The Outstanding Women in Buddha's Era

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pmtkyfacgif;pOfvm t"dym,fqdkvdkcsuf tjynfhtpkHudk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmEdkif
ay\/
]Ak'v
ufxuf}[l&m...
Ak'[lonf opmw&m;av;yg;udk udk,fawmfwdkifvnf; odawmfrl wwf\/
udk,fawmf wdkifrSwpfyg; tjcm;olwdkYudkvnf; odapawmfrlwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh ]Ak'}rnf
ay\/ ,if;]Ak'}[laom trnfudk crnf;awmf oka'g"erif;BuD;? r,fawmf rm,ma'0D
tp&Sdaom yk*dK vfwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ ay;tyfrSnfhac:tyfaom trnfawmfum;
r[kwyf gay/ pifppfaomfum; bk&m;jzpfawmfr&l m aAm"dr@dKif "rtvk;H pkH wkYd uo
kd ad om
oAkwPfawmfudk &&Sdawmf1rlonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf tvdktavsmuf ]Ak'}[k trnf
awmf &&SdvmcJhjcif; jzpfay\/
jrwfA'k ud,
k af wmfwikd u
f vnf; ]]aovykPm ; ... igonf r*opmudk yGm;rsm;
NyD;NyD? ork',opmudk y,fNyD;NyD? 'kuopmudk ydkif;jcm;odNyD;NyD? eda&m"opmudk rsuf
arSmufjyKNyD;NyD? xdkYaMumifh ]Ak'}rnfawmfrl\}}[k EIwfawmfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhaMumif; awGU&Sd&
ay\/
usrf;vm Ak'vufxuf[l&mvnf; ,if;odkY ]Ak'}trnfawmf&aom
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf (y&dedAmefr0ifrD) tcsdeftcgudk ]]Ak'
vufxuf}}[k usrf;u &nfTef;ay\/
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
]awmf0ifpx
H m; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[l&m...
]awmf0ifpx
H m;trsKd ;orD
H ;rsm;}[l&m ]awmf0if}[laom a0g[m&udk ]pH}udk
jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyf ]]pH-e^pef^ t&nftcsif;EdIif;,SOf&ef tajccHjyKxm;aom
t&m/ EdIif;,SOftyfaomt&m/ taumif;qkH;erlem}} [kvnf;aumif;? ]]awmf0ifeâwmf0if^(Oypm) awmfav;0 0ifouJhodkY jrifhjrwfol}}[kvnf;aumif; zGifhjyxm;
ay&m tvdk awmf0ifpx
H m;[lonf pHerlemxm;&ef taumif;qk;H jzpfonfh awmfav;0
0ifouJhodkY jrifhjrwfol}}[k t"dym,f&ay\/ t"dym,f twdkif;yif avmu
vifom;tay: &mEIef;jynfhopm&SdNyD; tdrfaxmifa&; vlrIa&;wdkYvnf;uRrf;usif?
rif;a&;pdk;a&;wdkYvnf; &Sif;vif;aqmifGufwwfaom tr&m[laomtrsdK;orD;?
Am&mPoDrif;\ t*ra[oDvkyf&ef ajymqdkrIudk vufcHrIrjyKbJ vifom;udE&mESifh
opm&SdpGm aygif;azmfaom udE& D? a0E&mrif;tay: armifao&if r,fygvdkufao
r,f? rcGJbl;qdkonfh r'Da '0D[laom trsdK;orD;? Elema&m*gpGJaeaom vifawmfarmif
aomwdaoeudk rcGJbJ a&yla&csrf; urf;vSrf;aom orLv[laom trsdK;orD;tm;jzifh
av;a,mufaomtrsdK;orD;wdkYudk awmf0ifpHxm;avmuf awmfav;0[k owfrSwfMu
ay\/ ,if;trsdK;orD;av;a,mufwdkYonfum; Zmwfawmfvm trsdK;orD;rsm;yifjzpf
\/ xdkYjyif omrefvlom;wdkYu awmf0if\[k owfrSwfcHxm;&olvnf; jzpf\/ ,if;
wdkYum; t&d,m r[kwf? omrefykxkZOfwdkYom jzpfay\/ (qkdvkdonfrSm tr&mpaom
av;OD;wkdYonf Ak'vufxufwGif xif&Sm;jcif;r[kwf? tavmif;awmfb0wGifom
xif&Sm;aom trsdK;orD;rsm; jzpf\[lvkd/)
aAm"dr@dKif oAkwPfawmf\ tmEkabmfawmfaMumifh w&m;rif;tjzpf
odkY a&mufawmfrlaom jrwfAk'onfum; ]]igonf w&m;rif;tjzpfudk &&SdawmfrltyfNyD/
,cktcg vltaygif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sd? vltrsm;udk ta&;xm;&efrvdk? twkr&Sdjrwfaom
zvormywfcsrf;omudk cHpm;awmfrltHh}} [k ESvkH;oGif;jcif;rjyKbJ y&dowfav;yg;
tv,f0,f cif;xm;tyfaom jrwfaom bk&m;&Sif\ae&m xdkifaeawmfrlvsuf t*Fg
&Spfyg;ESifhjynfhpkHaom toHawmfjzifh "rudkxkwfazmfcJh\/ ,if;odkY "rudkxkwfazmf&m
tukodkvftrIwdkYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;udk tyg,fav;yg;udkjyvsuf aMumuf vefYap&ef
ESdyfuGyf w&m;awmfudka[mawmfrl\/ ukodkvftrIwkdYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;udkum; b0*f
xdkifaeapbdtvm; ewfjynfcsrf;omwdkYudkjyvsuf w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrl\/
,if;odkY a[mMum;NyD;aemuf yk*Kd vftvdkuf tusifh*kPfxl;ESifhxl;jcm; udkufnDolwkdYtm;
]{w'*fbx
UJG ;l }udk ay;tyf omoemawmfwGif awmf0ifpHxm;oltjzpf owfrSwfawmfrl
cJhay\/
Oyrmtm;jzifh pMu0aw;rif;onf pMum&wem\tpGrf;tmEkabmfaMumifh
pMumrif;\ pnf;pdrfudk &&SdNyD;aemuf ]]igonf pMumrif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdNyD? ,cktcg
vltaygif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sd? vltrsm;udk ta&;xm;&efrvdk? pMumrif;\pnf;pdrfudkom

cHpm;awmhtHh}}[k ESvkH;roGif;bJ w&m; qkH;jzwf&mvTwfkH;obif tNrJrjywfxdkifvsuf
ESdyfuGyfxdkufolwdkYudk ESdyfuGyf\/ csD;jrifhxdkufol wdkYudk csD;jrifh\/ &mxl;ay;xdkufaom
*kPfaus;Zl;&Sdolrsm;udk &mxl;rsm;ay;ouJhodkYyif jzpfay\/
jrwfAk'onf Oyrmtwdkif; omoemawmf awmf0ifpHxm;xdkufolrsm;udk
{w'*f bGJUxl;rsm;ay; aG;cs,fcJhay\/ ae&m {w'*f[laoma0g[m&udk
&Sif;vif;pGmodzdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/
{w'*f
{w'*f[lonf ]{w'*H} [laom ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmaom a0g[m&
wpfckjzpf\/ {w'*H- udk {wH+t*H- [k ESpfyk'fcGJ&rnf/ xdkESpfyk'fwdkYwGif {wH[laom
yk'fonf yk*dK vfudkpGJaomyk'f jzpf\/ t*H[
laomyk'fonf tp? txG#f (tzsm;)? tpk?
tjrwf[laom av;rsdK;aomteufudka[m\/ um; txG#f(tzsm;)ESifh tjrwf[l
aom teufESpfrsdK;udk ,l&\/ xdkYaMumifh {w'*f[laom ygVdoufa0g[m&udk txG#f
tjrwfyk*dK vf (odkYr[kwf) tomqkH;? tjrwfqkH;yk*dK vf[k t"dyg,f zGifhqdk&rnfjzpf\/
ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mefvnf; {w'*f[laomyk'fudk ]]qdkif&m*kPfxl;&Sd
olwdkYwGif txl;tjrwfqkH;yk*dK vf? xdyfqkH;yk*dK vf}}[k zGifhxm;jyef\/ xdkYaMumifh {w'*f
[lonf jrwfAk' udk,fawmfwdkif omoemawmf pHawmf0iftjzpf owfrSwfxdkufolwdkY
tm; csD;jrifhaombGJUxl;yif jzpfay\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhum; usrf;tvdkt&rl jrwf
Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif {w'*fbGJUxl;ay; aG;cs,fxm;oludkom awmf0ifpHxm;[k okH;EIef;
rnfjzpfygonf/
awmf0ifpx
H m;{w'*fbx
UJG ;l ay;&m pHxm;aom taMumif;av;rsdK;
jrefrmpum;wGif ]cs;D rGr;f wefonf vl&nfukd }I [laom qdkdk;pum;&Sday\/
,if; qdkdk;pum;t& csD;rGrf; xdkufwefoludk olUt&nftcsif;ESifh xdkufwefonfht
avsmuf csD;rGrf;&rnfom jzpf\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf; ukd,fawmfjrwf\ wynfhom0u?
om0dumrwkdYtm; a&S;a&S;aom b0oHo&mwdkY jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhaom yg&rD
ukodkvfESifh awmifhwyefqifcJhaom qkawmif;t avsmuf oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf?
ynm*kPf ponfwdkYjzifh vGefuJaom yk*dK vfxl; yk*dK vfjrwfwdkYudk y&dowftv,f
udk,fawmfwdkif ]awmf0ifpx
H m; {w'*fbx
UJG ;l rsm;}udk csD;usL;ay;oem;awmfrlavh&Sday\/
azmfjyyg awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;udk csD;jrifh&m jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif pHxm;
aom taMumif;av;rsdK; &Sday\/ xdkav;rsdK;aomtaMumif;wdkYteuf tenf;qkH;wpf
yg;ESifh nDGwfrSom if;bGJUxl;udk &&SdEdkifay\/ ,if;taMumif;av;rsdK;rSm atmufyg
twkdif; jzpf\/
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
(1) t|Kywd
= oufqdkif&mtrIudpwkdY uRrf;usifaMumif; t
axmuf txm;cdkifvkHjcif;?
(2) tm*re
= a&S;a&S;b0wdkYvnf; ,if;trIudpwkdY uRrf;
usifcJhjcif;?
(3) pdP0 oD
= ,if;trIudpt
ay: avhusufrIrsm;jcif;?
(4) *kPwda&uwm = *kPftm;jzifh xl;cRefvGefuJjcif;/
xdak v;rsKd ;wdYk teuf jrwfA'k \
awmf0ifpx
H m;{w'*fbUJG xl;rsm;udk &&Sad omol
wdkYteuf tcsdKUrSmwpfrsdK;? tcsdKUrSmESpfrsdK;? tcsdKUrSmokH;rsdK;? tcsdKUrSmav;rsdK;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkH
Muonf[k qdk\/ ,if;pHawmf0if {w'*fbGJUxl;udk&&SdolwdkYrSm ta&twGuftm;jzifh
&[ef;a,mufsm; (41)OD;? &[ef;rde;f r(13)OD;? vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;om;(11)OD;ESihf vl0wf
aMumiftrsdK;orD;(10)OD;wdkY ay:xGef;vmcJhay\/ ,if;wdkYteuf pmtkyf
awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;t& awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;udk&&SdMuaom vl0wf
aMumif trsdK;orD; (10)OD;taMumif;wkdYudkom a&;om;okawoejyKrnfjzpfygonf/
trsdK;orD;(10)OD;rS tjcm;aom&[ef;r(ax&Dr)tjzpf xif&Sm;aom trsdK;orD;
wdkY\taMumif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? Zmwfawmfvm tr&m? udE&D? r'D? orLv[laom
trsdK;orD;wdkY\taMumif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; usrf; a&;om;azmfjyrnfum;
r[kwfygay/
xdkYaMumifh ]Ak'v
ufxuf awmf0ifpx
H m; trsKd ;orD;rsm;}[laom pmtkyaf cgif;
pOfjzifh ]a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOftcgu awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;
wdu
Yk kd &&Scd MhJ uaom vl0wfaMumif trsKd ;orD;q,fO;D } [laom t"dym,fudk azmfTef;jyoae
ay\/
,if;awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh &&SdcJhaom {w'*fbGJUxl;wdkYrSm
atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfay\/
(1) awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwm trsdK;orD;
yXro&P*re {w'*fbGJU (yxrqkH; o&P*kHokH;yg;wnfjcif;)?
(2) awmf0ifpHxm; 0domcg trsdK;orD;
'g,D{w'*fbGJU (tvSLay;jcif;)?
(3) awmf0ifpHxm; ckZKw&m trsdK;orD;
"ruxdu{w'*fbGJU (w&m;a[mjcif;)?
(4) awmf0ifpHxm; omrm0wD trsdK;orD;
arwm0D[m&D{w'*fbGJU (arwmw&m;jzifhaejcif;)?
(5) awmf0ifpHxm; Ow&m trsdK;orD;
psm,D{w'*fbGJU (psmef0ifpm;jcif;)?
(6) awmf0ifpHxm; oky0gom trsdK;orD;

yPDw'g,dum{w'*fbGJU (rGefjrwfaom0wKudk ay;vSLjcif;)?
(7) awmf0ifpHxm; okyd,m trsdK;orD;
*dvmEky|muD{w'*fbGJU (olemudkjyKpkjcif;)?
(8) awmf0ifpHxm; umwd,meD trsdK;orD;
ta0pyoE{w'*fbGJU (omoemawmf0,f rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;)?
(9) awmf0ifpHxm; eukvrmwk trsdK;orD;
0dmodu{w'*fbGJU (jrwfAk'ESifh tuRrf;0ifjcif;)?
(10) awmf0ifpHxm; umVD trsdK;orD;
tEk0yoE{w'*fbGJU (wqifhMum;&kHrQjzifh Munfkdjcif;)?
awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD; (10)OD;wdkY\ taMumif;t&mwdkYudk azmfjyvwHh
aom tcef;wdkY jynfhpkHpGm okawoejyK a&;om;azmfjyrnf jzpfygonf/
tcef;(1) jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;[laom pmtkyaf cgi;f pOf\
t"dyg ,f tESpo
f m&udkazmfTef;xm;ygonf/
YX;WZ
10
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
tcef;-2
awmf0ifpx
H m; okZmwm trsdK;orD;
vlom;onf ywf0ef;usifESifh ae\/ ywf0ef;usifqdk;ESifhvnf; awGU&\/
ywf0ef;usifaumif;ESifhvnf; BuHK&\/ 0ef;usifqdk;u raumif;usdK;udk pDrHay;ouJhodkY
0ef;usifaumif;u aumif;usdK;udk zefwD;ay;\/ aumif;usdK;udk t&om&Sd&Sd cHpm;vdkMu
aomfvnf; qdk;usdK;udkrl aMumufwwfMu\/ vefYwwfMu\/ xdkodkYjzpfjcif;rSm "rwm
yifjzpf\/ vlUywf0ef;usifonf aMumufp&mwdYk jzifh 0ef;&Hae\/ vefYp&mwdYk jzifh umqD;
ae\/ a&BuD;\/ rdk;onf;xefpGm Gm\/ awmrD;avmif\/ avrkefwdkif; wdkuf\/
,if;odYk aom obm0ab;tE&m,fwYdkonf vlom;wdYk tm; Ncdr;f ajcmufvsuf &SMd uay\/
vlom;wkdYonf ,if;odkY aMumufvefYMuojzifh tm;udk;&SmMu\/ cEmukd,f
twGif;vnf; &SmMu\/ tjyifvnf; &SmMu\/ obm0ab;&efwdkYudk tZw
tpGrf;jzifh wGef;vSefMu\/ r&onfh tqkH; awmif;yefwdk;vQdK;Mu\/ awmawmifudk
vnf; awmif;yefMu\/ a&udkvnf; wkd;vQdK;Mu\/ ajrudkvnf; c,Mu\/ rD;udk
awmif;yefzkdYvnf; 0efrav;ouJhokdY avudk awmif;yefzdkY&efvnf; toihfay/ rdrdxuf
pGrf;tm;BuD;oludk taMumufydkcJhMu\/ tvefY,dkcJhMu\/ awmif;yefwdk;vQdK;Mu&mrS
tm;udk;p&mtjzpf rSwfxifvmMu\/ odkYjzifh udk;uG,frItrsdK;rsdK;wdkY ay:ayguf&\/
,if;udk;uG,frIrsm;rSm azmif;yGoxuf azmif;yGvm\/
ordkif;rwifrDumvrSonf vlom;wdkYonf opfyif? awmawmif? a&? ajr?
ork'&m tp&SdonfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mtjzpf rdrdwdkY\pdwful;wnfhovdk udk;uG,frIjyKcJh
Mu\/ odYk aomf ud;k uG,f &mtppf [kwo
f nfr[kwo
f nfuu
kd m; rnforl Q uGu
J jJG ym;jym;
rodMuay/ tarSmifvrf;wGif prf;w0g;0g; avQmufvSrf;aeolrsm;ESifhom wlMu\/
r[mou&mZf (103)ck? uqkefvjynfhaeYwGifum; avmu udk;uG,f&mtppf ay:
aygufvm\/ ,if;udk;uG,f&mtppfrSm a*gwrjrwfAk'yif jzpf\/ ,if;Ak'&wem
jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm; 11
ESifhtwl "r&wem[laom udk;uG,f&mtppfwdkY ay:aygufvmay\/ xdkESpf 0gqdk

vqef; (5) &ufwGif ,if;udk;uG,f&mtppfudk vlom;wdkYrS pwifawGU&SdMu\/ ,if;
vlom;wdkYrSm Ouvmywdkif;rS ]wykESib
hf vdu
m}[laom ukefonfnDaemifwdkYyif
jzpf\/ xdktcsdef avmuwGif oHCm&wem ray:xGef;ao;ojzifh ukefonfnDaemif
wdYk onf a'G0gpduo&P*kw
H nf Oygoumrsm;tjzpf cH,Ml uav\/ xdn
k aD emifwYkdonf
rsuf&rf;rSef;q udk;uG,f&m&SmMuonfholrsm;wGif yxrqkH; udk;uG,f&mtppfudk pwif
awGU&Sdol Oygoumrsm;yif jzpfMu\/ jrwfAk'\tqkH;tratmufodkY 0ifa&mufvmol
Ak'bmom0if trsdK;om;rsm; jzpfvmMu\/
aemufyikd ;f wGif jrwfA'k o
nf ow0gwkYd tm; vSnv
hf nf w&m;a'oemawmf
ukda[mMum;awmfrlNyD; Ak'omoemawmfudk wnfaxmifawmfrl\/ w&m;a[mNyD; Ak'
bmom0ifjzpfatmif pGrf;aqmifcJh\/ ol\ wynfhom; &[ef;awmfwkdYudkvnf; w&m;
a[mNyD; Ak'bmom0ifrsm;wdk;wufatmif pGrf;aqmifapcJh\/ ,if;odkYa[majymcsuf
aMumifh trsdkK;om;rsm;omru trsdK;orD;rsm;yg Ak'bmom0if jzpfvmMu\/ xdkodkY
jzpfvmaom Ak'bmom0if trsdK;orD;xktwGif; yxrqkH;aomudk;uG,f&mtppfjzpf
onfh o&P*ko
H ;Hk yg;udk ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfot
l aygif;wGif aoemed*;Hk olaX;BuD;\orD;
okZmwmonf jrwfAk'\omoemawmf0,f awmf0ifpHxm;aom Ak'bmom0if
trsdK;orD; wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/ awmf0ifpHxm; olaX;orD; okZmwm\ b0Zmwf
aMumif;onf Ak'bmom0if trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdkY pHxm;p&m jzpf\/ tm;usp&m aumif;
\/ twk,lp&m Oyrmtppf jzpf\/ okZmwmonf Ak'omoemawmf0,f trsdK;
om;rsm;enf;wl vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;wdYk \ awmf0ifpx
H m;yku
H akd zmfeT ;f \/ ,if;odYk
tm;ustwk,l pHxm;pHjyKp&maumif;aom awmf0ifpHxm;okZmwm\ b0Zmwf
aMumif;udk ,aeYacwf trsdK;orD;rsm; odxm;oihfay\/
okZmwm emrnfwrl sm;
jrwfAk'vufxufwGif vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;xktwGif; pHawmf0if {w'*f
bGJUxl;udk yxrqkH;&&SdolrSm aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD; okZmwmyif jzpf\/ ,if;
ok Z mwm[l a om trnf j zif h xif & S m ;aom trsd K ;orD ; rsm;rS m jrwf A k ' w d k Y \
omoemawmfwGif (11) OD;rQ&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ay\/ xdkolwdkYrSm(1) okZmwmax&Dr (aombdwjrwfAk'\t*om0dumr)?
(2) okZmwmax&Dr (yd,'DjrwfAk'\ t*om0dumr)?
(3) okZmwm (y'krkw&jrwfAk'\r,fawmf)?
(4) okZmwm (aum@njrwfAk'\r,fawmf)?
(5) rmCvkvif\ZeD; okZmwm (aemiftcgwGif odMum;rif;\rdzk&m; okZmwm)?
(6) okZmwmolaX;orD; (bk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY CemEdkYqGrf;'g,dumr)?
12
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
okZmwm Oygodumr (emwduGmol aomwmyef)?

ausmif;tr0domcg\nDrawmf okZmwm?
rPdapm&Zmwfvm okZmwmtrsdK;orD;?
omauwNrdKUol okZmwmax&DrESifh
okZmwmrdzk&m;- wdkYjzpfMu\/
,if;(11)OD;xJwGifyg0ifaom aoemed*kH;olaX;BuD;\orD;? CemEdkYqGrf;

tvSL&Sif okZmwmolaX;orD;udkom jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif ]]{w'*H bdua0 rr
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qGrf;wdkYxuf tusdK;tmedoifBuD;rm;NyD; tcsif;csif;wlrQ tusdK;0dygufwlrQukefaom
qGrf;wdkYonf ESpfrsdK;om&Sd\/ ,if;qGrf;ESpfrsdK;rSm(1) ,ck okZmwmvSL'gef;aom CemEkdYqGrf;ESifh
18
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
(2) pkEaTyef;wdrfonf vSL'gef;aom awm0ufysdKom;qGrf;

