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Country ASIA Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei China Cyprus Cambodia East Timor India

Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea (North) Korea (South) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka

Capital

Currency

Currency Abbreviation

Kabul Yerevan Baku Al-Manamah Dhaka Thimphu

Afgani Dram Manat Bahraini Dinar Taka Ngultrum

AFA AMD AZN BHD BDT BTN BND CNY CYP KHR USD INR IDR IRR IQD ILS JPY JOD KZT KPW KRW KWD KGS LAK LBP MYR MVR MNT MMK NPR OMR PKR PHP QAR SAR SGD LKR

Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Dollar Beijing Nicosia Phnom Penh Dili New Delhi Jakarta Tehran Baghdad Tele Aviv Tokyo Amman Akmola Pyongyang Seoul Kuwait City Bishkek Vientiane Beirut Kuala Lumpur Male Ulan-Bator Yangon Kathmandu Muscat Islamabad Manila Doha Riyadh Singapore Colombo Yuan Cypriot Pound Riel U.S. Dollar Indian Rupee Rupiah Rial Iraqi Dinar Shekel Yen Jordanian Dinar Tenge Won Won Kuwaiti Dinar Kyrgyzstani Som Kip Lebanese Pound Malaysian Ringgit Rufiyaa Tugrik Kyat Nepalese Rupee Rial Omani Pakistani Rupee Peso Qatari Riyal Riyal Singapore Dollar Sri Lankan Rupee

Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

Damascus Taipei Dushanbe Bangkok Ashgabat Abu Dhabi Tashkent Hanoi Sana

Syrian Pound New Taiwan Dollar Tajik Rouble Baht Turkmenistani Manat UAE Dirham Uzbekistani Som Dong Riyal

SYP TWD TJR THB TMM AED UZS VND YER

Country Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France French Guiana Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein

Capital

Currency

Currency Abbreviation

Tirane Andorra-la-vella Jerevan Vienna Baku Minsk Brussels Sarajevo Sofia Zagreb Nicosia Prague Copenhagen Tallinn Helsinki Paris Cayenne Tbilisi Berlin Athens Budapest Reykjavik Rome Riga Vaduz

Lek Andorran Peseta, Euro Dram Schilling, now Euro Manat Rouble

ALL ADP, EUR AMD ATS AZM BYR

Belgian Franc, now Euro BEF Dinar Lev BAD BGL

Kuna and Croatian Dinar HRK, HRD Cyprus Pound Czech Koruna Danish Krone Kroon Markka, now Euro CYP CZK DKK EEK FIM

French Franc, now Euro FRF French Franc, now Euro FRF Lari Deutsche Mark, now Euro Drachma, now Euro Forint Icelandic Krona Lire, now Euro Lat Swiss Franc GEL DEM GRD HUF ISK ITL LVL CHF

Lithuania Luxemburg Macedonia Malta Martinique Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Northern Ireland Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vatican City Yugoslavia Whales

Vilnius Luxemburg Skopje Valletta Fort-de-France Kishinev Monaco Amsterdam, The Hague (political Capital) Oslo Belfast Warsaw Lisbon Bucharest Moscow San Marino Edinburgh Bratislava Ljubljana Madrid Stockholm Berne Dushanbe Kiev London

Litas Luxemburg Franc, now Euro Macedonian Dinar Maltese Lira

LTL LUF MKD MTL

French Franc, now Euro FRF Moldavian Leu MDL

French Franc, now Euro FRF, EUR Dutch Guilder, now Euro NLG, EUR Norwegian Krone Pounds New Zloty Escudo, now Euro Romanian Leu Russian Federation Rouble Italian Lire Pound Sterling Slovak Koruna Tolar Peseta, now Euro Swedish Kroner Swiss Franc Tajik Rouble Hryvna Pound Sterling NOK Sterling PLN PTE, EUR ROL RUR ITL GBP SKK SIT ESP, EUR SEK CHF TJR UAH GBP UZS ITL YUD GBP

Toshkent/Tashkent Uzbekistani Som Vatican City Belgrade Cardiff Italian Lire New Dinar Pound Sterling

