Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro.

10. VARIETY OF FINISHES

a) Finished in Skinplate
Resistant and attractive finish six skinplate are PVC sheets with a rough texture which are installed on galvanized steel walls of the cabin. The colors enhance the feeling of light in the cabin. Its white roof (flat or curved) helps make the cabin seem more spacious, and its control panel lined with white skinplate. Optionally, the control panel can be finished in stainless steel. The front and door panels are finished in brushed stainless steel. The floors are available in highly durable rubber, non-slip rubber or artificial stone. You can also leave prepared for the installation of granite or marble work.

b) Finished Laminates
Quality laminates, simulating wood or marble, which give the cabin Optimum flexibility that integrates classical and modern and contemporary.

In this case the curved roof is always white skinplate, the same finish as the control panel, which optionally can be ordered in stainless steel. The front and door panels are finished in brushed stainless steel. The floors are available in a choice of rubber or artificial stone. You can also leave prepared for the installation of granite or marble work.

a) Finished Stainless Steel

The cabin finish with satin steel stainless steel is very robust.

We put the emphasis on durability, so that all components are designed and tested for maximum strength. Complementing the finish of the walls, in this case also the control panel is finished in stainless steel. The front and door panels are finished in satin stainless steel also.

The floors are available in a choice of rubber or artificial stone. You can also leave prepared for the installation of granite or marble work.

CONCLUSION

At the end of the song "O LIFTS LIFTS" we still have the following conclusions: 1. The Elevator or lift is a device for the vertical transport of passengers or freight to different floors or levels, eg a building or a mine. 2. The ancient Egyptians used different sets of ropes and ramps to move the stone blocks that would shape the pyramids. 3. The first lift (elevator) was developed by Archimedes in the year 236 BC 4. Lift is forming for the following part: box, engine room and car 5. There are three types of maintenance: corrective, preventive and predictive, the latter the ideal because it allows us greater security to users and the building itself.

BIOGRAPHY
Microsoft Encarta 2008. 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos. WEB: www.wikipedia.com/elevadores www.arqhys.com/documentos/transportevertical. www.google.com/image

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