wdkYyifjzpf\/ jrwfAk'tavmif;awmfonf okZmwmvSLaomqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;
xdkaeYrSmyif bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrl\/ odkYaomf CemEdkYqGrf;udkbkef;ay;csdef
&m*? a'go? arm[ paom udavomrsm; ruif;a0;ao;aom tavmif;awmfb0om
&Sdao;\/ pkEvSLaomqGrf;udkum; &m*? a'go? arm[paom udavomuif;NyD;aom
tcsed f bkO;f ay;awmfrjl cif;jzpf\/ odYk qrG ;f ESpcf w
k Ykdukd bkO;f ay;csed f uGmjcm;Muygvsuf
tb,fhaMumifh tusdK;ay;jcif; wl&ygoenf;[k ar;jref;zG,f&Sdvm&\/ rdvdErif;onf
vnf; ,if;qGrf;ESpf&yfESifhywfouf t&Sifem*aoerax&fudk xdkYtwlyif ar;jref;cJh
zl;ay\/
,if;ar;cGe;f ESiyhf wfouf O'get|uxm? 'DCedum, r[m0*|uxmESihf
rdvdEyOmwdkY0,f atmufygtwdkif; ajz&Sif;xm;ay\/
,if;okdY tusdK;ay;wl&jcif;rSm(1) y&dedAmefpH0ifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;?
(2) ormywfudk0ifpm;Edkifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwlrQjcif;ESifh
(3) aemuftcsdef0,f atmufarhykHwdkYwljcif;
[laom taMumif;okH;rsdK;aMumifh jzpfonf[kqdk\/
(1) y&deAd m efp0H ifjcif;\taMumif;tjzpfwrl Qjcif;
jrwfA'k t
avmif;awmfonf okZmwmvSLaomCemEdYk qrG ;f udk bkO;f ay;awmfrl
oOyg'd aooedAme"mwfjzifh udavomy&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrl&\/ (bk&m;tjzpfodkY
a&mufawmfrl\[lvkd/) pkEvSLaomqGrf;udkbkOf;ay; tEkyg'daooedAme"mwfjzifh
cEy&dedAmefpH0ifawmfrl&\/ okZmwm vSLaom yPDwqGrf;udk rSD0JokH;aqmif&ojzifh
bk&m;tavmif;\oEmef yPDwkyfwdkYjzpfav\/ xdkyPDwkyfwdkYudk rSD&m&&Sd
aomaMumifh udk,fawmfjrwfoEmefjzpfonfh 0dyempdwKyg'f r*fpdwKyg'f zkdvf
pdwK yg'fwnf;[laom "rum,onf tvG,w
f ulomvQif udavomwdYk ukd y,fpeG Yf Eikd f
\/ xdkYaMumifh udavomy&dedAmef0ifpH&\/ pkEvSLaom yPDwqGrf;udk rSD0JokH;aqmif
&ojzifh xdkYtwlyif abmZeoyg, NyD;ajrmufjynfhpkHjcif;aMumifh cEmwdkYudk y,fpGefYEdkif
\/ cEy&dedAmef 0ifpH&\/ odkY udavomy&dedAmef? cEy&dedAmefpH0ifjcif;\
taMumif;tjzpf wlrQaomaMumifh ,if;qGrf;ESpfyg;wdkYonf tusdK;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMu
ay\/
(2) ormywfukd 0ifpm;Edik jf cif;\ taMumif;tjzpfwrl Qjcif;
jrwfAk'onf bk&m;jzpfrnfhaeY okZmwmvSLaomqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrl
uka#aygif; ESpfoef;av;odef; ta&twGuf&Sdaom t&[wr*f\taMumif;jzpfaom
ormywfwdkYudk 0ifpm;awmfrl\/ y&dedAmefpHawmfrlrnfhaeYvnf; xdkYtwlyif jrwfAk'
onf pkEv
LS aomqGr;f udk bkO;f ay;awmfr
l uka#aygif;ESpo
f ef;av;ode;f ta&twGu&f Sd
aom xdkormywfudkyif 0ifpm;awmfrlEdkif\/ odkY ormywf0ifpm;Edkifjcif;\
taMumif;tjzpf wlrQjcif;aMumifh qGrf;ESpfyg;wdkYonf tusdK;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMujcif;jzpf
\/
(3) aemuftcsed 0f ,f atmufarhyw
Hk Ykd wlrQjcif;
bk&m;jzpfNyD;onfhaemuftcsdefum; okZmwmola|;uawmfonf ]]ig Cem
EdYk qrG ;f vSLcJah om yk*Kd vfonf yanmifyifapmifh u
k p ;kd ewfrif; r[kwb
f ;l wJ/h xdyk *k Kd vfol
jrwfum; bk&m;tavmif;wJh/ xdkbk&m;tavmif;onf igvSLaomCemEdkYqGrf;udk bkOf;
ay;okH;aqmifawmfrl bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlNyDwJh/ xdkjrwfAk'tzdkY&m owXme
pHaeawmfrlpOf igvSLaom CemEdkYqGrf;jzifh rQwawmfrljcif;jzpfowJh}}[laom owif;
pum;udk Mum;od&av\/ xdo
k Ykd owif;aumif;udk Mum;od& ]]ightzdYk &m t&awmfav
pG}}[k tzefzefatmufarhaom okZmwm\oEmef0,f yDwad omrew&m;rsm; txyf
xyf jzpfyGm;av\/
pkEoEmefvnf; jrwfAk' y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD; aemuftcsdef ]]igonf
aemufq;Hk qGr;f udk jrwfA'k t
m; uyfvLS tyfNyDw/hJ ig\ qGr;f ESiyhf wfouf jrwfA'k o
nf
w&m;taygif;wdkY\ OD;xdyfozG,fjzpfaom edAmefudk,ltyfNyDwJh/ ighqGrf;udk bkOf;ay;
awmfr
l jrwfA'k o
nf tEkyg'daooedAm e "mwfjzifh y&deAd m efp0H ifawmfro
l wJ}h }[laom
owif;pum;ukd Mum;od&av\/ xdkodkY owif;pum;udk Mum;od& ]]ightzdkY t&awmf
avpG}}[k tzefzefatmufarhaom pkE\oEmef0,f yDwdaomrew&m;rsm; txyf
xyf jzpfyGm;av\/
odYk tvSL&SiEf pS Of ;D wdYk \ atmufarhyw
Hk Ykdwrl Qjcif;aMumifh qGr;f ESpyf g;wdYk onf
tusKd;ay;ykHjcif; wlrQMuav\/ tjcm;tjcm;aom qGrf;wkdYxuf tusdK;tmedoif ykdrkd
BuD;rm;Muav\/
olaX;uawmf okZmwm\om;awmf armif,o
jrwfAk'onf owowm[vGefNyD;aomtcg rd*'g0kefawmodkY<uawmfrlNyD;
y0*D nDaemifwdkYtm; "rpuy0weokwfawmfESifh tewvuPokwfawmfwdkYudk
a[mMum;cJh\/ jrwfAk'onf ola|;uawmf okZmwm\om;,o\ r*fzdkvf&vwHh
aom taMumif;udk jrifawmfrl wpfckaom opfyif&if; oDwif;okH;awmfrlav\/
,oola|;om;onf ola|;om;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tqif;vnf;vS\/
Opmvnf; &Sd\/ ,if;ola|;om;udk tysdKunm tacsmtvSrsm;uom tqdktu?
twD;trIwf? tacsmhtjrL? tauR;tarG;? t,kt,wdkYjzifh jyKpkay;aeav\/
ola|;om;onf a,mufsm;[l tem;tuyfrcHay/ wpfaeYaomtcg ,oola|;om;
onf oef;acgif,mrftcsdefwGif wa&;Edk;vm Munfhvdkuf&m vSunmrsm;rSm olao
20
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
aumifrsm;yrm wkH;vkH;yufvuf? rzkH;rzd? yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;? oGm;ykyf&nf pD;aMumif;

rsm;? wSL;SL; w*J*aJ [muforH sm;jzifh owdvufvw
G f tdyaf rmusaeonfukd pufqyk f HG
&SmzG,&f m awGUjrif&av\/ ,oola|;om;onf xdo
k Ykdpufqyk f &HG mS zG,rf sm;udk awGUjrif
&aomaMumifh oHa0*jzpfum ]]tcsif;wdkY.. ESdyfpufavpGwum;? nif;qJavpGwum;}}[k
NiD;wGm;av\/ xdkYaemuf ,oola|;om;onf bkHeef;tqifhqifhtHhrcef;onfh rdrd\
jyom'fpHtdrfawmfBuD;udk okmef wpfpjyifyrm rSwfxifoGm; aetdrfudkpGefYcGmNyD;
awmxGufoGm;av&m rd*'g0kefawm&Sd jrwfAk'\teD;odkY nwGif;csif; a&mufav\/
jrwfAk'\teD;okdY a&muf&mvnf; ,oola|;om;onf ,cif oHa0*udk usL;&ifhjyef
av\/ xdktcg jrwfAk'o1nf ,oola|;om;tm; uxmajcmufyg;w&m;awmfudk
tpOftwdkif;a[mawmfrl\/ ,if;uxmajcmufyg;wkdYrSm (1) 'geuxm?
(2) oDvuxm?
(3) o*uxm?
(4) r*uxm?
(5) umrmeH tm'De0uxmESihf
(6) aeuartmedoHouxmwkdYyifjzpf\/ ,if;uxmajcmufyg;w&m;awmfukd tenf;i,f &Sif;jyvkdygao;onf/
'geuxm
jrwfA'k o
nf ,oowdYk om;tm; uxmajcmufyg;udt
k us,w
f 0ifah [mcJ\
h /
,if;wdkYwGif'geuxm = 'geESiphf yfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrmS
aumif;rI'geonf rsufarSmufb0wGifcsrf;om&ef? wrvGefb0wGifcsrf;om
&eftaMumif;jzpf\/ aemufqkH;edAmefa&mufzdkY&ef taMumif;jzpf\/ vlUpnf;pdrf ewf
pnf;pdrf[laom pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;\ taMumif;&if;vnf; jzpf\/ tokH;taqmif tmkH
0wKrsm;? ,if;0wKrsm;udk okH;aqmifjzpfaom csrf;omrIrsm;\ wnf&mvnf; jzpf\/
ab;a&m*gzdpD;cH&aomow0grsm; tzdkYvnf; tapmifhta&Smufaumif;vnf; jzpf\/
ykef;atmif;&m ae&mvnf; jzpf\/ vm;a&muf&mvnf; jzpf\/ vJavsmif;&mvnf;
jzpf\/ ypKyefavmu? wrvGefavmuwdkY aumif;rI'geESifhwlaom rSD&m? wnf&m?
tapmifhta&Smufaumif;&m? ykef;atmif;&m? vm;&m? vJavsmif;&m[lum; r&Sdygacs/
aumif;rI'geonf rSD&mjzpfaomaMumifh oD[moeyvifESifh wl\/ axmuf
wnf&m jzpfaomaMumifh r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wl\/ 'geaumif;rIonf tyg,f
qif;&JrS ul;ajrmufaMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh avSoabFmESifh wl\/ avmb? rp&d,
[laom &efoal b;r u
S if;apwwfaomaMumifh ol&aJ umif;ozG,v
f nf; jzpf\/ m?
rp&d,paom tukodkvftrdIufwkdYudk avmifuRrf;apwwfaomaMumifh rD;ozG,fvnf;

jzpf\/
aumif;rI'geonf jrwfAk'wdkYoGm;cJhaom vrf;aumif;vrf;rSefvnf; jzpf
\/ bk&m;&Siw
f Ykd\tEG,t
f qufvnf; jzpf\/ igbk&m;onf yg&rDjznfu
h siphf Ofumv
a0vmrtvSLBuD;? r[ma*g0dEtvSLBuD;? r[mok'etvSLBuD;? a0E&m tvSL
BuD;tp&Sdaom tvSLBuD;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk vSL'gef;cJh\/ ,kefow0g jzpfpOfyif
igbk&m;onf rD;ykHwGif;odkY ckefqif;um rdrdudk,fudk tvSLcHyk*dK vftm; pGefYvSLcJhzl;\/
aumif;rI'ge[lonf avmuDa&;&mbufvnf; odMum;rif;? rm&fewfrif;? jA[m
rif;? pMumrif;[laom pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;udkay;Edkif\/ aemufqkH; avmukw&m buf
vnf; om0uaAm"dPf? yapuaAm"dPf? ormoarm"dPfwdkYudk ay;pGrf;Edkif
\.. ponf ponfjzifh jrwfA'k o
nf ,o owdYk om;tm; 'geESiphf yfaomw&m;pum;udk
a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/
oDvuxm
'geaumif;rIudkjyKrSom oDvudkapmifhxdef;EdkifaomaMumifh 'geuxmtNyD;
oDv uxmudka[m\/
oDvuxm = oDvESiphf yfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrmS aumif;rIoDvonf ow0gwdkYtwGuf axmufwnf&m? vJavsmif;&m?
ykef;atmif; rSDcdk&mjzpf\/ oDvonf jrwfAk'\tEG,fvnf;jzpf\/ igbk&m;onf
ocFygve*g;rif;? bl&d'wf e*g;rif;? par,se*g;rif;? oDv0rif;? rmwkaygou
qifrif;? q'efqifrif;jzpfpOftcg tp&Sdaom tqkH;r&Sdaom b0aygif;rsm;pGmwdkY
oDvudk rusdK;rayguf rajymufrusm;atmif apmifhxdef;cJhzl;NyD/ ypKyef? wrvGefb0
pnf;pdrftwGuf oDvESifhwlaomaqmufwnf&m rSDcdkp&m[lr&Sday/ oDvESifhwlaom
tqifwefqm[l r&Sday/ odkYtp&Sdonfjzifh oDvESifhpyfaom w&m;pum;udk
a[mMum;cJh\/
o*uxm
jrwfAk'onf oDvaumif;rIudkjyK rnfaomewfGmpnf;pdrfudk&&Sd\[k
jyqdkvdk aomaMumifh oDvuxmtNyD; o*uxmudk a[mawmfrljyef\/
o*uxm = ewfmG ESiphf yfaomw&m;pum;[lonfrmS ewfGmok*wdudk vlwdkif;ESpfouf\/ awmifhw\/ ewfGmok*wdonf
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ pdwfudk wdk;yGm;pdkajyap\/ ,if;ewfGm tNrJaysmfTifrIudk&\/
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudkvnf;&\/ pwkr[m&mZf ewfjynfonf vlUoufwrf;tm;jzifh
ESpfaygif;udk;oef;Mum ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&\/ wm0wom ewfjynfonfum;
22
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vlUoufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfaygif;okH;uka#ajcmufoef;Mum ewfpnf;pdrf udk cHpm;&\..

ponfponfjzihf o*uxmukd a[mMum;awmfrlchJ\/
r*uxm
jrwfAk'onf ewfGmcsrf;omtaMumif;udk a[mawmfrlNyD;aemuf ]]xdkewfGm
csrf;omonf &m*paom udavomwdkY tNrJwapnif;yef;ESdyfpufcHae&\/ t&d,mr*f
um; udavomrS vGwfajrmufNyD;aomaMumifh udavomwdkY\ nif;yef;ESdyfpufrI rcH&
ay/}} [l jyqdk&eftwGuf o*uxm\ tjcm;rJh r*uxm= t&d,mr*fESifhpyfaom
w&m;pum;udk a[mMum;awmfr\
l / ,if;r*uxmonf rsm;jym;vGe;f aomaMumifh
a&;om;jcif;rjyKawmhyg/
umrmeH tm'De0uxmESihf aeuar tmedoo
H uxm
jrwfAk'onf ewfGmcsrf;omESifhpyfaomw&m;pum;jzifh ,oowdkYom;\
pdwfudk jzm;a,mif;qGJaqmifNyD;vQif ewfGmcsrf;omonfvnf; rNrJaom tedp
oabmomjzpf\/ rcdkifcHhaom oabmw&m;omjzpf\/ xdkewfcsrf;om om,m
wyfrufrI rjzpfoihfay/ 0wKtmkH umr*kPfwdkYrnfonf om,mzG,fenf;yg; qif;&J
yifyef;rIuomrsm;ay\/ 0wKtmkH umr*kPf trsm;pk om,mrIonf wpfaG;
avmufom&Sd\/ tjypfwdkYonfum; jrif;rdk&fawmifavmuf rsm;jym;\}} tp&Sdonfjzifh
umr*kPf\tjypfrsm;? ,kwfnHhjcif;rsm;? ,if;umr*kPfw&m;wdkYonf ow0gwdkYtm;
nif;qJESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifha[mMum;\/
xdu
k mrw&m;wdYk tjypfa'gorsm;vSonfEiS t
hf rQ &[ef;tjzpfro
S nf edAm ef
wdik af tmifaom aeurw
&m;tpk tjypfa'gouif;jcif;? qif;&J'u
k e nf;yg;jcif;paom
umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufjcif; tusdK;tmedoifwdkYudk tus,fw0ifha[mMum;awmfrl\/
odkY jrwfAk'onf 'geuxmtp&Sdaom uxmajcmufyg;jzifh a[mMum;
awmfrlNyD; opmav;yg;udk jyawmfrlaomtcg jzLpifaomt0wfudk qdk;&nfjzifhqdk;
ouJhodkY ,oowdkYom;onf 'd|d? 0dpdudpmuif;vsuf kwfjcnf;yif aomwmywdzdkvf
wnfcJhav\/
tazaomwmyef? om;&[Em
xdktcg ,o\tdrfvnf; ,o\rdcif okZmwmola|;uawmfonf eHeuf
apmapmx om;,opH&m jyom'fxufodkYwuf Munfhavaomf om;,oudk rawGU
jrif&ojzifh idkauR;jrnfwrf;um vifawmfarmif,oola|;tm; om;aysmufaMumif;udk
taMumif;Mum;av\/ ,o\ zcifola|;vnf; t&yfav;rsufESmwdkYoYdk jrif;onf
wrefawmfwdkYudk apvTwf om;aysmuf &Smcdkif;av\/ rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; om;,o\
aTajceif;&mudk tpOfvdkuf&m rd*'g0kefawmodkY a&mufav\/

jrwfAk'onfvnf; ola|;BuD;vmonfudkjrifvQif ,oowdkYom;tm;
ola|;BuD; rjrif&atmif wefc;kd jzifh 0Sux
f m;awmfr\
l / ola|;BuD;onf bk&m;ocifxo
H Ykd
csOf;uyfNyD;aomf ]]ola|;om; ,oudkawGUrdovm;}}[k ar;\/ jrwfAk'onf ]]toif
ola|;.. xdkifygOD;/ t&yfyif oif\ om;i,fudk awGU&vwHh}} [k rdefYawmfrlNyD;
'geuxmtp&Sdaom uxmajcmufyg;w&m; tpOfudk a[mMum;\/ w&m;\tqkH;
ola|;BuD;onf aomwmywdzdkvfwnfav\/
ola|;BuD;onfum; jrwfAk'\omoemawmfwGif yxrqkH; aw0g"du
o&P*kH wnfolvnf;jzpfonf/ ,oowdkYom;onfvnf; zcifola|;tm; a[mMum;
aom w&m;awmfudk em,l& vl0wfESifhyif &[Emjzpfav\/
om;,oESiw
hf uG jrwfA'k t
m; tdro
f Ykd qGr;f pm;yifjh cif;
xdt
k cg jrwfA'k o
nf ]],oowdYk om;onfum; &[EmjzpfavNyD/ xdYk aMumifh
umr*kPf csrf;omudk rcHpm;awmhacs/ zcifolaX;BuD;onfvnf; omoemawmfudk
rzsufqD;&mNyD/ wefcdk;awmfudk Nidrf;apaomf oihf\}}[k BuHawmfrl om;tzESpfOD;wdkYudk
jrifapav\/ ola|;BuD;onf om;awmf,oudk jrifaomtcg vGefpGm0rf;ajrmuf
]]cspfom;,o.. oihftarokZmwmonf oihfudkrjrif&onfhtwGuf pdk;&drfylaqG; idka<u;
jcif;odkY a&mufae&Sm\/ oihfrdciftm; toufudkay;ygavmh}} [k ajymMum;av\/
xdktcg ,oonf jrwfAk'tm;armfMunfh\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf; ola|;BuD;tm;
]]ol<u,f.. oiftodYk xifoenf;/ oifjrifouJo
h Ykd ,oowdYk om;onf opmav;yg;udk
jrif &[Em jzpfaeayNyD? &[Emjzpfolonf umr*kPfudk rcHpm;awmhay}}[k ajymMum;
av\/
xdpk um;udk ola|;BuD;Mum;aomtcg 0rf;omtm;&jzpf om;,oESiw
hf uG
jrwfAk'tm; eufjzeftvdkYiSg qGrf;zdwf tdrfjyefav\/ ola|;oGm;rMumjrifhrDyif
,oonf jrwfAk'txHawmfwGif &[ef;tjzpfudk awmif;yef ]]{[d bduK}}ac:awmfrl
ojzifh qH? rkwq
f w
d ?f vl0wfvpl m; wdYk onf uG,yf &[ef;\tjzpfonf jynfph aHk v\/
t&Si,
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d K }jzpfjcif;ESiphf yfrSwzf ,
G f
ola|;om;,o\ {[dbduK jzpfcsdefESifhpyf 0denf;r[m0gygVdawmfwGif
]t"d0gaowk ar baE b*0g tZwem, bwH. ...] {[d bduL } wd b*0g {w'a0gp} [l
jrwfA'k o
nf ola|;BuD;qGr;f pm;yifNh yD;jyefomG ;rSomvQif ,otm; ]{[d bduK }ac:awmf
rlaMumif; jyqdkxm;\/ xdkYtwl r[mAk'0if? ZdewyumoeDusrf;? rmvmvuFm&
0wKawmfBuD;? ok"r0wDA'k 0 if paom usrf;wdYk vnf; jrwfA'k o
nf ola|;BuD; qGr;f pm;
yifhNyD; jyefoGm;rSomvQif ]{[dbduK}ac:aMumif; a&;om;xm;csufudk awGU&\/
24
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
,if;usrf;wdYk \ a&;om;rIonf 0denf;r[m0gygVdawmfukd rlwnfNyD; a&;om;[efw\

l /
odkYaomf t*Fkw&|uxmrl ],aom t&[wH ygyP
k /d wH b*0g {[d bduL }wd
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wdkY\ o&P*kHonf edAmefudk tmkHjyKNyD; &wemokH;yg; aumif;pGmwnfav\/
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ykxkZOf wdkYonf tcdkuftwefYrQom udavomudky,f &wemokH;yg;udktmkHjyKvsuf
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av;rsdK; cGJjcm;Edkifao;\/,if;wdkYrSm(1) twoEd,smwe o&P*kH?
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jcif;onf ]odbm0ly*re o&P*k}H jzpf\/
(4) jrwfAk'\ajcawmftpkHMumy'kHudk OD;acgif;jzifherf;Iyfvsuf ]]wynfhawmf
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26
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
,if;udk;uG,frIonf o&P*kH rajrmufay/ ,kHMunfjrwfEdk; udk;uG,frSom o&P*kH

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0ufysdKom;qGrf;wdkYrSm xl;jcm;aom qGrf;wdkYjzpfaMumif; rdefYqdkcJhay&m CemEdkY
qGrf;vSLrIjzpfaom ty&apwem\tusdK;rSm rsm;jym;rnfum; trSefygay/ okZmwm
tzdkY&m t&d,myk*dK vfjzpfaomaMumifh apwemokH;wefjynfhpkHrI rjynfhpkHrIwdkYrSm y"me
rusaomfvnf; ,aeYAk'bmom0ifwdkYonf apwemokH;wefjynfhpkH&ef txl;vdktyfvS
ay\/ odkYrSom aumif;usdK;udktjynfht0 cHpm;&rnfjzpfay\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl
rdrdwdkYonf okZmwmtrsdK;orD;uJhodkY t&d,myk*dKvf r[kwfaomaMumifh rnfonfh
tvSLudk jyKvkyfonf jzpfap apwemokH;weft&if;cH jyKvkyfoihfay\/
28
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
wpfzefokZmwmonf yxrqkH;o&P*kHwnfol vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;

taygif;wdkYwGif tjrwfqkH;aom{w'*fbGJUxl;udk &&SdcJhay\/ ae&m trsdK;aumif;
om;? trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYtaejzifh EIwfrSomrefGwfqdkjcif;o&P*kHrSonf rdrd
toufudk pGefYEdkifonftxd o&P*kHokH;yg;udk pdwfygvufygjzpfatmif jyKpkysdK;axmif
oihfay\/ ,if;odkYjzpfap&efvnf; pHawmf0if{w'*fbGJUxl;&Sif okZmwm ola|;orD;udk
twk,loihfay\/
umrbkHom; ow0grsm;onf tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wdkYudk tNrJrjywf
cHpm;aeMu&m ,if;tmkiH g;yg;teufrS tawGUtxdcHpm;rI (azm|Amk)H udk taumif;qk;H
txG#ftjrwftjzpf owfrSwfxm;Mu\/ ,if;odkY owfrSwfpGJvrf;olrsm;xJwGif pHawmf
0ifoZk mwm ola|;uawmfBuD;\ om;jzpfol ,oowdYk om;onfvnf; yg0ifcahJ Mumif;
awGUEdkifay\/ odkYaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif owdoHa0*& umr*kPfudkpGefYvGwfNyD;
awmxGufcJhay\/ xdkYaMumifh avmuvlom;wdkYonf ,o owdkYom;uJhodkY vkH;0 rpGefY
vTwEf ikd af omfvnf; arxkerf w
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temrJhuif;? tm;tifjynfhNzdK;? rSwfPfwdk;um csrf;omokcESifh jynfhpkHrnfjzpfay\/
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a[mMum;onfh ae&mom uGmjcm;ay\/ jrwfAk'onf wpfaeYwnf;yif 'geuxm
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,aeYacwf w&m;a[m"ruxdursm; w&m;xyfaejcif;rSmum; tqef;r[kwfygay/
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ojzifh ,aeYacwf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf rdrw
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orD; jzpf&jcif;udk *kPf,loihfay\/
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a,mufwdkYwGif ti,fqkH;taxG;qkH; orD;awmf oHC'goD jzpfcJh&\/ ,if;nDtr (7)
30
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
a,mufwdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\(1) orPD rif;orD;?