Country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana

Capital

Currency

Currency Abbreviation

Algiers Luanda Porto-Novo Gaborone

Algerian Dinar New Kwanza Franc Pula

DZD AON XAF BWP

Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde

Ouagadougou Bujumbura Yaound Praia

Burkina Faso Franc Burundi Franc Franc Escudo Caboverdiano Franc Franc Comorian Franc Franc Franc Djibouti Franc Egyptian Pound Franc Eritrean Nakfa Birr Franc Dalasi Cedi Guinea Franc Guinea-Bissau Peso Franc Kenyan Shilling Loti Liberian Dollar Libyan Dinar Malagasy Franc Malawian Kwacha Malian Franc Ouguiya Mauritius Rupee French Franc Moroccan Dirham Metical Namibian Dollar and Rand West African Franc Naira Euro Rwanda Franc

BFF BIF XAF CVE XAF XAF KMF XOF XOF DJF EGP XAF ERN ETB XAF GMD GHC GNS GWP XAF KES LSL LRD LYD MGF MWK MLF MRO MUR FRF MAD MZM NAD, ZAR XOF NGN EUR RWF

Central African Republic Bangui Chad Comoros Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda N'Djamena Moroni Brazzaville Yamoussoukro Djibouti Cairo Malabo Asmara Addis Ababa Libreville Banjul Accra Conakry Bissau Abidjan and Yamoussoukro Nairobi Maseru Monrovia Tripoli Antananarivo Lilongwe Bamako Nouakchott Port Louis Dzaoudzi and Mamoudzou Rabat Maputo Windhoek Niamey Abuja Saint-Denis Kigali

Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierre Leone Somalia South Africa St. Helena Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Sao Tome Dakar Victoria Freetown Mogadishu Cape Town Jamestown Mbabane and Lobamba Dar es Salaam Lome Tunis Kampala Lusaka Harare

Dobra West African Franc Seychelles Rupee Leone Somali Shilling Rand St. Helena Pound Lilangeni Tanzanian Shilling Franc Tunisian Dinar Ugandan Shilling Zambian Kwacha Zimbabwe Dollar

STD XOF SCR SLL SOS ZAR SHP SZL TZS XAF TND UGS ZMK ZWD

Country North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama

Capital

Currency

Currency Abbreviation

St. Johns Nassau Bridgetown Belmopan Ottawa San Jos Havana Roseau St. Domingo San Salvador St. George's Guatemala Port-au-Prince Tegucigalpa Kingston Mexico City Managua Panam

East Caribbean Dollar Bahamian Dollar Barbados Dollar Belize Dollar Canadian Dollar Coln Peso East Caribbean Dollar Peso

XCD BSD BBD BZD CAD CRC CUP XCD DOP

El Salvadorian Coln SVC East Caribbean Dollar Quetzal Gourde Lempira Jamaican Dollar Mexican New Peso Crdoba Balboa XCD GTQ HTG HNL JMD MXN NIC PAB

St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Trinidad and Tobago United States of America South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela French Guiana Falkland Islands

Basseterre Castries Port of Spain Washington D.C.

East Caribbean Dollar East Caribbean Dollar Trinidad and Tobago Dollar US Dollar

XCD XCD TTD USD

Buenos Aires La Paz Brasilia Santiago Bogota Quito Georgetown Asuncion Lima Paramaribo Montevideo Caracas Cayenne Stanley

Austral, Neuvo Peso ARA, ARS Boliviano Real Chilean Peso Colombian Peso Sucre Guyana Dollar Guarani New Sol Suriname Guilder BOB R$ CLP COP ECS GYD PYG PEN SRG

Uruguayan New PesoUYU Bolivar Franc Falkland Pound FKP VEB

Country Oceania Australia American Samoa Christmas Island (Australia) Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia

Capital

Currency

Currency Abbreviation

Canberra Fagatogo, Utulei The Settlement West Island Avarua Suva Papeete Agana Bairiki Majuro Yaren Noumea

Australian Dollar US Dollar Australian Dollar Australian Dollar

AUD USD AUD AUD

New Zealand Dollar NZD Fiji Dollar Pacifique franc US Dollar Australian Dollar US Dollar Australian Dollar Pacifique franc FJD XPF USD AUD USD AUD FJD

New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Papua New Guinea Palau Pitcairn Island Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Tokelau Vanuatu Virgin Islands (British)

Wellington Alofi Kingston Saipan Port Moresby Koror Adamstown Apia Honiara Nuku'alofa Funafuti -nonePort-Vila Road Town

New Zealand Dollar NZD New Zealand Dollar NZD Australian Dollar US Dollar Kina US Dollar AUD USD PGK USD

New Zealand Dollar NZD Tala Solomon Islands Dollar Pa'anga Australian Dollar WST SBD TOP AUD