(2) orP*kwm rif;orD;?
(3) bduKeD rif;orD;?
(4) bduK'g,dum rif;orD;?
(5) "rm rif;orD;?
(6) ok"rm rif;orD;?
(7) oHC'goD rif;orD;?
txufazmfjyyg orD;awmf(7)a,mufwdkYonf a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxuf
awmfum; tpOftwdkif; atmufazmfjyygtrnfwdkYudk&vsuf omoem0,f xif&Sm;
Muav\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) acrmax&Dr?
(2) Oyv0Pfax&Dr?
(3) y#mpm&max&Dr?
(4) r[myZmywda*gwrDax&Dr? (rdaxG;awmfa*gwrD)
(5) "r'dEmax&Dr?
(6) r,fawmfrm,ma'0D (jrwfAk'\r,fawmft&if;)ESifh
(7) 0domcg 'g,dumrBuD;wdkYjzpfay\/
txufazmfjyyg uduDrif;BuD;rSm orD;awmf(7)a,mufomru om;awmf
yx0dE& ukrm&? orD;awmf O&p'gwkdYvnf;&SdMuao;\/ yx0dE&ukrm&onf
a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxuf o'gyAZdw t&m0,f awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;&
t&Sif&|ygvrax&fyifjzpf\/ orD;awmf O&p'gonf uy jrwfAk'vufxufyif
bk&m;&Sif\ qGrf;tEkarm'emw&m;udk emMum;&ojzifh crnf;awmf uduD rif;BuD;
aomwmyefwnfaomaeY &[EmjzpfcJhav\/
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[k wm;jrpfonfhwkdifatmif apwemo'gw&m; xufxufoefoefjzifh vSL'gef;cJh\/
,if;tvSL'gerSm 0domcgb0wGif r*FvmvufzGJU&ef EGm;rsm;udk NcHrSxkwfaomtcg
ay;onfhEGm;rsm;xufydkum EGm;rsm;NcHrS ckefxGuf wm;qD;r&bJ ygvmjcif;\
taMumif;&if;yif jzpf\/
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odkY0domcgavmif; oHC'goDtrsdK;orD;i,fonf tdrfaxmifrjyKbJ
tysdKpifb0jzifh tESpfESpfaomif;wdkifwdkif aumrm&jA[p&d,odum yk'fudk apmifhxdef;\/
rdrd\trBuD;rsm;ESifhtwlvnf; 'gepaom ukodkvfaumif;rIwkdYukdjyKvkyf\/ uy
jrwfAk'\xHyg;vnf; ]]aemif yGifhvwHhaom jrwfAk'vufxuf ypnf;av;yg;jzifh
axmufyHhvSL'gef;aom trsdK;orD;wdkYwGif tjrwfqkH; tomqkH; jzpf&ygvdk\}} [k
pHawmf0if{w'*fbGJUxl;udk awmif;qkqdkcJhav\/
ae&m aumrm&jA[p&d,[lonf oli,ftG,frSp usifhtyfaom jrwf
aom tusifhudkac:jcif;jzpf\/ rdef;ra,mufsm;ESpfOD;om;wdkY\ aysmfjrL;aygif;zuf
qufqHjcif;udk rjrwfaomarxkeftusifh[k qdk\/ ,if;arxkeftusifhudk i,fi,fG,f
G,frSp toufqkH;onfhwdkif a&SmifMuOfjcif;onf aumrm&jA[p&d,odumyk'fudk
xdef;odrf;jcif;jzpf\/ trSefrSm aumrm&jA[ p&d,odumyk'fudk apmifhxdef;jcif;rSm
tjA[p&d,odumyk'fudk apmifhxdef;jcif;yif jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkpOf uduDrif;BuD;
\orD;awmf(7)a,mufpvkH; apmifhokH;aom aumrm&jA[p&d,odumyk'frSm q,fyg;
oDvwkdYudk apmifhokH;jcif;jzpfaMumif; t|uxmq&mu Tefjyxm;ay\/
odkYvQif 0domcgonf twdwfoHo&m 'ge? oDv? bm0emwkdYudk
txufwef;usus jznfhusifhcJholjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ xdkYaMumifh
tem*wfb0wkdY aumif;usdK;&a&;twGuf aumif;rGefonfhtaMumif;uHwkdYudk aqmuf
wnfMuaom todPf&SdolwdkY\vkyf&yfwdkYudk tm;usenf;,loihfay\/
aemufq;Hk b0 0domcg[k trnfwiG jf cif;
oHC'goDtrsdK;orD;onf uyjrwfAk'ESifh a*gwrjrwfAk'wdkY\tMum;
umvywfvkH; ewfjynf? vlUjynfwkdYusifvnfcJh&\/ a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxufawmf
um; t*Fwikd ;f ? b'd,
NrdKU ar@uola|;BuD;\om; "eO,ola|;BuD;\ t*ra[oD
okrea'0D0rf; y#doaEwnfaecJh\/ rD;SL;oefYpif zGm;jrifcJh\/ xdkola|;orD;\
trnfudk ]0domcg}[k rdbaqGrsdK;taygif;wdkYu ac:a0:cJhMu\/ 0domcg euwfESifh
,SOf zGm;aomaMumifh 0domcg[k trnfrSnfh[efwl\/ b'd,NrdKUESifhpyfvsOf;
Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf; usrf;jyKq&mu]]t*Fwdkif;\NrdKUawmfrSm prm (rmvdeD-umvprm y&d,m,f)jzpf\/ ,ckNrdKU
awmftrnfrSm bm*vyk& (rm*vfyk&f)NrdKUjzpfonf/ b'd,NrdKU? rka*F&NrdKU?
tyk&NrdKUwdkYonf t&HNrdKUrsm;jzpf\/}}
[k jyqdkxm;\/ wpfzef t&Sify@dwmbd0Ho (,ck ygarmucsKyf? e.y.o)uvnf;
32
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
b'd,NrdKU\ wnfae&mESifhpyfvsOf; atmufygtwkdif; jyqdkxm;aMumif; avhvmod&Sd

Edkifay\/
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ZmwdNrdKUvnf; jzpf\/ ,cktcg AD[m&fe,fajrmufyikd ;f **Fgjrpf\awmifbuf
rka*F& (rk*F,m&f)pD&ifpkwGif yg0ifonf/
0domcgckepfEpS t
f &G,w
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jrwfAk'wkdYrnfonf a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrlavh&Sd\/ ,if;okdY a'opm&D<ucsD
awmfrjl cif;rSm qGr;f ? ouFe;f paom ypn;f av;yg;udk &vdrk aI Mumifrh [kwaf y/ pifppfum;
qif;&Jolrsm;? rvdrmolrsm;? tdkrif;&ifha&mfolrsm;? tema&m*gpGJolrsm;onf jrwfAk'
xHodkYzl;jrif&ef rvma&mufEdkifMuay/ xdkodkYaomolrsm; zl;ajrmfEdkif&eftvdkYiSgomvQif
a'opm&Dukd <ucsDawmfrjl cif;jzpf\/ jrwfA'k <uawmfro
l jzifv
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ukef\/ t,lrSm;udkvnf; y,f&Sm; t,lrSefudk vufcHMuukef\/ xdkolwdkY\ tpD;
tyGm; tvdkYiSg a'opm&D<ucsDawmfrljcif;jzpf\/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ZCF0d[m&\tpGrf;jzifh udk,fcsrf;omjcif; tusdK;iSgvnf;
aumif;? twKywdumvudkawmifhwjcif;tusdK;iSgvnf;aumif;? &[ef;awmfwdkYtm;
odumyk'fynwfawmf rljcif;tusdK;iSgvnf;aumif;? aÈ&ifhusuf uRwfxdkuf
aomolwkdYudk opmav;yg;udkodapjcif; tusdK;iSgvnf;aumif;? jrwfAk'wdkYonf a'o
pm&DvSnfhvnfjcif;yifjzpf\/ tjcm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;vnf;&Sdao;\/ tcsKyf
tm;jzifhqdkaomf jrwfAk'xHrvma&mufEdkifaomoludkvnf;aumif;? vltrsm;taygif;udk
vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;csrf;omMumjrifhpGmjzpfjcif;tusdK;iSg a'opm&DvSnfhvnfMu
jcif;jzpf\/
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&aMumif; a&S;aumif;rIESifh jynfhpkH jcif;udk jrifawmfrl rsm;pGmaom &[ef;taygif;
NcH&Hvsuf a'opm&Dc&D; <ucsDawmfrlonf&Sdaomf t*Fwdkif;? b'd,NrdKUodkY qdkufa&muf
awmfrlav\/
bke;f uHBuD;rm;olig;OD;
xdktcsdef ,if;b'd,NrdKU bkef;uHBuD;rm;olig;OD;&Sdav\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) ar@uola|;BuD;?
(2) ola|;BuD;\ZeD; pEy'krmola|;uawmfBuD;?
(3) om;awmf"e,ola|;?
(4) xdk "e,ola|;\ZeD; okrea'0Dola|;uawmf?

(5) ar@uola|;BuD;\ ykPuRefwdkYjzpf\/
avmu vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\pGrf;tifudk pkHprf;vdkMuonfrSm "rwmyif
jzpf\/ xdkoabm w&m;twdkif;yif txufazmfjyygig;OD;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkY\
tmEkabmfudk atmufyg twdkif;pkHprf; cJhMuay\/
(1) ar@u ola|;Bu;D / / wpfaeYaomtcg ola|;BuD;onf rdrt
d mEkabmfukd
pkHprf;vdkonfjzpf pyg;usDtvkH;aygif; (1250)wdkYudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;ap\/ ukd,f
wkdifum; OD;acgif;aq;avQmfNyD;aemuf wHcg;0xdkifaevsuf xufaumif;uifodkY
armfMunfah v\/ xdck P0,f pyg;usD tm;vk;H wdYk rmS oav;eDpyg;wdYk jzifh jynfv
h sufom;
jzpfMuavukef\/
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tqifwefqmpkH0wfqifNyD; vltaygif;MunfhIaepOfyif qefwpfjynfcefYudkjcifap xdk
qefjzifh xrif;csufcdkif;\/ xdkYaemuf wHcg;rkcfteD;0,fxdkif ]]xrif;tvdk&Sdol
wdkYonfvmMuukef}}[k a<u;aMumfap vmwdkif;vmwdkif;aomolwdkYtm; cGuftjynfh
xnfh ay;vSLav\/ wpfaeYvkH; ay;vSLaomfvnf; a,mufrjzifh cyf,laomae&m
omxif usefonfhxrif;tdk; t&mr,Gif;bJ &Sdav\/
(3) "e, ola|;Bu;D / / ola|;BuD;onf OD;acgif;aq;avQmfNyD; aiGwpfaxmif
tdwfudk,l ]]tojymwpfaxmifwdkYjzifh tvdk&SdaomolwdkYonf vma&mufMuukef}}
[kqdk vmwdkif; vmwdkif;aomolwdkYtm; tojymaiGwdkYudk cGuftjynfhxnfhay;av\/
,if;odkYay;aomfvnf; aiGtdwf tojymaiGwpfaxmifwdkY &SdNrJ&Sdonfomjzpf\/
(4) okrea'0D ola|;uawmf / / ola|;uawmfonfvnf; tqif;wefqm
pku
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d
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jynfhNrJjynfhonfom jzpf\/
(5) ykPuRef / / ykPonfvnf; tqifwefqmpkHudk 0wfqifvsuf
aTxrf;ydk;wdkY aTcsnfBudK;wdkYjzifh EGm;wdkYudk ,SOf]u}\/ aTESifwHudk qGJudkifvsuf
EGm;wpf&SOf;tm; eHYomvuf ig;acsmif;&m vdrf;usHay;\/ xdkYaemuf EGm;OD;csdKwkdY aT
tpGyfwkdYudkpGyfvsuf v,fawmodkYoGm;a&muf v,fxGefjyav\/ ,if;odkYv,fxGef&m
wGif tHMh ozG,&f mjzpfonfrmS xGeo
f mG ;(x,fomG ;) wpfacsmif;jzifh xGev
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wpfaMumif;tm;jzifh xGefa&;ckepfaMumif;wdkY cGJxGufoGm;Muav\/
onfum; b'd,NrdKU&Sd bkef;uH&SdolwdkY\ taMumif;yifjzpf\/ xdkYjyif
Adrdom&rif;\ tmPmpufjyefYESHY&m &mZN*dK[fjynf ar@uola|;BuD;tjyif aZmwd
uola|;? Z#dvolaX;? ykPola|;? umu0vd,ola|;[l ola|;BuD;av;OD;wdkY
34
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
&SdMuao;\/
0domcgwdrYk o
d m;pk aomwmyefwnfMujcif;
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nf b'd,
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Mum;od&vQif ajr;rjzpfol 0domcgtm; trsdK;orD;ig;&mESifhtwl &xm;udk,fpDpD;oGm;
jrwfAk'tm; BudKqdk&ef wdkufwGef;av\/ 0domcgonf tzkd;jzpfol\ wdkufwGef;csufudk
vufcHum jrwfAk'tm; BudKqdk&ef oGm;a&mufcJh\/ xdktcsdefu 0domcgonf touf
tG,ftm;jzifh ckepfESpftG,fom &Sdao;aomfvnf; olawmfaumif;wdkY\ tqkH;trudk
cH,x
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m; &Scd ;kd OD;cs BudKqdak v\/ xdBk udKqdyk JG yif jrwfA'k o
nf
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awmftqkH; 0domcgonf trsdK;orD;ig;&mwdkYESifhtwl aomwmyefwnfcJhav\/
ar@uola|;BuD;onfvnf; jrwfAk'xHodkY oGm;a&muf&Sdcdk;av\/ xdktcg
jrwfAk'onf ola|;BuD;tm;vnf; ol\pdkufESifh avsmfnDaom w&m;a'oemawmfudk
a[mMum;cJh\/ a'oem\ tqkH; ola|;BuD;onfvnf; aomwmyefjzpfcJh&av\/
xdYk aemuf ola|;BuD;onf wpfq,fih g;&ufywfv;Hk jrwfA'k E iS o
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bkef;uH&Sifav;a,mufwdkY aomwmyefwnfMuav\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf; b'd,NrdKU
acscRwfoihfaom ow0ga0ae,s&Sdoavmuf oDwif;okH;awmfrlNyD;aemuf b'd,NrdKUrS
zJcGmoGm;av\/
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,if;ola|;BuD;onf jrwfAk'\ w&m;awmfudkemMum;&ojzifh aomwmyefwnf\/
aemufwpfaeYqGrf;pm;yifh qGrf;tvSLw&m;awmfudkemMum;&ojzifh ola|;uawmfBuD;?
om;? acR;rESifh ykPuRefwkdY aomwmyefwnfMu\}}[k jyqdkxm;onfudk awGU&\/
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i,f ryg0if[k ,lqzG,f&Sday\/
odkYaomfvnf; ]]jrwfAk'onf tpOftm;jzifh b'd,NrdKUodkYa&muf&Sdvmaomf
jrwfAk'\ a'oemawmfaMumifh bkef;uHBuD;olig;OD;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? "e,\
orD;0domcgonfvnf;aumif; aomwmywdz v
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aomwmyefwnfonf}} [kqakd om rlvyPmot|uxmvmpum;&yfwYkd ukd axmufq

aomf jrwfAk' b'd,NrdKUodkY yXrtBudrf<uvmpOfuyif 0domcg aomwmyefwnfonf
[k rSwf,l&ygrnf/ BudKqdkonf[l&mvnf; yxrqkH; <uvmawmfrlonfhtwGufom
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tm;BudKqdkonfh yGJom aomwmyefwnfonf[k rSwf,l&ayrnf/ tdrfom;tm;vkH;
aomwmyefwnfMu&m &uftenf;i,fESifh tcsdefem&Dtenf;i,fom uGmcsifuGmrnf
jzpf\/ xdYk aMumifh jrwfA'k b'd,
NrdKUodYk yxrtBudraf &muf&pdS Ofuyif 0domcgtygt0if
ola|;BuD;rdom;pktm;vkH; aomwmyefwnfMuonf[kom rSwf,l&ef&Sday\/
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f ikd ;f \
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wdkif;jynfusufoa&aqmifola|;BuD; ig;OD;&Sdaomfvnf; aumovwdkif;rlum; wpfOD;
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tmPmjzifh ae&mraGUpaumif;[k Adrdom&u Ijrif\/ Ijrifonfhtwdkif;yif wpfOD;
wpfa,mufrQay; rjzpfEdkifaMumif; aumovrif;tm; taMumif;jyefvdkuf\/
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aqG;aEG;av\/ trwfwdkYu ]]tuREfkyfwdkYonf trdwabm* ola|;BuD;rsm;\ tdrf
axmifpkudk ykdYoapvTwfjcif;iSg rwwfEdkifygukef? okdYaomf ola|;om;wpfa,mufudkom
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ola|;&mxl;ay; aeapav\/
36
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
owdo
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vlom;urmBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifjyKrI? om;orD;arG;zGm;rIwdkYr&SdbJ tu,f
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qdwfokOf;vsuf ysif;&dp&m bkHavmuBuD;wpfcktjzpfodkYom ajymif;vJoGm;rnfjzpf\/
vlom;urmBuD;aysmfTifzdkY? pnfyifzdkY? wnfwHhzdkYta&;twGuf tdrfaxmifom;arG;
jyKvkyf&rnfhudpr Sm rvTJra&Smifomaom wm0efyifjzpf\/ a&SUacwftcgu tdEd,
jynfwGifvnf; rdrdwdkY\trsdK;tEG,fudk rqdwfokOf;&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY\om;orD;wdkYudk
tdrfaxmifjyKay;jcif;jzifh rdrdwdkY\rsdK;dk;wdkYudk rwdrfaum&ef tm;xkwfrIjyKMu\/
om0wdjynfvnf; rd*g&ola|;\om; ]ykP0 keowdo
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h wdik ;f tdr&f mcsxm;ay;&ef ajymqdk
Muav\/ odkYaomf om;jzpfolu tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY&efjiif;cJh\/ rdbwkdYu twif;tMuyf
wdkufwGef;aomtcgwGifrlum; aumif;jcif;ig;yg;ESifhjynfhpkHaomtrsdK;orD;udk&&Sdygu
vufxyfrnfjzpfaMumif;ajymqdkcJh\/
aumif;jcif;ig;yg;[lonf(1) qHyif\aumif;jcif;?
(2) tom;\aumif;jcif;?
(3) tdk;\aumif;jcif;?
(4) ta&\aumif;jcif;?
(5) tG,\
f aumif;jcif;yifjzpf\/ aumif;jcif;ig;yg;rSm bke;f uH&adS om trsdK;o
rD;wdkYwGifom jynhfpkHay\/ ,if;aumif;jcif;ig;yg;udk tus,ftm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyoyg
OD;rnf/
(1) qHyif\aumif;jcif;[lonfqHyifonf a'gif;NrD;udk pnf;aESmifxm;ouJo
h Ykd nDnm\/ ajzcsvu
kd o
f nf&dS
aom qHzsm;onf zaemifhwdkifatmifxd aumhGwfaomqHzsm; &Sd\/ um; qHyif\
aumif;jcif;wnf;/
(2) tom;\aumif;jcif;[lonfEIwfcrf;onf yuwdtwdkif;(jyKjyifrIr&SdbJ) usD;tmoD;uJhodkY eDjref;aom
EIwfcrf;&Sd\/ EIwfcrf;onf aumif;pGmaphonfjzpfxd\/ um; tom;\ aumif;
jcif;wnf;/
(3) tdk;\aumif;jcif;[lonfoGm;wdkYonf acgjcif;r&Sday/ ay:jcif;r&Sd? rpdyfrusJay/ GJudkpDxm;bdouJhodkY
nDnm\/ ykvv
J ;Hk uJo
h Ykd oefY&iS ;f jzLpif\/ aumif;pGm wnf;jzwftyfaom ckoif;uJo
h Ykd
tedrfhtjrifh r&Sd/ yuwd nDGwf\/ tdk;tqpfwdkYvnf; racgrx ajyjypfacsmarGU\/
um; tdk;\ aumif;jcif;wnf;/

(4) ta&\aumif;jcif;[lonfrnf;aomdkaomtqif;&Sdaom trsdK;orD;tm; dkaomtqif; tp&Sdonf
jzpf rwGefYrvdyfaomudk,fa& &Sd\/ udk,fa&onf acsmarGUajyjypf\/ MumdkyGifh
yef;qdkif;ESifhwlaomtqif; &Sd\/ aTaomtom;&SdaomtrsdK;orD;tm; r[mavScg;yGifh
tqif;uJhodkY 0g0if;awmufyaom tqif; &Sd\/ um; ta&\aumif;jcif;wnf;/
(5) tG,f\aumif;jcif;[lonfq,fBudrw
f ikd w
f ikd f om;orD;wdYk ukd zGm;jrifNyD;aomfjim;vnf; wpfBudro
f m;zGm;
aomoluJhodkY t&nftqif; ,kwfavsmhysufpD;jcif;r&Sd/ um; tG,f\ aumif;jcif;
wnf;/
ola|;ESifhola|;uawmfwdkYonf ykPm;&Spfa,mufwdkYtm; aumif;jcif;ig;jzm
ESifh jynfhpkHaom owdkYorD;udk&SmazG&ef apvTwfvdkuf\/ aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifh jynfhpkH
aom owdYk orD;udak wGUaomtcgvnf; yef;uk;H pGyEf ikd &f ef tzd;k wpfoed ;f wef aTyef;uk;H
udkvnf; ay;vdkufav\/ xdkykPm;wdkYonf NrdKUtoD;toD;odkYvSnfhvnf&SmazG&if;
rawGUaomaMumifh omauwNrdKUqufvuf&SmazG&ef a&muf&SdvmMu\/
xdktcsdefonfum; omauwNrdKU ESpfpOfusif;yNrJjzpfaom ]0d0#euwf
yGo
J bif} qif,ifusif;yaecsdefvnf; jzpf\/ tjcm;tjcm;aomtcsdefwdkY tdrftjyifodkY
rxGufaomolwdkY aomfrSvnf; xdkeuwfyGJobif 0ifa&mufqifETJMuav\/ xdkaeY
rif;? ykPm;? ol<u,ftp&Sd onfwdkY\om;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdESifhwlrQaom trsdK;tEG,f
&Sdaom trsdK;orD;wdkYudk yef;ukH;jzifh ypfcsaG;aumuftHh[kBuH euwfyGJobif
usif;y&mjrpfqdyfem; apmifhMuavukef\/ owdkYorD;&SmMuaom ykPm;wdkYonfvnf;
jrpfurf;eHab;&Sd Z&yfwpfck wnf;cdkMuav\/
,if;euwfyGJobifusif;yaecsdefonfum; 0domcgonf touftG,ftm;
jzifh wpfq,fih g;ESp?f wpfq,fah jcmufEpS t
f G,yf if jzpf\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifu
h m; vSaoG;
<u,faeonfh tcsdeftcgyifjzpf\/ 0domcgonf tG,fwl trsdK;orD;i,f ig;&mwdkY
ESifhtwl wefqmqifvsuf euwfyGJobifodkY yg0ifqifEGJ&ef jrpfqdyfodkYqif;vmMu\/
xdktcdkufwGif rdk;onf;xefpGmGmoGef;av\/ tazmfjzpfMuaom trsdK;orD;i,fwdkYonf
tajy;tvTm;jzifh Z&yfxJodkY0ifvmMu\/ 0domcgrlum; rdef;rwdkY\ aÈtysufrcHbJ
ykHrSeftaetxm;jzifh rdk;pdkcHvsuf aemufqkH;rS0ifvm\/ ykPm;wdkYonf xdktcsdeftcg
0domcg\qHyif? tom;? ta&? tG,fwnf;[laom aumif;jcif;av;yg;wdkYESifh
jynfph aHk Mumif; jrifawGU&\/ ykPm ;wdYk onf td;k \aumif;jcif;wnf;[laom oGm;wdYk ukd
Munfh v
I akd omaMumifh 0domcgtm; atmufygtwdik ;f ar;jref;av\/ 0domcgonfvnf;
ar;jref;orQudk ajzqdkav\/
(owkdYorD;&Smolrsm;) ]]orD;..oifonf tG,fBuD;&ifhaomrdef;rBuD;uJhodkY oGm;
38
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
a,mifwum;/
(0domcg)
]]zcifwYkd.. oifwYkdonf tb,fujkd rif ajymqdMk uoenf;/
(owdkYorD;&Smolrsm;) cspforD;ESit
hf wlwuG upm;azmf jzpfMuonfh tjcm; trsdK;
orD;i,fwdkYonf rdk;pdkrnfudk aMumufMuaomaMumifh
tvsit
f jref ajy;vm Z&yftwGi;f odYk 0ifMu\/ oifonf
um; tG,fBuD;&ifhaomrdef;rBuD;uJhodkY ajcvSrf;udkvGef
rvmacs? t0wfudk rdk;pdkrnfudkvnf; oifra&wGufygay?
tu,f oihfudkqifjzpfap? jrif;jzpfap vmcJhygvQif oif
onf uJhodkYyif aESmifhaES; av;uefpGmjyKvkyfrnfavm/
(0domcg)
]]zcifwdkY.. t0wfqdkonfrSm &cJaomt&mr[kwfyg? orD;
\ tdrft0wfrsm;udk &vG,fygukef\/ tG,fa&mufMu
onfh rdef;rwdkY[lonfum; a&mif;ukefESifhwlMuygonf/
ajy;oGm;ojzifh rawmfwq vuf? ajcwdkYusdK;oGm;cJhygu
t*FgcsdKUwJah omrde;f rudk a,mufsm;wdYk onf pufqyk f &HG mS pGm
wHawG;axG;yif oGm;Muukev
f rd rhf nf/ wpfzef trsdK;orD;
onfvnf; ajy;roGm;oihfol av;OD;xJwGif wpfOD;tyg
t0ifjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajy;roGm;yg/ jznf;jznf;pGm
omvQif vm&jcif;jzpfygonf}}[k &Sif;vif;ajym Mum;a
v\/
ae&m ajy;oGm;rwifw
h ,foal v;a,muf&Sday\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) tbdodufa&pifoGef;avmif;NyD;aomrif;onf rif;ajrmufwefqmESifh
cg;awmif;usdKufajy;roGm;oihfay/ tu,f ajy;oGm;cJhvQif ]]'Drif;
[m omrefvv
l ykd g yJ}}[k uJ&h UJ jypfwifjcif;cH&rnfom jzpf\/ xdYk aMumifh
rif;onf ajy;oGm; rwifhw,fyg/
(2) &Sifbk&if\ r*Fvmqifawmfonf wefqmqif,ifvsuf vsifjrefpGm
oGm;jcif;onf rwifhw,fyg/
(3) &[ef;awmft&Sijf rwfonfvnf; vsifjrefpmG ajy;oGm;onf&adS omf rwifh
w,fyg/ ]]&[ef;onfum; vluo
hJ Ykd yif vsifjrefpmG ajy;oGm;bd\}}[k
uJh&JUzG,fjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh jznf;jznf;oGm;vmjcif;jzifhom wifhw,f
ygonf/
(4) rdef;rwdkYrnfonf jznf;jznf;om oGm;oifhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdk
aomf ]] rdef;ronfum; a,mufsm;uJhodkY vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;av
onf}}[k uJ&h UJ Iwcf sjcif;udck &H Edik \
f / xdYk aMumifh rde;f rwdYk tm; jznf;jznf;
oGm;jcif;onfom wifhw,fay\/
ykPm;wdkYonfvnf; 0domcgtrsdK;orD;i,f\ pum;qdkaomtcg oGm;
(tdk;)\ jynfhpkHjcif;udkjrif& ]]odkYoabm&Sdaom aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifhjynfhpkHaom
owdkYorD;udk igwdkYonf wpf&HwpfcgrS rawGUjrifbl;ay}}[k tcsif;csif;ajymqdkvsuf
0domcgtm; aumif;csD;ay;av\/ toif,
h al qmifvmaom aTyef;uk;H udv
k nf; 0domcg
tm; yefqif&ef tyfESHukef\/
aphpyfyt
JG crf;tem;
xdt
k cg 0domcgonf ]]igonf a&S;tcgu odr;f ydu
k rf cH&ao;ol jzpfacsonf/
,cktcgum; odr;f ydu
k cf &H NyD;oljzpfacsonf}} [k qifjcifum ,Ofaus;aom tjcif;t&m
jzifh ajrxdik af v\/ xdo
k wdYk orD;&SmolwYkdonf 0domcgudk xdak e&myifuefYvefYumjzifh
0ef;&HMuav\/ 0domcgonf uefYvefYumjzifh vTrf;NcHtyfonf\tjzpfudk od&SdNyD;vQif
trsdK;orD;i,f taygif;NcH&Hvsuf tdrfodkY jyefoGm;av\/ rd*g&ola|;vlrsm;onfvnf;
0domcgESifhtwlwuGvQif "e,ola|;\tdrfodkY vdkufygoGm;Muav\/
"e,ola|;u ]]tarmifwdkY.. oifwdkYonf tb,fGmaeolrsm; jzpfMuyg
oenf;}}[k ar;av\/ xdkolwdkYu ]]uREfkyfwdkYonf om0wdjynf&Sd rd*g&ola|;\
vlrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ ola|;u t&Sifola|;wdkY\tdrf0,f tG,fa&muf
aom orD;unm&Sdonf[k owif;pum;Mum;& uREfkyfwdkYudkapvTwfcJhygonf...}}
tp&Sdonfjzihf taMumif;pkHukd ajymMum;av\/ "e,ola|;u ]]aumif;NyDtarmifwdkY
.. oifwYkd\ ola|;onf pnf;pdrOf pmtaetm;jzifh igwdYk EiS rhf wlnaD omfvnf; trsKd ;Zmwf
tm;jzifhum; wlnDay\/ pnf;pdrfa&m? trsdK;Zmwfyg tvkH;pkHtjcif;t&mESifh jynfhpkH
oludkum; &cJvSay\/ oifwdkYonf jyefMuukefavm? oifwdkY\ola|;tm; igwdkYu
vufcHvdkufaMumif;udk jyefajymMuukefavmh}}[k rSmMum;vdkufav\/
rd*g&ola|;\vlrsm;onf "e,ola|;\pum;udk Mum;emMuNyD;vQif
om0wdodkYjyefcJhMu\/ rd*g&ola|;tm;vnf; ]]t&Sifola|;.. uREfkyfwdkYonf omauw
NrdKU "e,ola|;\tdrf0,f owdkYorD;udk &tyfcJhygNyD}}[k ajymqdkMuav\/
xdkpum;udkMum;& rd*g&ola|;onf ]]jrwfaom trsdK;BuD; igwdkYonf owdkYorD;udk
&tyfcNhJ yDw}hJ }[k 0rf;omaompdw&f &dS um; xdck Pyif "e,ola|;txHoYkd ]],cktawm
twGif;yif owdkYorD;udk vma&muf,laqmifygrnf/ jyKoihfjyKxdkufaom udpr sm;udk
jyKvkyfxm;Muapcsifygonf}} [k owif;pum; o0PfvTmyg;vdkufav\/ "e,
ola|;uvnf; rd*g&ola|;xHodkY ]]jyKoihfjyKxdkufaomudprsm;udk jyKvkyfxm;&ef
igwdkYtzdkY&m 0efrav;yg/ pifppfaomfum; oifola|;onfom rdrdjyKvkyfaqmifGuf
&rnfhudpudk jyKvkyfaqmifGufapcsifygonf}}[k twkHYowif;pum; o0PfvTmjyef
40
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vdkufav\/
txufazmfjyygwdkYudk axmufqaomf tdEd,"avhxkH;pHt& Zmwfudkom
tav;xm;aMumif;awGU&\/ rdrdwkdYESifh bmomt,l0g'wlrwludkum; tav;rxm;
ay/ xdkacwfu EdkifiHa&; bmoma&;a&m,SufrIr&Sd BuD;BuD;us,fus,f jyem
rjzpfjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifay\/
om0wdjynfrS rd*g&ola|;onf owdkYorD;&SmolwdkYjyefvm taMumif;pkHudk
od&aomtcg rdrdxufcsrf;om<u,f0onfh "e,ola|;BuD;\orD;udk acR;rawmf&
rnfhtwGuf 0rf;omum aumovrif;xH 0ifa&mufoHawmfOD;wifawmh\/ aumov
rif;uvnf; xdkrdom;pkukd rdrdudk,fwdkif ac:,lvmcJhjcif;omjzpfaomaMumifh auseyfESpf
oufkHru ESpfOD;ESpfzufudk csD;ajrmufonfhtaejzifh r*FvmyGJodkYyg wufa&muf csD;jrifh
rnf[k trdeYf &v
dS u
kd \
f / odYk jyKjcif;onf rdrrd mS vnf; wm0efaus aus;Zl;od&mvnf;
a&mufay\/ aumovrif;BuD;udk,fwdkif vdkufygcsD;jrifhjcif;onf t&d,m om0dumr
0domcg\t&Sdeft0gaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifay\/
r[mvwmwefqm
r*FvmyGt
J wGuf om0wdE iS hf omauwNrdKUwdYk tjyeftvSeq
f ufo,
G Mf uvsuf
omauwNrdKU r*FvmyGJudpu
dk tppt&m&mvdkavao;r&Sdatmif BudKwifpDrHaeMu\/
0domcg qifjref;&eftwGuf r[mvwmwefqmjyKvky&f eftwGuv
f nf; aTyef;xdrq
f &m
(500)wdkYudk ac:,l vkyfap\/
xdw
k efqmudk aTpif edu (1000)? pde(f 4)pv,f? ykvJ (11)pv,f? oEm(22)
pv,f? ywjrm;(33)pv,fEiS hf tjcm;aom&wemwdYk jzifh rGr;f rHqif,ifxm;\/ csnBf udK;
jzifhjyKvkyf&rnfhae&mwGif aiGBudK;jzifh tpm;xdk; jyKvkyf\/ Mu,foD;twGuf aTMu,f
oD;udk tokH;jyK\/ uGif;rsm;udk aiGjzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ OD;acgif;tv,f uGif;wpfck?
em;&if; uGif;ESpfck? vnfyif; uGif;wpfck? ykqpf'l;0ef; uGif;ESpfck? wHawmifqpfESifh
cg;apmif;ESpfbufwdkY uGif;ESpfckpD wyfxm;\/
xdrk [mvwmwefqm Oa'gif;kyw
f pfyk f yg&S\
d / xdOk a'gif;ky\
f wpfzuf
wpfcsuf aTeDjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom iSufawmifarG;ig;&mpD yg&Sd\/ iSufawmifarG;
\ tdk;wdkYudk aiGom;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ EIwfoD;udkoEmjzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ rsufvkH;?
vnfwHESifhtNrD;wdkYudk ywjrm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ Oa'gif;kyfonf 0domcg\ OD;xdyf
tv,f Oa'gif;em;aeouJo
h Ykd jrif&ol\pdwu
f kd xifap\/ tem;uyfMunhrf S Oa'gif;
iSut
f &Sirf [kwrf eS ;f od&\/ xdw
k efqmudk OD;acgif;rS pGyv
f u
kd yf gu ajczrd;k a&mufatmif
zkH;vTrf;rd\/ 0wfqifoGm;ygu iSufawmifyHwpfaxmif\toHonf wl&d,mig;yg;
toHuJhodkY om,memaysmfzG,f&Sd\/
,if;r[mvwmwefqm\ pkpkaygif;wefzdk;rSm oef;aygif;(90)wef\/
vufcwpfodef; ay;&\/ rQavmuftzdk;xdkufwefaom r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wf

qifEdkifolwdkYrSm jrwfAk' vufxufawmfu (3)OD;om&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/
,if;okH;OD;rSm
(1) 0domcg?
(2) AEKvppfolBuD;\ZeD; rvdum?
(3) Am&mPoDola|;orD; wdkYjzpf\/
uJo
h Ykd 0domcgtwGuf r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqif&jcif;rSm uy
jrwfA'k v
ufxufawmfu oHCmawmfEpS af omif;udk ouFe;f vSLcJrh aI Mumifo
h mvQif jzpfay
\/ rdef;rwdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSL&jcif;\ txG#ftxdyftusdK;onf r[mvwmwefqm
udk 0wfqif&jcif;yif jzpf\/ a,mufsm;wdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSL&jcif; txG#ftxdyf
tusdK;rSm {[dbduKjzpf&jcif;yifjzpf\/ onfuakd xmufqaomf ]{[d bduK }omvQif
omoemawmf &SdEdkifay\/ ]{[d bduK e}D [k omoemwGif r&SdEdkifyg/ tb,faMumifhqdk
aomf trsdK;orD;wdkYtwGuf ouFef;vSLjcif;\txG#ftxdyftusdK;onf r[mvwm
wefqmudkom 0wfqif&jcif;omjzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
{[dbduK[lonf ouFef;vSLcJhjcif;wnf;[laom a&S;aumif;rI&SdNyD;
uRwfxdkufaom a,mufsm;jzpfaomoludk jrwfAk'u ]]{[d bduK}}[k ac:vdkufkHrQjzifh
wpfNydKifeufomvQif oydwf? ouFef;wdkYonf tvdktavsmufjynfhpkH 0g-60^70
&aom rax&fBuD;rsm;uJhodkY jzpfoGm;jcif;yif jzpf\/
0domcg\ r*FvmyGBJ uD;
xd0k o
d mcg\r*FvmyGBJ uD;odYk om0wdE iS hf omauwNrdKUwdYk rS rdom;pkwYkd EiS ahf >c&H
oif;yif; rsm;? aumovrif;BuD;ESifh aemufygrsm;wdkYu <ua&mufcsD;jrifhMu\/ "e,
olaX;BuD;onfvnf; orD;0domcgtm; a,murtdrf rsuEf mS ri,f&bJ csr;f csr;f omom
aeEdkif&eftwGuf atmufazmfjyyg vufzGJUypnf;wdkYudk ay;vdkufav\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) aiGtjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(2) aTtdk;? aTcGuftjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(3) aiGtdk;? aiGcGuftjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(4) aMu;eDtdk;cGuftjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(5) axmywftdk;tjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(6) csnfxnf? ydk;xnftjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(7) qDtdk;tjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(8) oav;qeftjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(9) xGefwkH;? xGefoGm;tjynfh vSnf; (500)?
(10) tvkyftauR;trsdK;orD; (1500)wdkYjzpf\/
42
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
xdYk jyif tarT;eHYomzd;k twGuf aiG (540)oef;udv

k nf; ay;vdu
k \
f / olyikd q
f ikd f
aom uRefGm(14)GmrS GmolGmom;tm;vkH;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY\qEtavsmuf vdkufyg
oGm;Mu\/ 0domcg\ a&S;aumif;rIt&Sdeft[kefaMumifh wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onfh
Mum;rSyif owfrSwfxm;onfh EGm;rsm;xufydk EGm;aygif;wpfodef;ESpfaomif;wdkYvnf;
vdkufygoGm;Muay\/ odkYjzpfjcif;rSm uy jrwfAk'vufxufawmftcgu oHCm
ESpfaomif;tm; ]]awmfNyD? jynfhpkHNyD}}[k wm;jrpfonfhwdkifatmif EGm;EdkYt&omig;rsdK;udk
ay;vSLrIaMumifhyif jzpf\/
txufazmfjycJhaomypnf;rsm;onf rNrJaomtedpoabmomjzpf&um;
vlraI ygif;oif; qufqaH &;wGit
f ok;H 0ifap&eftwGuv
f nf;arQmu
f ;kd "e, ola|;BuD;
onf orD;0domcgtm; Mo0g'q,fcsufukd ajymqdq
k ;Hk rvdu
k af o;\/ ,if;q,fcsufrmS
atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\/
(1) twGif;urD;udk tjyifrxkwf&/
(2) tjyifurD;udk tdrfwGif;odkYroGif;&/
(3) jyefay;olwdkYtm;om ay;&rnf/
(4) jyefray;olwdkYtm; ray;&/
(5) jyefay;onfjzpfap? ray;onfjzpfap ay;&rnf/
(6) csrf;ompGm aexdkif&rnf/
(7) csrf;ompGm pm;&rnf/
(8) csrf;ompGm tdyf&rnf/
(9) rD;udk dkaopGm vkyfauR;&rnf/
(10) tdrfwGif;ewfudk &Sdcdk;&rnf/
,if;Mo0g' (10)csu\
f t"dym ,ftjynft
h pku
H u
kd m; t&d,mjzpfaom 0domcg
onfum; od&Sdem;vnfay\/ wpfxGmjyvQif wpfawmifjrif\/ xdkYaMumifhyif zcif
"e,ola|;BuD;u ,if;Mo0g'wdYk ukd tus,f&iS ;f vif;rjyjcif;om jzpf\/ ,if;Mo0g'
wdkYudkMum;&aom rd*g&ola|;tzdkY rSmum; ya[VdqefqefomvQif rSwfxifrd\/ vQdKU
0Sucf suf[yk if,q
l \/ xdo
k Ykd Mo0g'pum;udk ajymMum;NyD;aemuf "e,ola|;BuD;onf
rif;y&dowftv,f ol<u,f&SpfOD;udktmrcH,lap orD;0domcgtm; tyfESHcJhav\/
um; 0domcg\r*FvmyGJwnf;/
0domcgonf tdrfaxmifjyK&m bmomjcm;udk,lxm;aMumif; awGUjrif
Edkifay\/ odkYaomfvnf; 0domcgonf aomwmyeft&d,myk*dK vfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
bmomjcm;0g'udk vufcHusifhokH;rnfum; r[kwfygay/ ,ckacwfum; ]tdraf xmifrI
bk&m;wnf? aq;rif&nfpkwfxdk;? okH;ck csufrydkif? aemifjyif&efcufonfhtrsdK;} [k tdrf
axmifjyKjcif;udk bk&m;wnfjcif;? aq;rif&nf pkwfxdk;jcif;uJhodkY wpfcgjyKvkyfNyD;ygu
aemifwpfcgjyefvnfzsufjcif;iSgcufcJaMumif; vlBuD;olrrsm;u om;orD;wdkYudk qkH;r

ay\/ jrefrmvlrsdK;trsm;pk\ ,Ofaus;rItpOftvmwdkYonf Ak'bmomudk tajccH
ay\/ tajctaet& bmomjcm;tm;aygif;zufrnfqdkaomf rdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI
tpOftvmudkxdef;odrf; rdrdwdkYouf0if,kHMunfonfh Ak'bmomxJodkY0ifa&mufrnfh
vufwaJG zmfukd &SmazGoihaf y\/ tcsufonf trsdK;om;rsm;tzdYk &m trsdK;orD;wdYk xuf
vG,ful aumif;vG,fulEdkifay\/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmAk'bmom0ifwpfa,muf tae
jzifhum; t,lonf; bmomjcm;wpfa,muftm; Ak'bmomodkYul;ajymif;atmif pnf;kH;
&rnfhta&;rSmum; vG,fulrnfhvrf;pudk vkH;0rjrifygay/ pnf;kH;onfholom rsm;aom
tm;jzifh vufwGJazmfaemufodkY ygoGm;onfom rsm;ay\/ xdkY aMumifh bmomjcm;tm;
rpnf;k;H Edik rf nft
h wlwl rdrEd iS b
hf momwlaom jrefrmtrsKd ;aumif;om;? trsKd aumif;orD;
wdYk ukd &SmazG aygif;zufoihaf y\/ ]apmifah vrsKd ;EG,}f [laomusif0h wf t*FgESiahf vsmfnD
pGm bmomjcm;udk ta0;ua&Smif&Sm; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmwdkYudk xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufoihfay\/
0domcgtzd&Yk m bmomjcm;ESi,
hf &l jcif;\'kur sm;
r*FvmyGJBuD;NyD;aomtcg 0domcgonf omauwudkcGJcGgNyD; cifyGef;onf
\om0wdodkY vdkufygcJh&av\/ om0wdodkYa&mufvmcsdef0domcgonf rdrdwdkYtm;
BudKqdak omolrsm;tm; jrifap&eftwGuf r[mvwmwefqmud0k wfqifvsuf tumt&H
rygaom &xm;udkpD;um om0wdNrdKUwGif;okdY 0ifav\/ BudKqdkMuaom NrdKUolNrdKUom;
wdkYonf 0domcgwdkYZeD;armifESHtm; vufaqmifypnf;rsm;udk ay;Muav\/ 0domcgwdkY
uvnf; wpfzefjyef vufaqmifwdkYudkay;av\/ 0domcgonf taz tarwefonfh
tG,u
f kd taztarac:\/ tpfukd tpfrwefonfukd tpfut
kd pfrac:av\/ odYk jzifh
0domcgonf tG,fESifhxdkufwefpGm qufqHwwf\/ aqGrsdK;&if;csmuJhodkY oabm
xm;um cifrifap\/ odkYay;urf;jcif;jzifh pnf;kH;jcif; EIwfxGufcsdKomjcif;jzifh rdrd
bufodkYygatmif pGJaqmifEdkifjcif;wdkYonf 0domcg\*kPf&nfwdkY[kyif qdk&rnfjzpf
acs\/
om0wdodkYa&mufonfhn\ nOfhOD;,mrftvGef olrtdrfwGif tmZmenf
jrnf;rwpfaumifonf om;zGm;av\/ 0domcgonf uRefrrsm;tm; qDrD;wdkifudk
udkifap xdktmZmenf jrnf;rzGm;&modkY oGm;cJh\/ xdkYaemuf jrnf;rudka&aEG;jzifh
a&csdK;ay;apav\/ qDjzifhvnf;vdrf;usH ay;apav\/ xdkYaemuf rdrdaexdkif&mtdrfodkY
jyefvm\/
rd*g&ola|;onf om0wdNrdKU xyfrH0domcgwdkY\ r*Fvm{nfhcHyGJudk
ckepf&ufwdkifwdkif usif;ycJhav\/ ckepf&ufajrmufaomaeY t0wfr0wfaom wu
wGef;wdkYudk zdwfrH ae&may;um {nfhcHauR;arG;av\/ xdktcsdefrSp 0domcgtzdkY&m
44
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
bmomjcm;ESi,
hf &l jcif;\ 'kuw
YkdrmS pwifjzpf ay:cJah v\/ a,murjzpfol rd*g&ola|;
onf acR;r0domcgtm; ]]&[EmwdkYtm; zl;jrif&ef vmcJhyg}}[k ac:cdkif;av\/ 0domcg
onf aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfonft
h m;avsmfpmG ]]&[Em}}[kMum;ojzifh Tiv
f ef;wuf<u
oGm;av\/ odkYaomfvnf; vma&mufzl;ajrmufonfhtcgwGif txifESifhtjrifonf
vGJawmh\/ t&SuftaMumufuif;rJhpGm t0wfr0wfaomwuwGef; wdkYudkawGUjrif&
ojzifh ratmifhEdkifbJ ]]pufqkwfGH&SmzG,fygwum;}}[k EIwfrSxGufrdav\/ a,mur
jzpfol rd*g&ola|;tm;vnf; ac:&aumif;vm;[k tjypfwifrdav\/
odkYjzpfjcif;rSm jrwfAk'\wynfh t&d,mom0dumrjzpfjcif;aMumihfyif
jzpf\/ omref yk*dK vfjzpfygrlum; a,murrsufESmudk axmufxm;jcif;? rdrd\ Pf
tjrifwdkY enf;yg;jcif;paom taMumif;aMumif;wdkYaMumifh tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh pdwf
rygaomfvnf; &Sdcdk;aumif;&Sdcdk;ayvdrfhrnfum; trSefyifjzpf\/ t&d,m 0domcg
\vkyf&yfum; trsm;tjrifwGif roihfawmfaomfvnf; jrwfAk'\ t&d,morD;awmf
jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rdrd\ tusifh? oDvwdkYudk tnpfEGrf;cHrnfum; r[kwfyg/
aomwmyefwYkd rmS um; o&P*ku
H ykd suf;kd xk;H pH r&Syd gay/ odYk aomfvnf; bmomjcm;rd*g&
onfum; 0domcgtm; auseyfrIr&Sdygay/
,if;odkYpdwfrausrcsrf;jzpfaepOfyif taMumif;wpf&yf ay:vmjyefay\/
wuwGef;wdkY jyefoGm;aomtcg 0domcgonf xrif;pm;aeaomrd*g&tm; 0domcg
onf ,yfcyfaeav\/ xdktcsdef jrwfAk'\om;awmf&[ef;wpfyg;onf qGrf;cH&yf
vmav\/ rd*g&ola|;onfum; rjrif [efaqmifvsuf pm;NrJpm;av\/ 0domcgu
oabmrus/ xdYk aMumifh rnfoYkd rQrwdu
k w
f eG ;f ygbJ ]]uefawmhqrG ;f ygbk&m;? wynfah wmf
r\ a,murBuD;onf tpma[mif;udkom pm;aeygonf bk&m;}} a,murBuD; owd
w&m;&ap&ef tvdrmokH; avQmufxm;vdkufav\/ rd*g&ola|;onf wuwGef;wdkY
tm;ajymcJhpOfu rsdKodyfcJhaomfvnf; ]]tpma[mif;udkom pm;aeonf}}[laompum;udk
um; onf;rcHEdkif jzpfcJh&av\/ rd*g&onf tpma[mif;udkom pm;aeonfqdkonfrSm
rpifudkpm;aeonf[kxif 0domcgtm; tdrfrSESifxkwfap\/ tvkyform;wdkYu
ESifxkwfzdkYa0;pG? EIwfjzifhyif rajym&JMuacs/
xdktcg 0domcgonf ]]tdkzcif.. rQaompum;jzifh uRefawmfrwdkYonf
tdrfrS rxGufEdkifMuyg/ uRefawmfrudk oifzcifwdkYonf a&qdyfrSa&cyfaom
uRefrwdkYuJhodkY ,laqmif vmcJhonfr[kwfyg/ xif&Sm;&Sdaom rdbESpfyg;wdkY\ orD;
aumif;rsm;rnfonf rQjzifhxGufcGgoGm;dk; r&SdMuyg/ taMumif;aMumif;aMumifhyif
uRefawmfr\zcifonf om0wdodkYvmrnfhaeY ol<u,f&SpfOD;udk ac:ap
]]tu,f ighorD;udktaMumif;jyK tjypfwpfpkHwpf&mjzpfay:vmygu tarmifwdkY
ajz&Si;f ay;Mu&rnf}} [k ajymqd
k xdo
k <l u,f&pS Of ;D wdYk vuf uReaf wmfrudk tyfEv
HS u
kd yf g
onf/ xdkolwdkYudkac:ap uRefawmfr\tjypf&Sd? r&Sdudk ajz&Sif;Muapvdkygonf}}[k
ajymqdkav\/ rd*g& onfvnf; tmrcHol<u,f&SpfOD;tm;ac:,l ajz&Sif;av\/

txufazmfjyygwdkYudk Munfhaomf bmomjcm;wdkYESifh vufxyfaomolwdkY udk;uG,frIrS
ab;&efjzpfjcif;omvQif jzpf\/
w&m;qk;H jzwfyJG
rd*g&ola|;\wiforQaompGJcsufwdkYudk 0domcgonf tmrcH o<u,f&SpfOD;
udk w&m;olBuD;t&mxm;NyD; ajz&Sif;csufay;cJhav\/ ,if;wdkY\pGJcsufESifh ajz&Sif;
csufwdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
(pGJcsuf-1)
owdkYorD;onf tdrfodkYa&mufNyD; ckepf&ufrQrjynfhrDyif

uREfkyfudk ]]rpifpm;}}[lajymqdk\/ ,if;tcsufudkajz&Sif;ay;yg/
(ajz&Sif;csuf-1) ]]zcifwdkY...orD;\a,muronf rpifudkpm;jcif;iSgtvdk&Sd jzpfyg
rnf/ uJhodkYrpifpm;[l rajymqdkyg/ trSefpifppfrSm qGrf;cH
&[ef;awmfwpfyg; tdro
f Ykd qrG ;f cH<uvm&m a,muronf pdwf
rxm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh orD;u ]]uefawmhqGrf;ygbk&m;? wynfhawmfr
\a,muronf ,ckb0 ukodkvfaumif;rI topfudkrjyKyg/
ta[mif;jzpfaom ukodkvfaumif
1 ;rI\tusdK;udkom pm;okH;ygonf}}
[k rQudkom ajymqdkrdyg\/
pGJcsuf tmrcHol<u,fwdkYu 0domcgtjypfr&SdaMumif; qkH;jzwfMuav\/
(pGJcsuf-2)
tdrfodkYpa&mufaomn nOfheufoef;acgif tdrfazmfwdkYjzifh tdrf

aemufaz;odkY qif;oGm;jcif;udk ajz&Sif;ay;yg/
(ajz&Sif;csuf-2) ,if;odkYoGm;a&mufjcif;\taMumif;um; tdrf tmZmenfjrnf;r
om;zGm;jcif;udpj zpfcJh\/ ],if;odo
Yk m;zGm;aeygvsuf todtrSwu
f rkd Q
rjyKbJ aexdik jf cif;rnfonf roihaf vsm}f [k pOf;pm;um uRefrwdkYtm;
qDrD;wdkifrsm;udk udkifpGJap xdkom;zGm;&mt&yfodkY oGm;a&mufNyD;vQif
jrnf;rtwGuf om;zGm;jcif;udpa pmifha&SmufrIudk jyKapcJhygonf/
pGJcsufvnf; 0domcgtjypfr&SdaMumif; tmrcHol<u,fwdkYu qkH;jzwfMuav\/
(pGJcsuf-3)
"e,ola|;BuD;uoifay;vdu
k af om qk;H raomvQdKU0Supf um; (10)
csufudk ajz&Sif;ay;yg/
(ajz&Sif;csuf-3) zcifwYdk .. ,if;vQdKU0Supf um;(10)csuf\t"dyg ,fukd &Si;f vif;ygrnf/
46
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
(1) ]twGif;rD;udktjyifodkYrxkwf&} [lonf a,mura,mufsm;?