New Zealand Dollar NZD Vatu US Dollar US Dollar Franc VUV USD USD XPF

Virgin Islands (US) Charlotte Amalie Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu

FDI Vs FII
Do you know the difference between FDI and FII?
What is foreign investment? Any investment flowing from one country into another is foreign investment. A simple and commonly-used definition says financial investment by which a person or an entity acquires a lasting interest in, and a degree of influence over, the management of a business enterprise in a foreign country is foreign investment. Globally, various types of technical definitions including those from IMF and OECD are used to define foreign investment. How does the Indian government classify foreign investment? The Indian government differentiates cross-border capital inflows into various categories like foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign institutional investment (FII), non-resident Indian (NRI) and person of Indian origin (PIO) investment. Inflow of investment from other countries is encouraged since it

complements domestic investments in capital-scarce economies of developing countries, India opened up to investments from abroad gradually over the past two decades, especially since the landmark economic liberalisation of 1991. Apart from helping in creating additional economic activity and generating employment, foreign investment also facilitates flow of technology into the country and helps the industry to become more competitive. Why does the government differentiate between various forms of foreign investment? FDI is preferred over FII investments since it is considered to be the most beneficial form of foreign investment for the economy as a whole. Direct investment targets a specific enterprise, with the aim of increasing its capacity/productivity or changing its management control. Direct investment to create or augment capacity ensures that the capital inflow translates into additional production. In the case of FII investment that flows into the secondary market, the effect is to increase capital availability in general, rather than availability of capital to a particular enterprise. Translating an FII inflow into additional production depends on production decisions by someone other than the foreign investor some local investor has to draw upon the additional capital made available via FII inflows to augment production. In the case of FDI that flows in for the purpose of acquiring an existing asset, no addition to production capacity takes place as a direct result of the FDI inflow. Just like in the case of FII inflows, in this case too, addition to production capacity does not result from the action of the foreign investor the domestic seller has to invest the proceeds of the sale in a manner that augments capacity or productivity for the foreign capital inflow to boost domestic production. There is a widespread notion that FII inflows are hot money that it comes and goes, creating volatility in the stock market and exchange rates. While this might be true of individual funds, cumulatively, FII inflows have only provided net inflows of capital. FDI tends to be much more stable than FII inflows. Moreover, FDI brings not just capital but also better management and governance practices and, often, technology transfer. The know-how thus transferred along with FDI is often more crucial than the capital per se. No such benefit accrues in the case of FII inflows, although the search by FIIs for credible investment options has tended to improve accounting and governance practices among listed Indian companies. According to the Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Committee, net FDI inflows amounted to $8.5 billion in 2006-07 and is estimated to have gone up to $15.5 billion in 07-08. The panel feels FDI inflows would increase to $19.7 billion during the current financial year. FDI up to 100% is allowed in sectors like textiles or automobiles while the government has put in place foreign investment ceilings in the case of sectors like telecom (74%). In some areas like gambling or lottery, no foreign investment is allowed. According to the governments definition, FIIs include asset management companies, pension funds, mutual funds, investment trusts as nominee companies, incorporated/institutional portfolio managers or their power of attorney holders, university funds, endowment foundations, charitable trusts and charitable societies. FIIs are required to allocate their investment between equity and debt instruments in the ratio of 70:30. However, it is also possible for an FII to declare itself a 100% debt FII in which case it can make its entire investment in debt instruments. The government allows greater freedom to FDI in various sectors as compared to FII investments. However, there are peculiar cases like airlines where foreign investment, including FII investment, is allowed to the extent of 49%, but FDI from foreign airlines is not allowed. What are the restrictions that FIIs face in India? FIIs can buy/sell securities on Indian stock exchanges, but they have to get registered with stock market regulator Sebi. They can also invest in listed and unlisted securities outside stock exchanges if the price at which stake is sold has been approved by RBI. No individual FII/sub-account can acquire more than 10% of the paid up capital of an Indian company. All FIIs and their sub-accounts taken together cannot acquire more than 24% of the paid up capital of an Indian Company, unless the Indian Company raises the 24% ceiling to the sectoral cap or statutory ceiling as applicable by passing a board resolution and a special resolution to that effect by its general body in terms of RBI press release of September 20, 2001 and FEMA Notification No.45 of the same date. In addition, the government also introduces new regulations from time to time to ensure that FII investments are in order. For example, investment through participatory notes (PNs) was curbed by Sebi recently.

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