a,murrdef;r? cifyGef;onfwdkY\*kPfaus;Zl;rJhjzpfaom tjypfwdkYudk uRefrdef;r?
uRefa,mufsm;tp&SdolwdkYtm; rajymoihfykHudk&nfG,f qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;
pum;rsm;onf us,fyGm;vmvQif cdkuf&efjiif;ckHrIjzpfvmwwfygonf/ yuwd
rD;udk qdkvkd&if;r[kwfyg/ twGif;rD;udk &nf&G,f orD;\zcifu ]]twGif;rD;
udk tjyifodkYrxkwf&}}[k Mo0g'pum;udk ajymMum;cJhjcif;omjzpf\/
(2) ]tjyifr;D udt
k wGi;f odrYk oGi;f &}[lonf ywf0ef;usif tdrfeD;em;csif;
wdkYu a,mura,mufsm;? a,murrdef;r? cifyGef;onfwdkY\ *kPfaus;Zl;rJh
tjypfpum;wdkYudkajymMum;jcif;udkMum;cJhaomf wpfqifhjyefrajym&ef qdkvdk&if;
jzpf\/ tjyifr;D ud&k nf&,
G
f orD;\zcifu ]]tjyifr;D udt
k wGi;f odYk roGi;f &}}
[k Mo0g'pum;udk ajymMum;cJhjcif;omjzpf\/
(3) ]jyefay;olwt
Ykd m;om jyefay;&rnf}[lonf rdrdtdrfrS iSg;&rf;xm;
aom tokH;taqmifypnf;rsm;udk wpfzefjyef ay;aomoltm;omvQif
aemufxyfwpfzefiSg;&rf;ay;urf;&rnfudk qdkvdkygonf/
(4) ]ray;aomolwt
Ykd m;ray;&}[lonf rdrdtdrfrSiSg;&rf;xm;aom
tok;H taqmifypn;f rsm;udk wpfzefjyef ray;aomolwYkdtm; aemufxyfwpfzef
riSg;&? ray;&[k qdkvdkygonf/
(5) ]ay;aomoltm;aomfvnf;aumif;? ray;aomoltm;aomf vnf;
aumif; ay;&rnf}[lonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomaqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[rsm;a&mufvm
MuvQif wpfzefjyefay;Edkifonf jzpfap? ray;Edkifonfjzpfap ay;urf;jcif;iSg
omvQif oihfavsmf\[laom t"dyg,fudk qdkvdkygonf/
(6) ]csr;f ompGmaexdik &f rnf}[lonf a,mura,mufsm;? a,mur
rdef;rwdkYudkjrifvQif rwfwyfx&rnfhae&m xdkifae&ef roihfavsmf[laom
teuft"dyg,fudkqdkvdkygonf/
(7) ]csr;f ompGm pm;&rnf}[lonf a,mura,mufsm;? a,mur rdef;
r? cifyGef;onfwdkYxuf a&S;OD;pGmrpm;&efESifh ,if;wdkY avmufavmufiSiS
pm;aomuf&NyD;rS pm;yg[laomt"dyg,fudk qdkvdkygonf/
(8) ]csr;f ompGmtdy&f rnf}[lonf a,mura,mufsm;? a,mur rde;f
r? cifyGef;onfwdkYxuf a&S;OD;pGmrtdyf&[laom t"dyg,fudk qdkvdkonf/
(9) ]rD;udk dkaopGmvkyfauR;&rnf}[l o nf a,mu r a,muf s m;?
a,murrdef;r? cifyGef;onfwdkYudk dkaopGmjyKpkvkyfauR;&rnf[laom t"dyg,f
udkqdkonf/
(10) ]tdrw
f iG ;f ewfwu
Ykd kd &Scd ;kd &rnf}[lonf toD;tjcm; tdrf,mudk
tkyfpdk;aexdkifaomtcsdefup rdrdtdrfodkY <uvmaom &[ef;awmfudkjrifvQif
&[ef;awmftm;vSLNyD;rSom rdrdpm;oihfonf[laomt"dyg,fudk qdkvdkygonf/

("ry'|uxm\ tvdt
k m;jzifu
h m; a,mura,mufsm;? a,murrde;f r? cifyeG ;f
onfwdkYudk ewfwdkYuJhodkY tav;tjrwfjyK&rnfudk qdkvdkygonf/)
pGJcsufvnf; 0domcgtjypfr&SdaMumif; tmrcHol<u,fwdkYu qkH;jzwfMuav\/
xdktcg tmrcHol<u,frsm;? rd*g&ola|;ESifh 0domcgwdkY qufajymqdkMuonfrSm(tmrcHol<u,frif;rsm;) b,fvdkvJ.. ola|;rif;... uREfkyfwdkY\ orD; tzdkY&m
tjcm;aom tjypf&Sdygao;oavm/
(rd*g&) r&Sdawmhyg vlBuD;rif;wdkY/
(tmrcHo<l u,frif;rsm;) ola|;rif;.. xdo
k Ykd jzpfygvsuf tb,faMumift
h jypfrhJ
aom orD;udk taMumif;r&SdbJ tdrfrSESifxkwfapygoenf;/
xdktcg 0domcgu ]]zcifwdkY.. orD;\tzdkY&m orD;\a,murajympum;jzifh
tvsifpvdk tdrfrSxGufoGm;&ef roihfavsmfygacs/ trSefuawmh orD;tdrfodkY
vdu
k v
f maomaeY orD;\ tjypf&?dS r&Sd okwo
f if&iS ;f vif;Edik &f ef orD;zcifu zcifwYkd\
vuf0,f tyfE
HS ay;vdu
k yf gonf/ ,ckru
l m; orD;tjypfr&Sad Mumif; okwo
f if&iS ;f vif;
NyD;jzpf ,cktcg orD;jyefomG ;zdYk &m csrf;omygNyD}} [k ajymqdNk yD;aemuf rdr\
d uRefred ;f r?
uRefa,mufsm;wdkYudk ]],mOfponfwdkYudk pD&if jyKjyifrIjyKMuavmh}}[k trdefYay;av\/
xdktcg rd*g&ola|;onf xdktmrcHol<u,fwdkYudkac:,l 0domcgudk ]]orD;..
igonf rodajymqdkcJhrdygNyD? ightm;onf;cHygavmh}}[k awmif;yefpum;ajymMum;
av\/ xdktcg 0domcgu ]]zcifwdkY.. zcifwdkYtay: onf;cHoihfaomt&mudk orD;
a&S;OD;uyif onf;cHyg\/ orD;txl; ajymcsifonfrSm orD;um; bk&m;&Sif\ omoem
awmf rwkefrvIyfouf0if,kHMunfaom trsdK;orD; jzpfygonf/ orD;wdkYonf &[ef;
oHCmESifhuif;uGm rjzpfEdkifMuyg/ tu,f orD;tvdkustwdkif; &[ef;oHCmudk
jyKpkvkyfauR;cGifh&ygrl tdrfaeygrnf/}} [k ajymqdkav\/ rd*g&ola|;onf ]]cspf
orD;.. orD;tvdk&Sdwdkif; orD;\&[ef;wdkYudk jyKpkvkyfauR;ygavmh}}[k cGifhjyKpum; ajym
Mum;cJh&av\/
onfuMkd unfah omf 0domcgonf &&Sv
d monft
h cGit
hf a&;udk vufvw
G rf cH
bJ wefzdk;&SdpGm tokH;csvdkufjcif;yifjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ bmomjcm;
a,mur\tdrw
f iG f ,if;uJh odYk awmif;qdrk rI sdK;udk awmif;qd0k jhH cif;rSmvnf; omrefowd?
omrefynmwdkYr[kwfouJhodkY omref trsdK;orD;wdkY vkyfaqmifEdkifaomvkyf&yfvnf;
r[kwfygay/ jyemrsm;ajyvnfoGm;aomtcg rdbwdkY\tdrfudkjyefrnf[k qdkjcif;rSm
vnf; wu,fjyefvdkjcif;um; [kwfrnf[k ,lqr&yg/ rd*g& ola|;\trSm;udk
ay:vGifap&ef[laom &nfG,fcsufaMumifhyif jzpfEdkifayonf/ 0domcg\ [efaqmif
48
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
aumif;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh &&Sdvmaom tcGifhta&;udk ydkifEdkifpGm tokH;cs

Edkifaom 0domcg\pGrf;&nfudk ,aeYacwfrsdK;qufopftrsdK;orD;i,fwdkYonf twk,l
oihfay\/
emrnfopf&&Sad om0domcg
0domcgonf a,murxHrSvdkufavsmrI (cGifhjyKcsuf)udk&aomtcg tcGifh
ta&;udk ta<u;rxm;cJhay/ aemufwpfaeYwGif jrwfAk'trSL;&Sdaom oHCmawmfwdkY
udk yifhzdwf qGrf;uyfav\/ wuwGef;y&dowfonfvnf; jrwffAk'<ua&mufawmfrl
onfukd owif;Mum;Mu rd*g&\tdro
f Ykd oGm;a&mufMuvsuf tdru
f 0kd ef;&H xdik af eMu
av\/
0domcgonf tvSLa&pufudk oGef;csvSL'gef;NyD;vQif ]]ylaZmfzG,ftpkpkudk pDrH
NyD;ygNyD? uRefawmfr\a,murBuD;onf vma&mufjrwfAk'udk jyKpkvkyfauR;ap
csifygonf}}[k owif;ydkYap\/ rd*g&ola|;tm; wuwGef;wdkYu roGm;&efwm;jrpfMu
av\/ qGrf;udpNyD;aomtcg w&m;emzdkY&ef ac:,ljyefav\/ ]]ESpfBudrfac:onfh
tcgum; roGm;bJraeoihaf wmhay}}[k pOf;pm;rdaom rd*g& ola|;onf jrwfA'k w
&m;
awmfudk em,lvdkaompdwfqEonf jyif;pGmjzpfay:av\/ wuwGef;wdkYuvnf;
uefYvefYumtjyifbufrSom w&m;awmfudkem,l&ef tBuHay;av\/ rd*g&olaX;onf
vnf; wuwGef;wdkY\pum;twdkif; vdkufemvsuf w&m;awmfudk em,lav\/
jrwfAk'onf ]]oifola|;um; uefYvefYum\tjyifbuf aevdkrlvnf;
aeap? eH&w
H pfzuf odYk r[kwf awmifwpfzuf odYk r[kwf pMu0Vmwdu
k w
f pfzuf aevdrk l
vnf;aeap? igbk&m;rnfonf rnfrQyifc&D;a0;uGmaeapumrl oifhtm; igbk&m;\
toHawmfuMkd um;apjcif;iSg pGr;f Edik af y\}}[k rdeYf qo
kd nft
h vm; aTa&miftqif; rSn0hf if;
aomtoD;&Sdonfh o&ufyifBuD;\ yifpnfudkudkif vIyfbdouJhodkY w&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhav\/ w&m;awmf\tqkH; rd*g&ola|;onf aomwmywdzdkvf
wnfcJhav\/ xdkYaemuf rd*g&ola|;onf uefYvefYumudkrcsDNyD;vQif jrwfAk'\
ajcawmfwdkYudk wnfjcif;ig;yg;jzifh &Sdcdk;av\/ xkdYaemuf jrwfAk'\ xHawmfarSmuf
yifvQif ]]cspo
f rD;.. oifonf ,aeYut
kd pjyK ig\rdcifygay}}[k ajymqdu
k m 0domcgudk
trdt&mxm;av\/ xdktcg rSp 0domcgonf ] rd*g&rmwm = rd*g& ola|;\r,f
awmf} [k trnfopfudk &&SdcJhav\/
0domcgonf aemufwpfaeYtwGufvnf; jrwfAk'udk yifhzdwfjyef\/
xdkaeYvnf; 0domcg\a,murrdef;ronf aomwmywdzdkvf wnfcJhav\/
(cifyGef;onf ykP0ke\w&m; xl;&jcif;udkum; rawGU&ay/) xdktcsdeftcgrSp
rd*g&ola|;\tdrfonf omoemawmftwGuf [if;vif;yGifhaomwHcg;&Sdonf
jzpfavawmh\/ taMumif;udk&nfG,f rif;uGef;wdyd#u q&mawmfBuD;u]oljrwfwpfa,muf? tdro

f aYkd &mufu? jrm;ajrmufajymxl? tdraf evlw?Ykd edAL eef;cGi?f
taomh0ifz?Ykd r*i&f pS q
f if?h wHcg;yGi\
hf }
[k vuFmwpfydk'fjzifh oDukH;um rSwfcsufjyKxm;awmf rlcJhay\/ rd*g&ola|;onf
rdrdtay: acR;r0domcg\aus;Zl;BuD;rm;onfhtwGuf arwmouf0if Munfvifvm
av\/ xdYk aMumifh av;vHonfh r[mvwmwefqmudk tNrJwef;0wfqif&efroiho
f jzifh
ayghayghyg;yg;jzpfaom ]Cer|u&wemwefqm}udk jrwfAk'\a&SUyif 0wfqifapjcif;
jzifh rdrd\arwmouf0ifMunfvifykHudk ay:vGifxif&Sm;apcJh\/ ,if;wefqmonfum;
tzdk;wpfodef;xdkufwefay\/
txufazmfjyyg taMumif;&yfwdkYudkMunfhaomf rd*g&ola|;onf acR;r0dom
cgtm; rdcift&mxm; *kPw
f ufapcJah Mumif; awGU&ay\/ onfrmS vnf; avmu
xkH;wrf;ESifh nDGwfouJh odkY obm0usaomvkyf&yfvnf;jzpfaMumif; awGUEdkifay\/
odkY rd*g&ola|;tm; w&m;xl;&jcif;? tyg,fqif;&JrSvGwfuif;&jcif; paomtusdK;
w&m;wdkYudk cHpm;&jcif;rSm acR;r0domcgudktrSDjyKomvQif &&Sdjcif;jzpfay\/ ,if;
rSmvnf; oyK&dolyed,puf? o'r0epufwdkY\axmufyHhrIaMumifhvnf;jzpfay
\/ 0domcgonf rd*g&ola|;udkomru rd*g&ola|;\ ZeD;onf (rdrd\a,mur
rde;f rol)tm;vnf; aomwmyefjzpfap&ef t"dutcef;u@rSyg0if aeay\/ rd;kd zvm
Ak'b
mom0ifwpf&mu &wemokyH g;udyk rdk dk ouf0if,MHk unfvmatmif pnf;k;H odr;f oGi;f
&onfrSm vG,fulayrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; bmomjcm;wpfa,mufudk Ak'bmom0if
jzpf&ef pnf;kH;&onfrSm rvG,fulEdkifay/ ,ckrlum; rd*g&rdom;pkudk Ak'bmom0if
jzpfaponfomru rd*g&ZeD;armifESHwdkYonfyif aomwmyef tqifhodkYa&mufcJhonfrSm
0domcg\t&nftcsif; wpf&yfyifjzpf\/ (ae&m 0domcg\cifyGef;onf ykP
0ke\w&m;xl;&&dcS jhJ cif;&S-d r&S[
d al om taMumif;udk usr;f *efwYkd azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Syd g/
odkYaomfvnf; aomwmyeftqifhodkY ra&mufapumrl Ak'bmom0ifawmh tenf;qkH;
jzpfEdkifayrnf[k ,lq&ay\/)
0domcg\ y&[dwqk&pS yf g;
0domcgonf a,murBuD;\ csD;ajrmufjcif;udkcH,l&onfhtcsdefrSp
'gepaom aumif;rIwdkYudk pdwftvdk&Sdwdkif; jyKvkyfav\/ wpfyg;olwdkYtm;vnf;
wdkufwGef;\/ jrwfAk'xHawmf rSvnf; atmufazmfjyygqk&Spfyg;wdkYudk awmif;cJhav\/
jrwfAk'onfvnf; ,if;qk&Spfyg;wdkYudk 0domcgtm; ay;awmfrlcJhav\/
,if;qk&Spfyg;rSm(1) 0duom#du'ge
= oHCmtm; toufxufqkH; rdk;a&cHouFef;
50
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vSL'gef; cGifh&jcif;?
= {nfhonftm*EK&[ef;wdkYtm;
qGrf;vSL'gef;cGifh &jcif;?
(3) *rdubw'ge
= c&D;oGm;&[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;vSL'gef;cGifh&jcif;?
(4) *dvmebw'ge
= olem&[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;vSL'gef;cGifh&jcif;?
(5) *dvmEky|mubw'ge = olemjyK&[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;vSL'gef;cGifh&jcif;?
(6) *dvmeabZ'ge
= olem&[ef;wdkYtm; aq;vSL'gef;cGifh&jcif;?
(7) "k0,m*k'ge
= tNrJ,m*kqGrf; vSL'gef;cGifh&jcif;?
(8) O'uom#du'ge
= bduKeDoHCmtm; a&oEkyfouFef;vSL'gef;cGifh
&jcif;?
[laom &Spfyg;wdkYwnf;/ qk&Spfyg;udkMunfhaomf 0domcgonf ,if;qk&Spfyg;udk
awmif;jcif;rSm rdrdtwGuf awmif;jcif;r[kwfaMumif; odomEdkifay\/ pifppf olr\
qkwdkYonf y&[dwtusdK;iSgomvQifjzpfay\/ ,if;tcsufudkMunfhaomf 0domcgonf
wpfudk,faumif;orm; r[kwfaMumif; avhvmod&SdEdkifay\/ ae&m ouFef;? qGrf;?
,m*kwdkYudk vSL'gef;jcif;rS&&Sdaom tusdK;wdkYudkvnf; odem;vnfoihf\/ ,if;tusdK;
wkdYukd atmufygtwdkif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifao;\/
(2) tm*EKubw'ge
ouFe;f vSL'gef;&usdK; trsdK;trsdK;

ouFe;f vSL'gef;&usKd ;wdYk rmS trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sad Mumif; usr;f *efrsm; azmfjyxm;ay\/
ydvdE 0paw&tyg'gef ouFef;vSL'gef;&usdK; &Spfyg;&SdaMumif; azmfjyxm;\/
,if;wkdYrSm(1) aTtqif;ESifhwlaom tqif;&Sdjcif;?
(2) cEmudk,f tnpftaMu;r&Sd oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;?
(3) ta&mift0gESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(4) bkef;wefcdk;tmEkabmfBuD;jcif;?
(5) odrfarGUEl;nHhaom udk,f&Sdjcif;?
(6) tjzL? t0g? teD t0wfykqdk;wpfodef;wdkY OD;xdyftxuf aqmif;rdk;vsuf
&Sdukefjcif;?
(7) ydk;ykqdk;? urvmykqdk;wdkYudk&jcif;?
(8) acgrykqdk;? 0gjcnfykqdk;wdkYudk&jcif;wdkYjzpf\/
"r y '|uxmum; ouF e f ; tvS L \tusd K ;onf trsd K ;orD ; wd k Y t m;
]]r[mvwmwefqm}}udk&jcif;? trsdK;om;wdkYtm; ]]wefcdk;jzifhNyD;aom oydwfouFef;udk
& {[dbduK&[ef;}} jzpf&jcif; wdkYaywnf;[k azmfjyxm;jcif;udkvnf; awGU&ay\/
if;tjyif t|omvdeDt|uxmum; ouFef;vSL&usdK; ajcmufyg;&Sdao;\/ ,if;

wdkYrSm(1) aumif;aom tqif;&Sdjcif;?
(2) aumif;aom toH&Sdjcif;?
(3) aumif;aom teHYtouf&Sdjcif;?
(4) aumif;aomt&omudk okH;aqmif&jcif;?
(5) El;nHhaomcEmudk,f&Sdjcif;?
(6) tema&m*guif;&Sif;wdkYyifjzpf\/
qGr;f vSL&usdK;ig;yg;
qGrf;vSL'gef;&m tusdK;ig;yg;&SdaMumif; t*FkwdK&f azmfjyxm;ay\/ ,if;
wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\/
(1) touf&Snfjcif;?
(2) tqif;vSjcif;?
(3) udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omjcif;?
(4) tm;cGefAvBuD;jcif;?
(5) PfynmBuD;jcif;?
,m*ktusdK; trsdK;rsdK;
,m*kukd aomufo;Hk jcif;jzifh tusdK;ig;yg;ud&k &Sad pEdik yf gonf/ ,if;ig;yg;rSm(1) qmavmifjcif;udk y,fjcif;?
(2) rGwfodyfjcif;udk y,fjcif;?
(3) avudk atmufodkYpkefapjcif;?
(4) qD;tdrfudk pifMu,fapjcif;?
(5) tpmudk aMuusufapjcif;wdkYjzpf\/ onfum; aomufokH;oltwGuf&&Sd
apaom tusdK;w&m;jzpf\/
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
,m*kudk vSL'gef;oltwGufum; tusdK;ig;yg;yif &&Sday\/ ,if;ig;yg;rSmtema&m*g uif;jcif;?

tqif;vSjcif;?
w&m;udk vsifjrefpGm qifjcifEdkifjcif;?
xrif;tazsmfudk &vG,fjcif;?
touf&Snfjcif; wdkYjzpfay\/
0denf;r[m0gum; txufygtusdK;(2)&yfudkaygif; ,m*ktusdK;(10)yg;&Sd
52
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
aMumif;vnf; awGU&ao;ay\/
0domcg\ xl;jcm;csufrsm;
jrwfAk'\vufxufawmf toufwpf&mhESpfq,f&SnfolwdkYwGif 0domcg
onfvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfaMumif; awGUEdkifay\/ jrwfAk'vufxufawmf
toufwpf&mhESpfq,f&SnfolwdkYrSm ajcmufOD;&Sday\/ ,if;ajcmufOD;wdkYrSm(1) 0domcg?
(2) aygu&omwdykPm;?
(3) jA[m,kykPm;?
(4) Am0&d,ykPm;?
(5) t&SiftmeEmrax&fjrwfESifh
(6) t&Sifr[muyrax&fjrwfwdkYjzpf\/
onfrSmvnf; 0domcg\xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfyifjzpf\/
wpfzef 0domcgonf om;q,fa,muf? orD;q,fa,mufwdkY xGef;um;cJh
av\/ xdkom;orD;ESpfq,fwdkYwGif wpfa,mufwpfa,mufwGif om;q,fa,mufpD?
orD;q,fa,mufpD xGef;um;jyefav\/ xdkajr;av;&mwdkYwGifvnf; wpfa,mufwpf
a,mufwGif om;q,fa,mufpD? orD;q,fa,mufpD xGef;um;jyefavaomaMumifh
jrpfaygif;&Spfaxmif&Sdav\[kqdk\/ onfrSmvnf; 0domcg\xl;jcm;csufwpfckyif
jzpfav\/
ae&m om;orD;ESpfq,f? ajr;av;&m? jrpf&Spfaxmif&Sd\qdkonfrSm
omrefMunfhaomf r,kHEdkifp&m jzpfay\/ odkYaomfvnf; *sD;eufbGcf atmha0g('f)
&Daumh('f) urmhthHzG,frSwfwrf;rsm;pmtkyfvm taxmuftxm;wdkYESifhEdIif;,SOfaomf ,kH
Munfp&mjzpfvm&ay\/ ,if;pmtkyf atmufyg twdkif; azmfjyxm;ay\/
]]&Siaf rG;vGe;f /
/ urmwGif om;orD;tarG;EdkifqkH;tjzpf rSefuefaom
taxmuftxm;ESifhwuG vufcHEdkifonfhtrsdK;orD;rSm k&Sm;jynf? armfpudk
pD&ifyikd cf iG ehf ,fajrrS v,form;BuD; zsdK'dAk mqDvuf (1816-72)\ yxrZeD;
jzpf\/ xdktrsdK;orD;onf uav;(27)Budrf arG;zGm;cJh&m ESpfrTmyl; (16)Budrf?
okH;rTm;yl; (7)Budrf? av;rTmyl; (4)Budrf arG;zGm;jcif;jzifh uav;(96)a,muf
arG;zGm;cJh\/ xdkYaMumifh 'kwd,ZmtvufZEm;\ eef;awmfodkYyif 0ifa&muf
cpm;cJh&oltjzpf xif&Sm;cJhonf/
rMumrDu cdkifvkHaomowif;wpf&yft& b&mZD;EdkifiHrS dkifrGef'dk
umaemAm\ZeD; *sdKqDrm umaemAm (touf-54)onf olr\ 38-
a,mufajrmufuav;i,fudk zGm;jrifcJhaMumif; od&avonf/ xdktrsdK;

orD;onf touf(15)ESpftG,fwGif vufxyfcJhjcif; jzpfNyD; wpfESpf
wpfom;us arG;zGm;jcif;jzifh ,cktcg om;-14a,mufESifh orD;-24 a,muf
&SdayNyD/ 1972 ckESpf arvtwGif;u rdcifjzpfolu ]]'Duav;awGaMumifh
tvkyfIyf& aomursm;&wmrSefayr,fh arG;&usdK;awmh eyfygw,f&Sif}}[k
vnf;aumif;? zcifjzpfolu ]]'DvdkpdwfIyfp&mrsdK;b,fvdk? b,fvdkjzpfvm
w,f rqdkEdkifygbl;Asm}}[kvnf; qdkcJhavonf/}}
wpfzef 0domcgonf toufBuD;aomfvnf; qHyifwpfacsmif;rSvnf; jzLjcif;
r&Sday/ toufwpfq,fhajcmufESpftG,f trsdK;orD;uav;uJhodkY tpOftNrJEkysdKaeay
\/ om;orD;? ajr;? jrpfwYkd EiS t
hf wlomG ;vQif ]]b,f[m 0domcgygvdr}hf }[k ar;,lMunf&h
atmif EkysdKae\/ ae&mrSx&m tcgom 0domcgudkodEdkifay\/ rnfodkYyifMunfhMunfh
oGm;jcif;? &yfjcif;? xdkifjcif;? avsmif;jcif; [laom &d,mykwfav;yg;vkH; wifhw,f
vSyae\/ onfrSmvnf; 0domcg\xl;jcm;csuf wpfckyifjzpfav\/
0d o mcgonf rd e f ; rom;yif j zpf a pumrl ,Of a us;od r f a rG U aomf v nf ;
tm;EGJUolum; r[kwfygay/ qifajymif;ig;pD; tm;tif&Sday\/ xdkYaMumifhyif tav;csdef
rsm;onfh r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqifEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpf\/ aumovrif;udk,fwdkif
yif 0domcgtm; qifajymifig;pD; tm;tif&Sdr&Sd udk vufawGUprf;oyfzl;ay\/ wpfaeY
0domcgonf trsdK;orD;ig;&mESifhtwl aZw0efausmif;odkY w&m;emoGm;pOf qif
ajymifBuD;udkvTwf prf;oyfap\/ tNcHt&HtrsdK;orD;rsm; xGufajy;Muaomfvnf;
0domcgum; xGufajy;jcif;rjyKcJhay/ aÈ&&yif oGm;av\/ ajy;0ifvmaom
qif a jymif B uD ; ud k vuf E S p f a csmif ; jzif h y if ES m armif ; ud k q G J wG e f ; vd k u f a v\/
qifajymifonf 0domcg\ wGef;tm;aMumifh aemufodkYzifxdkif&uf usoGm;onf[l\/
ae&m aumovrif;onf 0domcgtm; qifajymifvTwf prf;oyfjcif;
onf 0domcg 'kua&mufrnf[kodvQifum; jyKrnfum;r[kwfay/ 0domcg\
tpGrf;owdwdkYudk ,kHMunf tjcm;olrsm;odap&eftwGufom prf;oyfjcif;jzpfwef&m
\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf oludk,fwdkifac:,lvmaom olaX;\orD; jzpfonfhtjyif
jrwfAk'\wynfhr jzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/ onfwdkYum; 0domcg\ xl;jcm;
csufwdkYyifjzpf\/
ykAm kaH usmif;aqmuf&ef taMumif;zefvmjcif;
0domcgonf cGifhjyKcsuf&&SdonfhtcsdefrSp aomwmyeft&d,m om0dumr
jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm bk&m;oGm;? ausmif;wuf0wfrysufay/ tenf;qkH; wpfaeYESpf
BudrfoGm;a&mufav\/ oGm;onfhtcgwdkif;vnf; vufcsnf;roGm;ay/ rGef;rwnfh
54
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
rDomG ;vQif qGr;f ? cJz,

G ?f abmZOfwYdk ukd ,lomG ;\/ rGr;f wnfNh yD;aemufyikd ;f oGm;vQifum;
]]aq;ig;rsdK;}} ESifh ]]azsmf&nf&SpfrsdK;}} wdkYudk ,laqmifoGm;\/ jrwfAk'ESifhomru t&Sif
om&dykw&m? t&Sifr[marm*vmefrSonf udk&ifi,fuav;txd oHCmtm;vkH;ESifh
tuRrf;0if &if;ESD;rI&Sday\/ &if;ESD;onfhtm;avsmfpGm udk&ifi,fuav;rsm;u 0domcg
vmonfhtcgwdkif; ]]vufxJrSm bmvSLp&mygovJ}}[k Munfhwwf\/ udk&ifi,frsm;u
0domcgtm; omoemhr,fawmfBuD;}}[k oabmxm; tuRrf;w0ifqufqHouJhodkY
0domcguvnf; rdrd\ om;i,f? ajr;i,frsm;yrm oabmxm;\/ vdktyfonfrsm;udk
vnf; jznfhqnf;vSL'gef;NrJ jzpfay\/ aeYpOfaeYwdkif;vnf; rdrdtdrf oHCmESpfaxmif
tm; tNrJqGrf;vSL'gef;av\/
wpfaeY 0domcgonf uRefrrsm;NcH&Hvsuf jrwfAk'\w&m;pum;awmfudk
em,l&ef ausmif;awmfodkYoGm;av\/ ,if;odkYoGm;&m ausmif;awmfodkY 0ifvwfaomf
]]jrwfAk'\txHawmfodkY ysHUvGifholwdkY\toGiftjyifjzifh oGm;jcif;iSgroihfavsmfacs}}[k
qifjcifrdum r[mvwm wefqmudk cRwfNyD; uRefr\vufokdY ay;tyfav\/ xdkY
aemuf Cer|uwefqmudk vJvS,f0wf jrwfAk'\ w&m;awmfudk em,lav\/
w&m;NyD;qk;H jyefaomtcg uRefronf r[mvwmwefqmudk w&m;emonfah e&myif
arhusefaecJh\/
txl;ojzifh w&m;emNyD;jyefoGm;aom y&dowf\ wpfpkHwpf&maom0wK
arhusef&pfcJhvQif xdk0wKudk t&SiftmeEmrax&fonf odrf;qnf;xm;awmfrlNrJjzpfay\/
t&SiftmeEm rax&fonf xdkaeY r[mvwmwefqmudkawGUjrif& jrwfAk'tm; xdk
taMumif;udkavQmufxm;&m jrwfAk'\ ]]oihfavsmfaomae&m odrf;qnf;ap}}[laom
trdefYawmftwdkif; apmif;wef;avScg;wpfzuf csdwfqGJxm;av\/
0domcgonf rusef;rmaom&[ef;rsm;ESifh udk&ifrsm;tm;jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;?
vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk vSL'gef;jcif; tp&Sad omudpw
Ykd ukd aqmifu
G Nf yD;aemuf ausmif;wdu
k f
twGif;rSxGufvm cJh\/ tjyifa&mufonfhtcg r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqif&ef
uRefrtm; awmif;av\/ xdktcgrS uRefronf ausmif;awmfarhusefcJhonfudk
trSwf&av\/ 0domcgu jyef,lcdkif;\/ ]]tu,f t&SiftmeEmrax&f aumuf,l
odr;f xm;vQif r,lc&hJ efEiS hf xdw
k efqmudk pGeYf vLS NyD;om;jzpfonf}} [kvnf; rSmMum;vdu
k f
av\/ uRefrvnf; t&SiftmeEmrax&f\ tjcm;ae&modkYodrf;qnf;xm; onfudk
od& rSmvdkufonfhtwdkif; jyefvnf ,lrvmcJhay/ odkYaomfvnf; &[ef;awmfrsm;
apmifha&Smuf&ef 0efav;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh jyef,lap\/
aemufaeY rdrdtdrf jrwfAk'qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aomtcg 0domcgonf
xdak rhusecf ahJ om r[mvwmwefqmukd jrwfA'k t
m; vSL'gef;av\/ odYk aomf jrwfA'k u
]]wefqmrnfonf &[ef;wdkYtm; rtyfpyf}}[k rdefYy,fawmfrlav\/ xdktcg

0domcgonf ]]t&Sifbk&m;.. wynfh awmfronf wefqmudk wefzdk;jzwf xdkaiGjzifh
jrwfAk'oDwif;okH;awmfrl&mausmif;awmfudk aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;ygrnfbk&m;}}[k
avQmufxm;av\/ xdktcg jrwfAk'uvnf; vufcHav\/ 0domcgonf ,if;
wefqmudk aTyef;wdro
f nftm; tzd;k jzwfap\/ ,if;wefqm\wefz;kd rSm oef;uk;d q,f
ESifh vufcrSm wpfodef;jzpfay\/ xdkYaemuf ,if;wefqmudk vSnf;ay:wifvSnfhvnf
a&mif;csav\/ 0,fEikd o
f nfo
h u
l m; r&Sad y/ xdYk aMumifh rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd yf if0,f,cl &hJ av\/
ae&m 0domcg\uRefronf r[mvwmwefqmudk o,f,lEdkifaMumif;
avhvmawGU &Sd&ay\/ odkYaomfvnf; 0wfqifxdkufaom bkef;uHrygvmay/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf twdwfb0wdkY ouFef;vSL'gef;cJhjcif; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh[k okH;oyf&
rnfjzpfay\/ xdYk aMumifh trsdK;aumif; orD;wdYk onf 0domcguJo
h Ykd r[mvwm wefqm
udk 0wfqifvdkygu &[ef;awmfwdkYtm; ouFef;vSL'gef; oihfay\/ odkYr[kwfygu
tm;tifaumif;aomfvnf; r[mvwmwefqmudk 0wfqifcGifh&rnfum; r[kwfay/
ykAm kaH usmif;awmfBuD;udk aqmufvyk yf Hk
jrwfAk'onf om0wdNrdKU\ ta&SUbufwHcg;teD; ausmif;aqmuf&ef
TefMum;av\/ xdkYaemuf 0domcgonf ausmif;ajrae&mudk wefzdk;aiG oef;(90)jzifh
0,f,lvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;aqmufvkyf&ef vdktyfonfhypnf;rsm;udk 0,f,l&m
wefzdk;aiG oef;(90)ukefusav\/ 0gyumv jrwfAk'wdkYonf a'opm&Dc&D;udk
<ucsDawmfrlNrJjzpf&um; 0domcgonf ausmif;aqmuf&m MuyfrwfpDrHay;rnfh rax&f
wpfyg;udk xm;awmfrlcJh&ef avQmufxm;av\/ jrwfAk'uvnf; ]]rdrdoabmus
ESpfoufonfhrax&f\ oydwfudk ,lxm;vdkuf}}[k trdefYawmf&Sdav\/
0domcgonf t&SiftmeEmrax&fudk oabmusESpfouf\/ rax&fjrwfESifh
vnf; &if;ESD;NyD;om;jzpfonfhtavsmuf Munfdk&if;pGJvnf; &Sday\/ odkYaomfvnf;
vsifjrefpmG NyD;a&;onfom t"duusay\/ yk*Kd vfa&;onf t"dur[kwaf y/ ryifryef;
bJ ausmif;awmfBuD; vG,u
f pl mG NyD;pD;zdYk &efrmS um; wefc;kd &Si\
f t&mom jzpf\/ wefc;kd &Sif
om pGrf;Edkif\/ xdkYaMumifh t&SiftmeEm\oydwfawmfudkr,lbJ t&Sifr[marm*vmef
rax&f\ oydwfudkom ,lxm;vdkuf\/ jrwfAk'uvnf; xdkt&Sifjrwfudk aecJhzdkY&ef
trdefY&Sdvdkuf\/ t&Sifjrwfonf rdrd\wynfhig;&mESifhtwlusefaecJh\/
rax&fjrwf\ tmEkabmfaMumifh ,lZemig;q,f? ajcmufq,fa0;aomt&yf
odkY opfom;? ausmufponfwdkYtwGuf oGm;a&mufonfholrsm;rSm aeYcsif;jyefvmEdkifMu
\/ yifyef;rI? xdcu
kd rf v
I nf; rjzpfcMhJ uay/ odYk jzifh rMumrDomvQif ESpx
f yftw
k w
f u
kd f
ausmif;BuD;NyD;pD;oGm;cJh\/ ,if;ausmif;BuD; \ ajrae&mtus,ft0ef;onf rif;y,f
&Spfy,f (tvsm;-912ay? teH 400 ay) us,f0ef;\/ ausmif;BuD;rSm atmufxyf
wdu
k cf ef;aygif;ig;&m? tay:xyf wdu
k cf ef;ig;&m&Sad y\/ xdYk aMumifh ,if;ausmif;BuD;
wdkufcef;aygif;wpfaxmifwdwd &Sday\/
56
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
ESpfxyfausmif;BuD;wpfaqmifwnf;jzifh xD;xD;rm;rm;jzpfae rwifhw,f

ojzifh ausmif;BuD;ud0k ef;&H ur|mef;ausmif;aygif;ig;&m? jyom'fig;&m? wefapmif;&Snf
ig;&mwdkYudkvnf; aqmufvkyfjyef\/ azmfjyygt&mtm;vkH;udk rax&fjrwf\ BuD;Muyf
rIjzifh udk;vMumaomtcg tm;vkH;NyD;pD;oGm;av\/ ,if;ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
trnftm;jzifh ]ykAm &mr = ykAm kaH usmif;wdu
k }f [k ac:Mu\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ykA
- om0wdNrdKU\ ta&SUbufwnfaom? tm&mr-ausmif;wdkuf jzpfaomaMumifh
yifjzpf\/ ausmif;a&pufcsyGJ 0domcgonf jrwfAk'tm;yifhzdwf ausmif;awmfBuD;
tm; vSL'gef;cJhav\/ jrwfAk'ESifhoHCmawmfwdkYtm;vnf; ausmif;awmfBuD;0guyf&ef
avQmufxm;cJh\/
0domcgonf rd;k av;vwdYk umvywfv;Hk ausmif;a&pufcsyGu
J kd usif;yav\/
xdktawmtwGif;0domcg\ oli,fcsif;rwpfa,mufonf tzdk;wpfodef;wefaom
t0wfudk ,lvmNyD; ajrtcif;tjzpfyg0ifvSL'gef;vdk ae&may;&ef awmif;qdkav\/
cif;p&mae&mum; tvyfr&Sdygay/ xdkYaMumifh t&SiftmeEmrax&fESifhwdkifyif
oli,fcsif;r\o'gw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;a&;twGuf avScg;&if;ajcokwfonfhae&mvSL&ef
wdkufwGef;cJhav\/ onfudkMunfhaomf 0domcgonf tvSL'geay;&m vdkavao;
r&Sdatmif ay;vSLcJhaMumif; awGUEdkifay\/ 0domcgonf ausmif;a&pufcsyGJ\aemufqkH;
&ufjzpfaom wefaqmif;rkef;vjynfhaeY oHCmawmftm; ouFef;rsm;udk qufuyf
vSL'gef;cJhav\/ 0gti,fqkH;aom oHCmawmfwdkYtm; vSL'gef;aomouFef;onfyif
wpfaxmifwefzdk;&Sday\/ xdkYtwl oydwf pwkr"kudkxnfhvnf; vSL'gef;cJhav\/
odkY rkd;av;vywfvkH; ausmif;a&pufcsyGJudk taMumif;jyK oHCmawmf
wdkYtm; ypnf;av;yg;jzifh vSL'gef;rIjyKcJh&m pkpkaygif;ukefusaiGonf oef;udk;q,f
jzpf\/ odkYvQif 0domcgonf(u)
ausmif;ajr0,f&m
oef; 90/
(c)
ausmif;aqmufvkyf&m
oef; 90?
(*)
ausmif;a&pufcsyGJusif;y&m
oef; 90?
pkpak ygif; oef;aygif;ESp&f mh ckepfq,faomypn;f OpmwdYk ukd jrwfA'k \
omoemawmftm;
vSL'gef;cJhav\/ odkY ykAmkHausmif;wdkufBuD;udk vSL'gef;onfh0domcgonf ausmif;
trBuD;[laom *kPfyk'fwpfckwdk;vsuf ]ausmif;trBu;D 0domcg}[k xif&Sm;vmcJhay\/
0domcg\'get&m olrwlatmif xl;cRefrIudk t|uxmq&mu atmuffygtwkdif;
rSwfcsufjyKxm;cJhay\/
]]jrwfAk'omoemawmftm; ypnf;av;yg;vSL'gef;olwdkYwGif trsdK;om;rsm;
teuf temxydPfola|;BuD;? trsdK;orD;rsm;teuf 0domcgudkrDol wpf
a,mufrQr&Sdacs}}
"r*gxmwdjYk zifh oDusL;aom ausmif;trBuD;0domcg

ausmif;a&pufcsyGJ NyD;qkH;onfhnaecsrf; ausmif;trBuD;onf om;orD;?
ajr;? jrpfwdkY ESifhtwl ]]igawmifhwcJhaom t&mtm;vkH;onf jynfhpkHNyD}}[k pdwful;
0rf;ajrmufvsuf ausmif;awmf BuD;udkvSnfhvnfMunfhI&if; yDwdt[kefaMumifh atmuf
azmfjyygt"dyg,f&Sdaom "r*gxmwdkYudk om,mcsdKNrdefaomtoHjzifh oDusL;cJhav\/
,if;"r*gxmwdkY\t"dyg,fwdkYrSm(u) ]]igonf b,ftcg ykAmkHausmif;tvSL'geudk ay;vSL&ygtHh
enf;}} [laom ig\awmifhwcsufonf ,cktcg jynfhavNyD
wum;/
(c) ]]igonf b,ftcg anmifapmif;? tif;ysOf? bkv
H QdK? ausmif;tok;H
taqmifwdkYudk vSL&ygtHhenf;}} [laom ig\awmifhwcsufonf
,cktcg jynfh avNyDwum;/
(*) ]]igonf b,ftcg qefuGJpyg;vkH;cJryg tom;a&m>yrf;aom
pma&;wHqGrf;udk ay;vSL&ygtHhenf;}}[laom ig\awmifhwcsuf
onf ,cktcg jynfhavNyDwum;/
(C) ]]igonf b,ftcg ckcH snfouFe;f ? 0gcsnfouFe;f wdYk ukd ay;vSL&
ygtHhenf;}} [laom ig\awmifhwcsufonf ,cktcg jynfhav
NyDwum;/
(i) ]]igonf tb,ftcg axmywf? qDOD;? qD? ysm;&nf? wifvJ
wnf; [laom aq;'gewdkYudk ay;vSL&ygtHhenf;}}[laom
ig\awmifhwcsufonf ,cktcg jynfhavNyDwum;/
"r*gxmrsm;udkMunfhaomf ausmif;trBuD;0domcgonf ykAmkHausmif;
awmfBuD;udkom aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhjcif;um; r[kwfay/ anmifapmif;? tifysOftp
&Sdaom ausmif;tokH;taqmif ypnf;rsm;ESifh qGrf; ouFef; aq; wkdYudkvnf; vSL'gef;
cJhaMumif; odomEdkifay\/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYacwf ausmif;vSL'gef;onfh trsdK;aumif;
om;? trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYonf ausmif;trBuD;0domcgudk twk,l tm;usvsuf qGrf;?
ouFef;? ausmif;? aq;omru ausmif;tokH;taqmif ypnf;rsm;udkvnf; vSL'gef;oihf
ay\/ ae&m 'ge[lonf tusKd ;ay;jcif;oabm&S&d m 0domcgvSL'gef;aom'gewdYk \
tusdK;w&m;wdkYudk ae&mazmfjyygOD;rnf/ (qGrf;? ouFef;? aq;wdkY\tusdK;wdkYudk
a&;om;cJhayNyD) ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfay\/
ausmif;vSL'gef;&usdK; (7)yg;
(1) ewfb0? vlb0wdkY y#doaEae&jcif;?
58
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
awmifhwkHjzifh taqmufttkH&jcif;?
aMumufGHUxdwfvefYrIuif;jcif;?
jcaoFhopfusm;paom om;&Jrsm;ESifh bDvl;wdkYrzrf;,l? rESdyfpufEkdifjcif;?
raumif;aomtdyfrufudk rjrifrufjcif;?
owdaumif;jcif; (l;oGyfazmufjyefrIuif;jcif;)?
b0tqufqufudkodjcif;? aemufqkH;b0 t&[wzdkvfudkyefqifvsuf
edAmefudk&&Sdjcif;?
anmifapmif;(ukwif)vSL&usdK; (11)yg;
(1) txl;xl;aom &wemjzifhNyD;aom ukwifudk&&Sdjcif;?
(2) &wemjzifhNyD;aom tdyf&mudk &jcif;?
(3) &wemjzifhNyD;aom jyom'fudk &jcif;?
(4) tzdk;xdkufwefaom tdyf&mcif;udk &jcif;?
(5) qif,mOfudk &jcif;?
(6) jrif;,mOfudk &jcif;?
(7) xrf;pifudk &jcif;?
(8) oefvsif;udk &jcif;?
(9) uReftrsdK;orD;wdkYudk &jcif;?
(10) uReftrsdK;om;wdkYudk &jcif;?
(11) wefqmqifNyD;aomtrsdK;orD;wdkYudk &jcif;/
tif;ysOf(yvi)f vSL&usdK; (5)yg;
(1) jrifhjrwfaomtrsdK;jzpf &jcif;?
(2) pnf;pdrfcsrf;om jynfhpkHjcif;?
(3) vltaygif;wdkY\ tdktaocH&jcif;?
(4) ausmfaZmjcif;?
(5) rsufESmav;ck&Sdaom yvifudk&jcif;/
tif;ysOf(xdik cf )Hk vSL&usdK; (2)yg;
(1) &wemtwdNyD;aom xdkifckHudk&jcif;?
(2) qifpG,f pEul;ESpfudk&jcif;?
tif;ysOf (ajcaq;ck)H vSL&usdK; (2)yg;
(1) qif,mOf? jrif;,mOf tp&Sdaom,mOfudk&jcif;?
(2) uRefa,mufsm;? uRefrdef;r ponfwdkYu aumif;pGmvkyfauR;jcif;/

bkv
H QdK (arG&U m)vSL&usdK; (6)yg;
(1) nDGwfaomudk,f &Sdjcif;?
(2) olwpfyg;\tdktaocH &jcif;?
(3) El;nHhaomudk,f &Sdjcif;?
(4) IcsifpzG,f wifhw,fjcif;?
(5) tjcHt&Hudk &jcif;?
(6) txl;tqef;tcif;udk &jcif;?
acgif;tk;H vSL&usdK; (5)yg;
(1) xl;qef;jrifhjrwfaomacgif;tkH;udk&jcif;?
(2) r*fzdkvfw&m;udk &&Sdjcif;?
(3) ay;urf;apmifha&SmufrI jA[pdk&fpaomusifh0wfESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(4) tm;rxkwfbJ aAm"dyud,w&m;rsm;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(5) oDv? orm"d? ynmESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
ausmif;trBuD;0domcgonf rdrdjyKcJhaom aumif;rIukodkvfwdkYudkawG;awmrI
pm*gEkwd wzGm;zGm;jzpfvsuf 0rf;ajrmufae\/ ,if;odkY 0rf;ajrmufrIyDwd t[kef
aMumifhyif EIwfrSzGifhvsuf Tifvef;om,maom pum;wdkYudkxkwfazmf oDusL;jcif;
yifjzpfay\/ tcsdKUaom&[ef;wdkYu 0domcgESifh rawGUqkHbl;aomaMumifh 0domcg
wpfa,muf pdwfazgufjyef oDcsif;qdkaeonf[laom txifjzifh jrwfAk'tm; avQmuf
xm;av\/ jrwfAk'u ]]ig\orD;onf oifwdkYxifouJhodkY r[kwfay/ urmwpfodef;
u awmif;cJo
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usL;&ifhjcif;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;awmfrlcJhav\/ onfudkaxmufaomf
0domcgonf rdrd\ 0rf;Adkufudk ajAmtrSwfjzifhxkum oDcsif;qdk uonf}}[k a&;om;
oDqdkMuaom ,ckacwfoDcsif;wdkYonf rSefuefjcif; r&SdEdkifygay/ jrwfAk'\
pum;awmft& oDcsif;qdk ujcif;r[kwfygay/
xdkYaemuf jrwfAk'onf atmufygw&m;awmfudk qufvufa[mawmfrlcJhay
\/
]]uRrf;usifaom yef;onfonf yef;ykHxJrS rsm;pGmaomyef;ukH;rsm;ukd oDukH;jyK
vkyfouJhodkY arG;vmNyD;aemuf {uefao&rnfhow0gonf ukodkvfaumif;rI
wdkYudk rsm;rsm;jyKoihf ay\/}}
60
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
t|uxmq&murl - uRrf;usifaomyef;onfonf yef;tenf;i,fjzifh

yef;ukH;rsm;pGm roDukH;Edkif/ ruRrf;usifvQifrlum; yef;enf;onfjzpfap? rsm;onfjzpfap
oDu;Hk Edik rf nfr[kwaf cs/ uRrf;usifrv
I nf;&S?d yef;vnf;rsm;rlum; yef;uk;H rsm;pGm&atmif
oDukH;Edkifonfom/ xdkYtwl o'gw&m;enf;NyD; Opmrsm;aomyk*dKvfonf ay;urf;
vSL'gef;rIrsm;pGmrjyKEdkif/ o'g ypnf;ESpfyg;pkH enf;yg;ygrlum; rnfodkYrQ rvSL'gef;Edkif
ygay/ o'grsm;NyD; Opmenf;yg;vQifvnf; vSL'gef;rIrsm;rsm; rjyKEdkifygay/ 0domcg
onfum; o'gw&m;vnf;xufoef? ypn;f Opmvnf; rsm;jym;ojzifh ,ckuo
hJ Ykd tvSLyGJ
BuD;udk qifETJEdkifjcif;jzpfay\[k okH;oyfjyxm;cJhayao;\/ xdkYaMumifh o'g? Opm
ESpfjzmjynfhpkHatmif BudK;yrf;oihfvSay\/ odkYrSom 0domcgausmif;trBuD;uJhodkY 'ge
w&m;wdkYudkjyKvsuf 0rf;ajrmufEdkifayrnfom jzpfay\/
jrwfA'k 0domcgESihf ykAm kaH usmif;wkEYd iS phf yf rSwzf ,
G rf sm;
jrwfA'k o
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k Nkd rdKUGmwkYd oYkd <ua&muf 0guyfow
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okH;ojzifh 0gqdk&mXmerNrJay/ ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD;udk aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;NyD;onfhESpf
0gawmf(21)rSp ausmif;'umBuD; temxydPfolaX;BuD;ESifh ausmif;trBuD;0domcg
wdkYtm; csD;ajrmufvdkaomaMumifh om0wdNrdKU edA'(tNrJ)0guyfawmfrl\/ 0gyumv
t&yfwpfyg;odkY<ua&mufaomfvnf; 0gwGif;umvodkYa&mufaomtcg om0wdNrdKYokdY
jyefvmum aZw0efESifh ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD;wdkYom vSnfhvnfoDwif;okH;awmf
rlcJh\/ odkY tvSnfhjzifh oDwif;okH;&mwGif aZw0efausmif;wdkuf nOfhtcg oDwif;
okH;awmfrlvQif aemufaeYeHeufcif; &[ef;taygif;ESifhwuG om0wdNrdKUawmifbuf
wHcg;rS0if NrdKUwGif;qGrf;cHNyD; ta&SUwHcg;rSxGufawmfrlum ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD;
om vSnfhvnf oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJh\/ xdkYtwl ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD; nOfhtcg
oDwif;okH;awmfrlvQif aZw0efausmif;awmfBuD; aeYtcgoDwif;okH;awmfrl\/
odkYvQif edA'0gudk aZw0efausmif;awmfBuD; (18)0g? ykAmkHausmif;
awmfBuD; (6)0g qdkawmfrlcJh\/ tedA'0gqdkpOfu (14)0gajrmuf aZw0efausmif;
awmfBuD; (1)0gqdkzl;\/ xdkwpf0gESifh edA'(18)0gaygif;vQif aZw0efausmif; (19)
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xdkYaMumifh"ry'|uxm aZw0efausmif;awmfBuD; (19)0g? ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD;
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om Tef;jyrnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okwfawmfrsm;rSm(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
r[mykProkwf?
(5)
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(6)
tmemygewdokwf?
(7)
plVoknwowf?
(8)
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(9)
y0g&Pokwf?
(10)
ykProkwf?
(11)
Z&m"rokwf?
(12)
yXrykAm&mrokwf?
(13)
'kwd,ykAm&mrokwf?
(14)
wwd,ykAm&mrokwf?
(15)
pwkwykAm&mrokwf?
(16)
arm*vmeokwf?
(17)
orpdw0*fvm tZwoHa,mZOfyk*dK vf? A[d'oHa,mZOfyk*dK vf
2rsdK;udk t&Sifom&dykw&m a[mMum;awmfrl\/
(18)
omVokwf?
(19)
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(20)
Oaygoxokwf?
(21)
r[mupm,e0wK?
(22)
OaygowwDeH0wK?
(23)
okreomraP&0wK?
(24)
tmeEaw&0wK?
(25)
a&0waw&0wK?
(26)
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ausmif;trBuD;0domcgonf aomwmyefyk*dKvfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
&wemokH;yg;ESifh uif;rjzpfEdkifay/ aeYpOfaeYwdkif; rdrdtdrf oHCmawmfwdkYtwGuf
qGrf;uGrf;a0,sm0paqmifGuf&\/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf; jyifyvlrIa&;udpr sm;udk vdkuf
ygaqmifGuf&ao;\/ xdkodkY rtm;rvyfonfh Mum;rSmyif jrwfAk'&Sd&mausmif;awmfodkY
wpfaeYESpfacguf rSefrSefa&mufatmif oGm;ayao;\/ ausmif;a&mufonfhtcgvnf;
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&nf,
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f if;uGm? pGeYf BuJ&m ? o'gol&?J
AdkvfxkcGJvsuf? ppfuJ 0D&d,? vkHYvtxl;? &JacgifMuL;om;? AdkvfrSL;aTPf?
qkwfrvSefbJ? pdwfoefcdkifusef;? cGJ,lrSef;avm}}
[k pyfqdkawmfrlcJh\/
,if;odYk ppfwu
kd jf cif;ESiw
hf al om ukov
kd af umif;rIwYkd ukd jyKvky&f m taMumif;
okH;yg;jynfhpkH nDGwfrSmvQif txajrmufEdkif\/ odkYr[kwfygu txrajrmufEdkifay/
,if;taMumif;okH;yg;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\/
1/
uH uH\tusdK;w&m;udk ,kHMunfaomo'gw&m;&Sdjcif;?
2/
vSL'gef;ylaZmfzG,fypnf;0wK xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;?
3/
tvSLcHyk*dKvfxif&Sm;&Sdjcif;?
taMumif;w&m;okH;yg;wdkYwGif vSLzG,fypnf;ESihf tvSLcHyk*dKvfrSm
&vG,f\/ odkYaomf o'gw&m;jzpfay:&efum; cufcJvSacs\/ o'gw&m;&Sdoltm;
&EdkifcJaMumif;udk &Sift*orm"du aerdbkHcef;ysdKU]]&eftykHwGif? cRHcRH0if? oH&SifcRwfEIwf? OD;vnfckwfom;? rnfxkwfpGrf;cuf?
ol&J xufvnf;? tdrfeufrJhyJ? 0rf;pmcJvsuf? pGefYBuJay;vTwf? a,mufsm;jrwf
um;? ywfywf azG&Sm? &cJpGm&Sifh? o'gaphayguf? wpfa,mufvQif}}
[kpyfqdkxm;aMumif; awGUEdkifay\/
xkYd aMumifh ukov
kd af umif;rIwpfcjk yKvky&f m txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&m
okH;yg;ESifh jynfhpkHrSomvQif tvSL'ge txajrmufEdkifrnfjzpf\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl
trsKd ;aumif;om; trsKd ; aumif;orD;wkYd onf 'ge&SiBf uD;pHawmf0if 0domcgudt
k wk,u
l m
o'gw&m;ppfppfjzifh tvSL'gewdkYudk jyKvkyfoihfay\/
tvSLray;aomol(2)OD;
avmu tvSLray;aomolonf ESpfOD;&Sd\/ if;wdkYrSm(1)
ray;&ufvdk ESajrm0efwdkaomyk*dK vf?
(2)
arhavsmhayghq owdr&aomyk*dK vfrsm;jzpf\/
xdkwGif ray;&ufvdk ESajrm0efwdkaomyk*Kd vfonf rdrdomvQif csrf;omcsif\/
olwpfyg; wdkYudk rcsrf;omapcsifay/ trSefrSm rp&d,w&m;&SdolrSm wpfudk,faumif;
qefwwfaomyk*dK vfrsm;yif jzpf\/ rp&d,&SdaomolwkdYtm; tb,frSmvQif tvSL
'gewdkYudk ay;vSLMuygtHhenf;/ arhavsmhayghq owdr&aomyk*dK vfwdkY\tzdkYrSmum;
ajymp&m&Sdrnfr[kwfygay/ pifppf tvSL'geudk jyKvkyfMurnf r[kwfygay/
'geukov
kd t
f jym;rsm;
'getrsdK;tpm;rsm;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; avhvmEkdifayao;\/
,if;wkdYrSm(u)
tmrdo'ge? "r'ge
'geonf tmrdo'geESifh "r'ge[l ESpfrsdK;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkESpfrsdK;wdkYwGif
qG r f ; tp&S d a om vS L zG , f 0 w K yp n f ; rsm;ud k tmrd o [k a c: xd k t mrd o wd k Y u d k
vSL'gef;jcif;onf tmrdo'gernf\/ olwpfyg;wdkYtm; w&m;a[mjcif;ponfjzifh
w&m;udkay;vSLjcif;onf "r'gernf\/ 'getm;vkH; wdkYwGif "r'geonfom
tjrwfqkH;jzpfay\/
(c)
xm0&'ge? txm0&'ge
'geonf xm0&'ge? txm0&'ge[l ESpfrsdK;jym;jyef\/ xdkESpfrsdK;wdkYwGif
opfoD;O,smOf? yef;O,smOfudk pDpOfpdkufysdK;vSL'gef;jcif;? c&D;oGm;rsm;tzdkY t&dyf&ap&ef
awmopfyifwdkYudk pdkufysdK; vSL'gef;jcif;? aomufa&tdk;pOf? a&wGif;? a&uef? Z&yf
wefaqmif;? apwD? ausmif;wdkYudk vSL'gef;jcif; wdkYonf ae&mwnfNrJaernfjzpf
tNrJvSL'gef;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh xm0&'gernf\/ txuf azmfjyyg xm0&'ge
wdkYuJhodkYr[kwfbJ acwcPrQokH;aqmif&aom qGrf;ouFef;paom ypnf;rsm;udk
vSL'gef;jcif;onf txm0&'gernf\/
(*)
oy&d0g&'ge? ty&d0g&'ge
'geonf oy&d0g&'ge? ty&d0g&'ge [l ESprf sKd ;jym;jyef\/ xdEk pS rf sKd ;wdYk wiG f
ouFef;udk vSL&m ouFef;csnf;oufoufr[kwfbJ qGrf;? xD;? zdeyf tp&Sdaom
vSLzG,fypnf;rsm;ESifhpDpOf NcH&HvSLjcif;onf tNcHt&HESifhwuG vSL'gef;jcif;jzpfaom
aMumifh oy&d0g&'gernf\/ tNcHt&H vSLzG,fypnf;rygbJ ouFef;oufouf?
qGrf;oufoufjzifh pDpOfvSL'gef;vQif tNcHt&HrygbJ vSL'gef;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
ty&d0g&'gernf\/
(C)
yk*v
u
d 'ge? oHCu
d 'ge
'geonf yk*v
du'ge? oHCdu'ge[l ESpfrsdK;jym;jyef\/ xdkESpfrsdK;wdkYwGif
yk*dK vfwpfOD; ESpfOD;ponfjzifh ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfvSL'gef;jcif;onf yk*v
du'gernf\/
oHCmawmfudk &nfrSef; vSL'gef;jcif;onf oHCdu'gernf\/
(i)
umv'ge? tumv'ge
'geonf umv'ge? tumv'ge[k ESpfrsdK;jym;jyef&m uxdefouFef;
vSL'gef;jcif;? 0gqdkouFef;vSL'gef;jcif;? {nfhonf&[ef;? c&D;oGm;rnfh&[ef;? rusef;rm
aom&[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;ponfvSL'gef;jcif;? tpma&pm&Sm;yg;aomtcg vSL'gef;jcif;?
aumufOD;? opfOD;wdkYudk oDv&Sdol wdkYtm;vSL'gef;jcif;wdkYonf tcsdeftcgESifh
udkufnDatmif pDrHjyKvkyfvSL'gef;aomaMumifh umv'ge rnf\/ tcsdeftcgudk raG;bJ
70
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vSL'gef;vdkonfhpdwfjzpfaomtcg vSL'gef;jcif;onf tumv'ge rnf\/

(p)
o'do'ge? to'do'ge
'geonf o'do'ge? to'do'ge[l ESpfrsdK;jym;jyef&m tvSL'ge jyKvkyf
&m0,f wef;wlnDrQ&Edkifaom wlnDaomtvSL'gersdK;onf o'do'gernf\/
tcsif;csif; tNydKiftqdkifvSL'gef;Mu&m wpfzufom;rsm;vdkuf rwkyEdkifatmif
tEdkif,lvSL'gef;jcif;onf to'do'gernf\/ ,if;uJhodkYaom to'do'geudk
aumovrif;onf tjcm;olrsm; wkyr&Edkifatmif vSL'gef;cJhzl;av\/
(q)
'ge'go? 'geo[m,? 'geomrd
'geonf 'ge'go? 'geo[m,? 'geomrd [l okH;yg;jym;av\/
xdkokH;yg;wdkYwGif rdrdudk,fwdkif aumif;rGefaomtpm;tpmwdkYudk okH;aqmifaeaomfvnf;
tvSLcHyk*dKvfwdkYtm; rdrdokH;aqmifaomypnf;atmuf ,kwfnHhaomypnf;0wKudk
ay;vSL'gef;jcif;onf 'ge'gornf\/ rdrdpm;okH;onfwdkYESifhwlpGm tvSLcHyk*dKvf
tm;vnf; ay;vSLjcif;onf 'geo[m,rnf\/ rdro
d nf ,kwn
f ahH omypn;f wdYk uo
kd m
pm;ok;H NyD; tvSLcHy*k Kd vfwYkd tm; rGejf rwfaom tpm;tpmponfukd ay;vSL'gef;jcif;onf
'geomrdrnf\/ pifppf uJo
h Ykd 'geok;H rsdK;jym;jcif;onf tvSL&Si\
f vSLzG,f ypn;f udk
vdkuf uGJjym;jcif;jzpf\/
(Z)
'ku& 'ge? r[m'ge? omrn'ge
'geonf 'ku&'ge? r[m'ge? omrn'ge[l okH;yg;jym;jyef\/ xdkokH;yg;
wdkYwGif cJcJ,Of;,Of;jyKvkyf vSL'gef;&aomtvSL'geonf 'ku&'gernf\/ (okc
omraPavmif;\ olqif;&Jb0wGif vSL'gef;aomqGrf;wpfeyftvSLuJhodkYwnf;)
vltrsm; tBuD;tus,ftHhMoavmufatmif oD&d"rmaomurif;uJhodkY BuD;us,fpGm
vSL'gef;jcif;onf r[m'gernf\/ txufazmfjyyg 'ku&'geuJhodkY cJ,Of;pGmjyKvkyf
vSL'gef;&onfvnf;r[kwf? r[m'geuJhodkYvnf; vltrsm;tHhMoavmufatmif
BuD;us,fpGmay;vSLonfr[kwfaom tvSL'geonf omrn'gernf\/
(ps)
oyK&o
d 'ge (5)yg;
oyK&do'geonf ig;yg;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) uH? uH\tusdK;udk ,kMH unfaomo'gw&m;jzifh vSL'gef;jcif;[laom
o'g'ge?
(2) vSLzG,f0wKypnf;udk pifMu,frGefjrwfatmif aumif;pGmjyKvkyf
vSL'gef;jcif; [laom oup' ge?
(3) tcsdeftcgESifhoihfavsmfpGmvSL'gef;jcif;? oifhavsmfavsmufywfaom
tcsdef vSL'gef;jcif;[laom umv'ge?
(4) tvSLcHyk*dK vfudkcsD;ajrmufvdkaompdwfxm;jzifh vSL'gef;jcif;[laom
tEk*[dw'ge?
(5) rdrd*kPfudkvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg;*kPfudkvnf;aumif; rxdcdkufap

bJ vSL'gef;jcif;[laom tEkyCmw'gewdkYjzpf\/
,if;oyK&do'geig;yg;wdkYwGif o'g'geaMumifh 'gejyKolonf pnf;pdrfOpm
wdk;yGm;jcif;tjyif tqif;vSyjcif;[laom tusdK;xl;udk&&SdEdkif\/ oup' geaMumifh
pnf;pdrfOpmwdk;yGm;jcif;tjyif ta>ct&Hy&dowfrsm;u rdrdpum;udk av;pm;vdkufem
jcif;[laomtusdK;xl;udk &&SdEdkif\/ xdkYtwlyif umv'geonf pnf;pdrfOpmwdk;wuf
jcif;tjyif vdktyfaomtcsdefumv0,f vdktyfaomtusdK;w&m;wdkYudk rsm;pGm&Edkifjcif;
[laom tusdK;udk&Edkif\/ tEk*[
dw'geonf pnf;pdrfOpmwdk;wufjcif;tjyif &&Sdaom
pnf;pdrOf pm? rGejf rwfaom tok;H taqmifwYdk ukd ok;H aqmif&ef pdwq
f E&jdS cif;? ok;H aqmif
&jcif; [laom tusdK;&Sd\/ tEkyCmw'geaMumifh pnf;pdrfOpm wdk;wufjcif;tjyif
pnf;pdrOf pmwdYk ukd &eforl sdK;ig;yg;wdYk zsufq;D rIr&Sjd cif;[laom tusdK;wdYk ukd &&SEd ikd af y\/
(n)
oyK&o
d 'ge&Spyf g;
wpfenf;tm;jzifh olawmfaumif;wdkYay;vSLavh&Sdaom oyK&do'geonf
&Spfyg;tjym;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) oefY&Sif;pifMu,f wifhw,fvSyatmifjyKvSL'gef;jcif;?
(2) rGefjrwfaomtvSL0wKudk vSL'gef;jcif;?
(3) oihfavsmfavsmufywfaomtcg vSL'gef;jcif;?
(4) tvSLcHyk*dK vfwdkYESifh tyfpyfaomypnf;udkom vSL'gef;jcif;?
(5) tvSLcHyk*dK vfESifh vSLzG,fypnf;wdkYudk aG;cs,fpdppf vSL'gef;jcif;?
(6) rdrdwwftm;orQ rjywfvSL'gef;jcif;?
(7) vSL'gef;ay;urf;pOf pdwfMunfvifapvSL'gef;jcif;?
(8) vSL'gef;ay;urf;NyD; 0rf;ajrmufpGmpdwfxm;Edkifjcif;wdkYjzpfay\/
'gew&m;\tusdK;w&m;rsm;
jrwfAk'u 'gejyKvkyfjcif;aMumifh ,ckypKyefb0ESifh wrvGefb0wdkY&&Sd
apEdkifaom tusdK;w&m;wdkYudk oD[ppfolBuD;tm;'gejyKoltm; ypKyefb0(1) vltrsm;wdkYcspfcifjrwfEdk;Mu\/
(2) tvSL&SifxHodkY NidrfoufwnfMunfaompdwf&Sdaom olawmfaumif;
rsm; csOf;uyf Muukef\/
(3) tvSL&Sifonf aumif;owif;ausmfMum;jcif;ESifhjynfhpkH\/
(4) tvSL&Sifonf rif;? ykPm;? ol<u,f? &[ef;y&dowftv,f &J0ifh
aom rsufESmjzifh TifTifjyjy qnf;uyfEdkif\/
72
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
(5) tvSL&Sifonf pdwfESvkH; MunfMunfvifvifjzifh aoqkH;&\/ ao

qkH;NyD;wrvGefb0um; aumif;aom*wdjzpfaom ewfjynfodkY
a&mufEdkif\[k a[mMum;awmfrlcJhay\/ xdkYaMumifh ypKyeftusdK;
ig;yg;ESifh wrvGeftusdK;wpfyg;wdkYudk &,lvdkaom olwdkYonf 'ge
w&m;udk vufudkifjyKoihfay\/
'ge\tusdK;ay;BuD;rm;zGNUH zdK;&ef taMumif;(6)yg;
,if;uJhodkYaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;BuD;rm;zGHUNzdK;ap&eftwGuf taMumif;(6)yg;
&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ ,if;taMumif;(6)yg;rSm(1) rvSL'gef;rD a&SUtzdkYu BudKwif0rf;ajrmufjcif;?
(2) vSL'gef;qJtcgvnf; pdwfapwemw&m;rsm; aumif;pGmMunfvif
jcif;?
(3) vSL'gef;NyD;aemuf ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufaompdwf&Sdjcif;[laom tvSL
&SifzufrS t*FgokH;yg;?
(4) &m*uif;NyD;oljzpfjcif; (odkYr[kwf) &m*uif;&ef usifhBuHtm;xkwf
aeoljzpfjcif;?
(5) a'gouif;NyD;oljzpfjcif; (odkYr[kwf) a'gouif;&ef usifhBuHtm;
xkwfaeol jzpfjcif;?
(6) arm[uif;NyD;oljzpfjcif;(odkYr[kwf) arm[uif;&ef usifhBuHtm;
xkwfaeol jzpfjcif;
[laom tvSLcHyk*dK vfzufrS t*FgokH;yg;wkdYjzpf\/ odkY t*Fg(6)yg;ESifh jynfhpkHaom
tvSL'ge\ tusdK;onf EdiI ;f ,SO
f ra&wGuEf ikd [
f k jrwfA'k u
a[mMum;awmfrcl MhJ umif;
avhvmawGU&SdEdkifao;\/ xdkYaMumifh tvSL'getusdK;BuD;rm;rIudk tvdk&Sdolonf
t*Fg(6)yg;ESifhjynfhpkHatmifBudK;yrf;oihfay\/
vufiif;tusdK;ay;&ef t*Fg(4)yg;
t|uxmq&mwd k Y u vnf ; atmuf a zmf j yygt*F g av;yg;jynf h p k H v Qif
,ckb0yif vufiif;tusdK;ay;EdkifaMumif; rdefYMum;Muao;\/ ,if;t*Fgav;yg;rSm(1) vSLzG,f0wKonf w&m;ojzifh&SmrSD;&aom "rd,v' ypnf;jzpf
jcif;?
(2) o'gw&m;xufoefpGmjzifh apwemokH;wefnDGwfvSL'gef;jcif;?
(3) tvSLcHyk*dK vfonf &[Em (odkYr[kwf) tem*grfyk*dK vfjzpfjcif;?
(4) tvSLcHyk*dKvfonf eda&m"ormywfrS xNyD;pjzpfjcif;wdkYjzpf\/
t*Fgav;yg; ESifhjynfhpkHolwdkYonf ,ckb0yif tusdK;ay;rIudk
cHpm;&&SdEdkif\/ ,if;odkYazmfjyaom t|uxmq&m wdkY\ pum;&yf

udk &nfG,fNyD; rCa'0vuFmopf]]xdkNyD;w0? vSL'ge? yp,"rd,m? apwemr[wf? orwf0wK? *kPfvGef
rIjzifh? pwkt*Fg? nDwkHygu? ypu0,f? yxrapwem? usdK;ay;pGm\}}
[k pyfqdkxm;cJh\/
'ger[kwaf om 'geig;rsdK;
Ak'bmom0ifwdkYonf tvSL'getrsdK;rsdK;udk vdkavao;r&Sdatmif wwfpGrf;
orQ jyKpkaeMu\/ ,if;odkYjyKpk&m0,f avmu aumif;rIr[kwfbJ aumif;rI[k
orkwfMuaom tvSL(5)rsdK;udkvnf; odoihfay\/ odkYrSom rjyKoihfrjyKxdkufaom
'gewdkYudk a&SmifMuOfMurnfjzpfay\/ ,if; (5)rsdK;rSm(1) rZ'ge
= ao&nft&uf? rl;,pfaq;0g;tvSL?
(2) orZ'ge = yGJobiftvSL?
(3) wd'ge = rdef;rtvSL?
(4) Oob'ge = EGm;rtaygif;\tMum; EGm;vm;Oobudk vTwf
ay;jcif;[laom EGm;vm;OobtvSL?
(5) pdwur'ge = qef;Mu,fpGmjyKtyfaomrdef;rkyf? a,mufsm;kyf
tvSL? (udavomwd;k yGm;aMumif;jzpfaom rde;f rESihf a,mufsm; wdYk \
aysmfyg;ykHudk xkvkyfa&;qGJtyfaomtkyfrsdK;)wdkY jzpfay\/ ig;rsdK;
aomtvSL'gewdkYudk ray;vSLoihfay/
odkY 0domcgausmif;trBuD;onf omoemawmf touf (120)wdkifwdkif
tvSL'gewdkYom arGUavsmfcJhay\/ uG,fvGefaomtcgum; edrme&wdewfjynf
okerd w
d ewfrif;BuD;\ ewfrzd &k m;BuD;jzpfvsuf&adS eay\/ ,if; 0domcgausmif;trBuD;
onf xdkbkHrSonf tqifhqifhbkHpOfpH edAmefodkY ul;ajrmufrnfholyif jzpfygownf;/
xdkYaMumifh 0domcgudk tm;ustwk,lvsuf ,aeYacwf trsdK;aumif;om; trsdK;aumif;
orD;wkdYonf 'gew&m;wdkYudk avhvmBudK;ukwftm;xkwfoihfay\/
0wKudk avhvmaomf 0domcgavmif;vsmtrsdK;orD;onf omreftrsdK;orD;rsm;
aqmufwnf&efcufcJaom q,fyg;oDvudk tESpfESpfaomif;wdkYywfvkH; aqmufwnfcJh
aMumif; awGU&\/ onfrSm q,fyg;oDvudk touf&SiforQumvywfvkH; aqmuf
wnfjcif;udk jyvdkjcif;jzpf[ef wlygonf/ q,fyg;oDv rqdkxm;bd ig;yg;oDvyg
oDvwpfyg;udyk ifvNHk cHKatmifrapmifph nf; Edik af om ,aeYacwfumv avmuom;wdYk EiS hf
csdefxdk;Munfhaomf 0domcgavmif;trsdK;orD;\ usifhpOfoDvrSm tHhMozG,f&m
74
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vnf;jzpf\/ twk,lzG,f&mvnf;aumif;\/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYacwf trsdK;aumif;om;?

trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYonf ig;yg;oDvrQudkjzifh BudK;pm; usifhokH;oihfay\/
wpfzef 0domcgonf avmuDtvS*kPf? "e*kPfwdkYESifh jynfhpkHoljzpfonf
omru jrwfAk'\ orD;awmfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm aomwmyefwnf;[laom avm
ukw& m"r*P
k w
f Ykd jzifv
h nf; wifw
h ,fow
l pfa,mufjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SEd ikd af y\/
ae&m aomwmyef0o
d mcgonf umrcsrf;omudk rufarm tdraf xmifjyKoavm[k
awG;Edkifay\/ (t&d,mwdkYonf "rcsrf;omxuf umrcsrf;omudk ydkESpfoufjcif;um;
r[kwfygay/) tedpt
p&Sdaom vuPm,mOfokH;yg;\oabmudkum; em;vnfay\/
odkY&mwGif tNrJwrf;um; 0dyemPfrsm; rjzpfEdkifay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rpifvl;rnfudk
aMumufaomykPm;onf qifvdkufcH&onfhtcg xdkqif\ab;rS vGwfajrmuf&m rpif
&Sd&mt&yfodkY ruyfcsifaomfvnf;uyf&\/ xdkYtwlyif udavomtyl ESdyfpufcH&aom
aomwmyefonf xdkudavomtyl Nidrf;jcif;iSg umr*kPfudkcHpm;&m ykxkZOfwdkY cHpm;
jcif;uJo
h Ykd udavom wd;k yGm;jcif;iSg cHpm;onfum; r[kwaf y/ umr*kPw
f Ykd \ tjypfukd
jrifNyD; ]]igonf umr *kPfrsdK;udk y,f&OD;rnf}} [laom ('d|duif;aom) pdwfjzifhom
cHpm;ay\/ aomwmyefwpfa,muf taejzifh "r umr[laom okcESpfrsdK;wdkYwGif
wpfrsdK;udkomaG;cs,fyg[kqdkvQif "rokcudkom aG;cs,fay vdrfhrnfum; rrSm;ygay/
wpfzef cifyGef;onf\tdrfodkY vdkufyg&rnfh orD;0domcgtm; zcifjzpfol
"e,ola|;BuD;onf rSwfom;zG,f&m Mo0g'q,fcsufudkay;cJhaMumif; avhvmcJhNyD;
jzpf\/ ,if;Mo0g'um; rdbu om;orD;jzpfoltm; twGif;a&;udpr sm;tm; rSmMum;
jcif;vnf;jzpfay\/ ,if;Mo0g'rSm 0domcgtwGufomr[kwfbJ aemifvmaemufom;
rsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;tqifajy&eftwGuf taxmuftyHhwpfckjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
awGUjrifEdkifay\/ xdkYaMumifh tdrfaxmif&SiftrsdK;orD;rsm; twk,l Mo0g'udk
vdkufemoihfay\/ zcif"e,ola|;BuD;onf Mo0g'rQudkomru orD; 0domcgtm;
apmifrMunfhIEdkif&eftwGuf vlBuD;vlaumif;&SpfOD;tm; vTJtyfcJhaMumif;vnf;awGU
&ay\/ onfudkMunfhaomf ,aeYacwfrdbwdkYonf rdrd\orD;tm; a,mufsm;tdrf
odkYvdkuf&m tm;ri,fap&ef teD;tem;ywf0ef;usif&Sdaom vlBuD;vlaumif;wdkYudk
tyfESHxm;oifhaMumif; azmfTef;jyoaeay\/ qdkvdkonfrSm ta&;udp&Sdvmygu
,if;vlBuD;vlaumif;wdkYrS ulnDapmifh a&Smuf&eftwGufyif jzpfay\/ onfrSmvnf;
pHawmf0if0domcg\ taMumif;0,f twk,l zG,f&mwpfckyifjzpfay\/
0domcg\tzdYk &m bmomjcm;todik ;f t0dik ;f ae&aomfvnf; rdr,
d MHk unf&m
Ak'0g'udk pGJNrJpGmcH,l bmomjcm;rdom;pkudkyif Ak'bmom0iftjzpfodkYa&mufatmif
apmifha&SmufEdkifcJhaMumif; awGU&Sd&ay\/ onfrSmvnf; 0domcg\ pGrf;aqmifcsuf
wpfckyifjzpfay\/ tvS*kPf? "e*kPf? "r*kPfwdkYjzifh jynfhpkHaom0domcgonfyif
bmomjcm;wdkY\a&,mOfaMum acwrQ yufvufarsmcH& ayao;\/ 0domcguhJokdY
*kPfaygif;pkH rjynfhpkHaom ykxkZOftrsdK;orD;wdkYtaejzifhum; bmomjcm;wdkY\ a&,mOf

aMum xm0pOfarsmrnfrSm aocsmay\/ t,kwfpGtqkH;qdkaomf rdrd\qGJaqmifrI
atmufodkY rygEdkifaom EdkifiHom;jzpfaom bmomjcm;udk,ljcif;xuf rdrd\bmomudk
ouf0ifaom EdkifiHjcm;om;udk,ljcif;um;ydk oihfawmfay\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap
bmomjcm;? EdkifiHjcm;om; wdkYESifhraygif;zufjcif;onfom taumif;qkH;aom0g'yif
jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfrday\/
txl;tm;jzifh 0domcgonf ykAmkHausmif;awmfBuD;udk aiGoef;aygif; (270)
oef; tukefcHum wnfaqmuf omoemawmftm; vSL'gef;cJhaMumif;awGU&ay\/
0domcgonf ausmif;trBuD;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ypnf;av;yg;wdkYjzifhvnf; vdkav
ao; r&Sdatmif vSL'gef;cJholvnf;jzpfay\/ om0wdodkYa&muf&Sdvmaom tm*EK
&[ef;rSeforQwdkYonf 0domcg ausmif;trBuD;\qGrf;udk rpm;bl;ol r&Sdoavmufyif
jzpfacs\/ 'get&m jrwfAk'vufxuf trsdK;orD; avmuwGif 0domcgausmif;tr
BuD;tm; rDolr&SdcJhay/ xdkYaMumifh jrwfAk'u 'gejyKMuol trsdK;orD;taygif;wdkYwGif
tjrifhqkH; tjrwfqkH;aom awmfpHxm;0if'ge&Sif {w'*fbGJUxl;udk 0domcg ausmif;tr
BuD;tm; csD;jrifhcJhay\/ txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&mwdkYudk avhvmjcif;jcifh ,aeY
acwf trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYonfvnf; 'ge&Sif0domcguJhodkY rdbwdkY\pum;udk vdkufem
oihf ay\/ udk,fusifhoDvwdkYudkvnf; apmifhxdef;oihfay\/ tajymtqdkudkvnf;
xdef;odrf;oihfay\/ yD,0gpmjzpfatmifvnf; ajymoihfay\/ tvSLtwef; ay;urf;
pGefYBuJrIwdkYvnf; arGUavsmfaysmfydkufoihfay\/
YX;WZ
76
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
tcef;-4
]awmf0ifpx
H m; ckZK w&m trsdK;orD;}
jrwfA'k \
omoemawmf0,f omoemjyKolwikd ;f tcGit
hf a&;ud,
k pf D &SMd u\/
jrwfAk'\ omoemawmfonf rdef;r? a,mufsm;? qif;&J? csrf;om? vljzL? vlrJ? uav;?
vlBuD;[l cGJjcm;rIr&Sday/ pGrf;Edkifygu rnfolrqdk omoemjyKcGifh&Sd\/ jrwfAk'
vufxuf tm;EGJUonf[kqdkaom trsdK;orD;rsm;onfyif xdyfwef;utrSefwu,f
omoemjyKcJhMu\/ y&d,wd"rudk oif,ljcif;? ydkYcsjcif;jzifhvnf; omoemjyKcJhMu\/
y#dywdtusifhpcef;wdkYudk avhusifhtm;xkwfjcif;jzifhvnf; omoemjyKcJhMu\/ w&m;
a[majymjcif;jzifhvnf; omoemjyKcJhMu\/ Ak'omoemjyKolwdkY\ &nfG,fcsufrSm
jrwfAk'\ 0g'onf avmuvlom;wdkY\tZwoEmef0,f pdrfh0ifwnf&Sdap&efom
t"dujzpfay\/ jrwfA'k \
omoemawmfwnf;[laom aerif;BuD; avmuwpfcv
k ;Hk odYk
ysHUESHYxGef;vif;&efom vdk&if;y"mejzpf\/ ,if;&nfG,fcsufrsm;udk omoemjyK yk*dK vf
wdkif;u tm;BudK;rmefwuf taumiftxnfazmfaeMu\/ rdrdwdkY\Edkif&mwm0ef? us&m
tcef;u@rsm;rSvnf; pGrf;tm;&SdorQvkyfaqmifaeMuay\/
,if;odkYvkyfaqmif&mwGif jrwfAk'vufxuf vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;wdkY\
tcef;u@ onf ta&;ygvm\/ jrwfAk'vufxuftrsdK;orD;rsm;onf owd&Sd\/
&J&ifh\/ Pfynm xufjruf\/ pOf;pm;Pf&Sd\/ tppt&m&mwGifvnf;
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wwf\/ txl;ojzifh jrwfAk'\ omoemawmfjyefYyGm;a&; twGufatmuf azmfjyyg
ckZKw&m\omoema&;aqmifGufcsufrsm;udkMunfhaomf olr\pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk
tm;& auseyfz,
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awmf0ifpx
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udkvnf; olr\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u azmfTef;aeay\/ olronf trsdK;orD;
tvkyform;wpfa,mufyifjzpfaomfvnf; jrwfAk'omoemawmf txG#ftxdyfodkY
a&mufcJholvnf;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh atmufajcvlwef;pm;rS txG#ftxdyfodkY a&muf&SdcJh

aom awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;jzpfol ckZKw&m\taMumif;ukd odxm;oifhay\/
ckZK w&m\twdwZf mwfaMumif; a&S;qkawmif;
ckZKw&monf y'krkw&jrwfAk'\vufxuf [Hom0wDjynfwpfckaom
trsdK;tdrfwGif trsdK;orD;wpfOD;jzpfcJh\/ tcgwpfyg; olronf ]]jrwfAk'\ w&m;
awmfudkem,ltHh}}[kBuH ausmif;awmfodkYoGm;cJh\/ ausmif;awmfa&mufpOf y'krkw&
jrwfAk'onf OygodumrtrsdK;orD; wpfOD;tm; tMum;tjrif&Sdolvl0wfaMumif trsdK;
orD;taygif;wGiftjrwfqkH;jzpfonfh {w'*fbGJUxl; ay;aeonfukd olronf awGUjrifcJh
\/ xdkYaMumifh olronf ]]aemiftcg igonfvnf; Oygodumr trsdK;orD;uJhodkY
tMum;tjrif&Sdolvl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD;taygif;wGif tjrwfqkH;jzpfonfh {w'*fbGJU
xl;udk &&Sd&ygvdk\}}[k awmif;qkqdkcJhzl;av\/ ,if;odkYawmif;qkqdkNyD; olronf
toufxufq;Hk ukov
kd af umif;rIwYdkujkd yKvsuf yg&rDjznfq
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usifvnfcJh&\/
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zGm;jrifvmcJh\/ olr\ trnfudk ]Ow&m}[k rSnfhac:cJhMu\/ arG;zGm;pOfumvuyif
cg;tenf;i,fukef;aomaMumifh ]ckZKw&m} [kvnf; ac:a0:cJhMu\/ xdktcsdefrSp
olr\emrnfonf ]ckZK w& m}[k wGicf \
hJ / aCmouolaX;BuD;onf orD;awmf omrm
0wDudk Oawerif;tm;qufoaomtcg ckZKw&monf omrm0wD\ tapcHuRefr
tjzpfjzifh eef;awmfodkYvdkufyg trIxrf;cJh&\/
ckZK w&maomwmyefwnfjcif;
Oawerif;onf omrm0wDrdzk&m;tm; aeYpOfaeYpOf yef;zdk;tjzpf tojym&Spf
usyfudk ay;av\/ omrm0wDrdzk&m;uvnf; xdkyef;zdk;&Spfusyfudk ckZKw&mtm; aeYpOf
ay; yef;0,fcikd ;f cJ\
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yef;wdkYudk tNrJrjywf 0,f,l\/ xdkodkY0,f,l&m ckZKw&monf av;usyfzdk;om yef;
0,f usefav;usyfudk udk,fydkifokH;pGJav\/ (usefav;usyfudk cdk;,lav\/)
wpfaeYaomtcg jrwfAk'onf okreyef;onf\tdrf qGrf;bkOf;ay;<uvm
awmfrl\/ xdktcg yef;0,f&efvmaom ckZKw&mudk okreyef;onfu ]]trdckZKw&m...
acwrQapmifyh gOD;? igonf jrwfA'k u
kd yifzh w
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78
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
ylaZmftHh/ qGrf;jzifh jyKpkvkyfauR;&m ig\ tazmfjzpfygavm/ jrwfAk'\w&m;awmfudk

em,lNyD;aomtcgrSom yef;wdkYudk,lNyD;jyefygavmh}}[k ajymqdkav\/ ckZKw&mvnf;
]]aumif;ygNyD}} [k oabmwlvufcH\/ okreyef;onf onfvnf; jrwfAk'trSL;&Sd
aomoHCmawmftm; qGrf;uyfvSLav\/ jrwfAk'onf qGrf;bkOf;ay;awmfrl NyD;aemuf
qGr;f tEkarm'emw&m;udk a[mMum;av\/ ckZK w&monf okreyef;onf\rdom;pkEiS hf
twl w&m;em,lcJh\/ jrwfAk'a[mMum;orQudk pdwfxJ rSwfom;xm;\/ raysmuf
ysufap&ef owdxm;\/ ,if;w&m;awmfwdkYudkpOf;pm;qifjcifMunfh\/ yg&rDcH &ifhoef
oljzpfjcif;aMumifh w&m;yGJtNyD; aomwmyeft&d,m trsdK;orD;wpfOD; jzpfcJh&\/
omrm0wDwYkd uRwfwrf;0ifjcif;
ckZKw&monf aomwmyefjzpfNyD;onfrS aemufydkif; rdrdtwGufyef;zdk;xJrS
aiGav;usyfudk rcdk;,lawmhay/ &Spfusyfzdk;tjynfh yef;0,fNyD; omrm0wDrdzk&m;xH
tyfESHcJh\/ ,cifaeYrsm;xufyef;wdkY rsm;jym;aeonfudk awGU& omrm0wD
tHhMooGm;cJh\/ xdkYaMumifh omrm0wDu ]]trd... 'DaeYyef;awG rsm;vScsnfvm;}}[kar;&m
ckZKw&mu jrwfAk'\w&m;awmfudk emMum;&aomaMumifh olronf yef;zdk;aiG
av;usyfudk rcdk;awmh yef;wdkYrsm;aeaMumif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymcJh\/ xdkYtjyif
w&m;xl;& aomwmyefjzpfcJhykHudkvnf; ajymjyav\/ odkYaomf omrm0wDonf
ckZKw&mtm; tjypfr,lcJhygay/
tcsdKUaomolrsm;u uwfuwfoufoufawG;NyD; ]]omrm0wDrdkYom
tjypfr,ljcif; jzpfonf/ rm*@Domqdk&ifawmh taoowfrSm}}[k ajymaumif;ajym
Muygvdrfhrnf/ raumif;rIvkyfjcif;\ tusdK;r&Sdonfhtjzpfudk aumif;pGmydkif;jcm;
odjrifNyD;aom ckZKw&mtaejzifh raumif;rIudk vkyfrnfhtpm; aojcif;udkom aG;cs,f
rnfjzpf\/ 0dygu0#fjzifh olwpfyg;\ owfjcif;aMumifh ao&rnf[k qdkcJhvQifyif
ol r onf raumif ; rI t uk o d k v f r S u if ; vG w f o l t jzpf pd w f & S i f ; &S i f ; jzif h touf
taocHoGm;rnfrSm rvGJygay/ xdkYaMumifh rdrd\yef;zdk;aiGav;usyfudk cdk;,lNyD; udk,fydkif
okH;pGJaMumif;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymcJhjcif;jzpf\/
xdktcg omrm0wDu ]]trdckZKw&m.. oif&cJhaomw&m;xl;udk ightm;
rQay;yg}}[k ajymqkd\/ tjcm;aom eef;wGif;olarmif;rwdkYonfvnf; ]]t&Sifr
ckZKw&m... oif&cJhaomw&m;xl;udk igwdkYtm;vnf; a0iSay;yg}}[k vuf0g;jzefYum
awmif;cHcJhMu\/ xdktcgckZKw&monf ]]t&SifrwdkY... uREfkyf&cJhaomw&m;xl;onf
vufz0g;jzifh awmif;cHrIaMumifh &&SdcJhaomw&m;xl; r[kwfygay/ igonf jrwfAk'
\ xHawmfyg;rSw&m;awmfudk em;jzifhem,lcJh\/ ESvkH;om;jzifh rSwfom;cJh\/ tu,f
t&SifrwdkYonf em;Mum;vdkonf jzpftHh? udk,fawmfjrwf a[maomtjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
iga[mtHh/ yg&rDPf&SdMuygrl tNrdKuf"rudk &MuygtHh}}[k qdkav\/ xdktcg
omrm0wDtrSL;&Sad omeef;wGi;f olwYkdonfvnf; a[mMum;ay;&ef awmif;yefMuav\/

]]odYk jzpfvQif ightm;a&csKd ;ay;avmh}}[kqakd omf eef;wGi;f olwYkdonf ckZK w&m
tm; eHYom&nftdk; wpfq,fhajcmufvkH;jzifh aumif;rGefpGmoGef;avmif; a&csdK;ay;Mu\/
a&csdK;NyD;aomtcg acsmarGUaumif;jrwfaom ykqdk;ESpfxnfudkay;av\/ ckZKw&m
onf wpfxnfaomykqdk;udk0wfqif\/ wpfxnfykqdk;udkum; kHav\/ xdkYaemuf
ckZKw&monf cif;xm;aom jrwfaomae&mxdkif qef;Mu,faom om;NrD;,yfudk
udkifvsuf omrm0wDrdzk&m;trSL;&Sdaom ig;&maom eef;wGif;olwdkYtm; jrwfAk'
a[mawmfrlaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh trSwfonmjyKvsuf w&m;a'oemawmfudk
a[mav \/ ckZKw&monf ynmPfBuD;olyDyD xdxdrdrda[majym\/ tuGufaphaph
&Sif;jy\/ aomwmyef wdkYod&maom y#dord'gw&m;wnfvsuf tqufrjywf
a[mjy\/ omrm0wDESifh eef;wGif;olig;&mwdkYonf uRefrckZKw&m a[mMum;aom
w&m;udk yk*v
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tjzpfodkY qdkufa&mufcJh&\/ w&m;rsufpdjzifhPf tvif;udkawGU jrifcJh&\/
omrm0wDrzd &k m;ESihf eef;wGi;f olig;&mwdYk onf ckZK w&mtm; aus;Zl;wifrqk;H
&SdMu\/ &Sdcdk;OD;csMu\/ xdkaeYrSp omrm0wDonf ckZKw&mtm; uReftrIvkyfrS
uif;vGwcf iG hf ay;cJ\
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w&m;em,l a[morQw&m;awmfukd aeYpOfjyefa[m&efom wm0efay;cH&\/ ckZK w&m
onf omrm0wDrdzk&m;\wm0efay;rItwdkif; aeYpOfausmif;awmfodkY oGm; w&m;em
,l\/ omrm0wDwdkYtm; xdka[mvdkufaomw&m;udk aeYpOfyifjyefvnfa[mjy\/
odkYjzifh ckZKw&mtzdkY PfBuD;oljzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tcsdefMumvmavav w&m;
awmftay:0,f xdk;xGif; odjrifvmavavomjzpf\/ tMum;tjrifvnf; <u,f0
vm\/ trsdK;orD;jzpfygvsuf trsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf &ifabmifwef;vmEdik \
f / aemufyikd ;f wGif
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jzpfvmcJh\/
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txufazmfjyyg ckZKw&mb0ZmwfaMumif;udk avhvmaomf(1) ckZKw&monf tb,faMumifh cg;ukef;&oljzpfygoenf;/
(2) tb,fuHaMumifh olronf uRefrjzpf&ygoenf;/
(3) tb,fah Mumifh PfynmxufjrufNyD; aouy#dord' gyw jzpf&yg
oenf;/
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80
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
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dS / vlUb0wGiv
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ygvsuf wpfcgw&HwGif rdrdem;rvnfEdkifaom twdwfuygvmonfh tukodkvfuHqdk;
rsm;\ aESmifh,SufrIaMumifh qdk;usdK;rsm; cHpm;&rIwdkYrSmvnf; tykHtyifrsm;vSacs\/
aumif;rIudkvkyfygvsuf raumif;usdK;rsm; jzpfaejcif;onf twdwfurdrdwdkYjyKcJhonfh
tukodkvfuHrsm;aMumifhom jzpfay:jcif;omjzpf\[k ckZKw&m\ twdwfuHrsm;u
azmfTef;axmufcHae\/
txufazmfjyygar;cGef;wdkYudk t|uxmq&mrsm;uvnf;(1) ckZKw&mcg;ukef;&jcif;rSm- ckZKw&mtavmif;trsdK;orD;onf jrwfAk'ryGifhrD
tcsdef Am&mPoDrif;tdrfodkY aeYpOfqGrf;cH<uvmaom cg;ukef;aeaom
yapuAk'gwpfyg;\ oGm;[ef? vm[efudk ysuf&,fjyK trsm;olig\a&SU
jyzl;aomaMumifhjzpf\/
(2) uRefrjzpf&jcif;rSm- ckZKw&mtavmif;trsdK;orD;onf uyjrwfAk'\
vuf xuf wpfyg;aomomraPri,fudk rdrd\a0,sm0ptvkyfukd
cdkif;cJhzl;aomaMumifhjzpf\/
(3) PfynmxufjrufNyD; aouy#dord' gywjzpf&jcif;rSm- ckZK w&mtavmif;
trsdK;orD;onf Am&mPoDrif;tdrfaepOf yapuAk'g&Spfyg;tm; qifpG,f
vufaumufudk oydwfajc tvdkYiSg vSLcJhzl;aomaumif;rIukodkvfuH? wpfyg;
aom olwdkYtm; ur|mef;w&m;udk oifMum;ay; zl;aomaumif;rIukodkvfuH
wdkYaMumifhjzpf\/
(4) aomwmywdzdkvfudk tvG,fwul&&Sdjcif;rSm- wpfckaomb0 yapuAk'g
wdkYtm; vkyfauR;cJhzl;aom aumif;rIukodkvfuHaMumifh jzpf\- [k ajzMum;
awmfrlcJhMuonf/ azmfjyyg tajzrsm;udkMunfhaomf ckZKw&monf twdwf
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orD;i,fwdkYvnf; yg0ifcJhMu\/ if;wdkYonf a&S;OD;pGm a[maomw&m;awmf\tqkH;
aomwmywdzdkvf toD;toD;wnfMuav\/ xdktcsdefrSp jrwfAk'tm; ylaZmfvdk
Muukef\/ odkYaomfvnf; Murf;wrf;aom Oawerif;udk aMumuf rkefYwpfck? yef;
wpfyGifhudkrQ vSL'gef;Edkifjcif;? zl;ajrmfEdkifjcif;r&SdMuay/ xdkYaMumifh qGrf;cH<uvmaom
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rm*@Duek ;f wdu
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tjypfr,lbJ azmufxm;aomtaygufwYkd uykd w
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r&SdcJhygay/ ]tEdkiftIH;}[laom a0g[m&wdkYESifhcsdefxdk;aomf wpfcsD rm*@DIH;NyD;
omrm0wDEdkifonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ yGJpOfonf rm*@DtzdkY qJa&;rIudkcH&jcif;?
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xdktaMumif;w&m; aygif;pkHwdkYaMumifh rm*@D\a'goonf Nidrf;at;Edkifrnfum;
r[kwfygay/
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jzpf\/ jyifyvlwdkYESifhul;vl; qufqHcGifhr&Sday/ jrwfAk'udkzl;awGUzdkY&ef uJhodkY
taygufazmufjcif;onf obm0usaomenf;vrf;wpfckjzpfaMumif; od&SdEdkifay\/
xdkYaMumifhyif aumord\pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifh rNidpGef;jcif;jzpf\/ vlom;wdkYonf t&m
cyfodrf; pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm; jzLpifrGefjrwfoihf\/ odkYaomfvnf; tcsdKUolrsm;onf
&HcgaumufuspfpOf;vJwwfMujcif;rSm twvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifhjzpf\/ twBuD;rm;
vmaomtcg vlom;wdkYonf trSefudktrSm;[k jrifMu\/ trSm;udkum; trSef[k
xifMu\/ taumif;udk raumif;jrifMu\/ raumif;udkum; taumif;[kxif\/
xdYk jyif rdwaf qGu&kd efou
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kd m; rdwaf qGuo
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jcif;rSm ysufpD;&efa&SUajy;edrdwfyif jzpfav\/ odkY xifjrifolxJwGifvnf; rm*@D
wpfa,mufyg0ifaeay\/
xdkYaMumifh rm*@Donf rdrd\ukef;wdkufpum;jzifh rif;trsufryGm;aMumif;udk
odvQif wpfzefavQmufwifjyef\/ ]]t&Sifrif;BuD;... omrm0wDonf vif\aus;Zl;udk
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94
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kd ikd ;f
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qdkaeav\/ xdktaMumif;udk rif;csif;wdkYu jyefavQmufvmvQif rm*@Duvnf;
]t&Sifa*gwr\ tusdK;iSgcsufydkYygap}[k avQmufjyef\/ rif;vnf; rm*@Doifwdkif;
apjyefvQif rm*@D\wHpdk;udk&aom rif;csif;wdkYonf tMum;owfydkY\/ omrm0wD
wdkYonfvnf; aumif;pGmcsuf bk&m;xHodkYydkY\/ xdktaMumif;udk Oawerif;Mum;aomf
omrm0wDwdkYtm; trsufxGufoihf? roifhpOf;pm;omaeav\/ a0cGJum; r&
ao;yg/
odkYaomfvnf; rm*@D\tBuHwdkYonfum; rukefao;ay/ xdktcsdef Oawe
rif;onf rdzk&m;wpfOD;wpfOD;\ jyom'f ckepf&uf ckepf&ufpD pHNrJjzpf\/ wpfckaom
tcg rm*@Donf rdrd\ jyom'frS omrm0wD\jyom'fodkY rif;BuD;ul;vdkvwfaomf
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a>ra[mufi,fudk vkHNcHKatmifxnfh\/ Oawerif;tm;vnf; ]omrm0wDxHoGm;vQif
owdxm;awmfrlyg}[kvnf; rSmvdkuf\/
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wnfae\/
Oawerif;onf ]]ig ypfvTwfvdkufaomjrm;onf ausmufudkaomfvnf; xdk;
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jrm;onf aemufodkYjyefvmNyD; ig\ESvkH;om;qD a&SUIae\/ toufr&Sdaom
jrm;onfyif omrm0wD\*kPfudk odae\/ igonf vlom;ppfppfjzpfaomffvnf;
olr\*kPfudk rod}}[k BuHpnfrd\/ xdkYaemuf av;udkypfcsNyD; vuftkyfcsDum
omrm0wD\ajc&if; aqmifhaMumifhxdkifvsuf cGifhvTwfzdkY&ef awmif;yefawmh\/
xdt
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w&m;awmfudkem,l\/ eef;awmfodkY0if oifjyEdkifaom &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk awmif;
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&Sdaom armif;rig;&mwdkYonf xdknOfhyif uHMurmukefMuav\/ ,if;odkY rD;avmif
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96
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
a&S;twdwfu jyKcJhaom raumif;rItukodkvfuHBuD;\ tusdK;qufaMumifh jzpf\/

omrm0wDtrSL;&Sdaom armif;rig;&mwdkYonf bk&m;ryGifhrD Am&mPoDjynfh&Sifrif;BuD;
\ orD;awmfESifh tNcHt&HwdkYjzpfcJhMu\/ wpfaeYaomtcg **Fgjrpf a&upm;&mrS
csrf;wufvwfaomf eda&m"ormywf0ifpm;aeaom yapuAk'g&Spfyg;wdkY\ ausmif;
wnf&Sdaomawmtkyfudk rD;wdkufMu\/ xdkrD;onf yapuAk'gwdkY\ ausmif;ESifhwuG
aTwkH;uJhodkYjzpfaeaom yapuAk'gwdkYtm; avmifNrdKufaeonfudk jrifaomtg ]]igwdkY
t&Sifrif;BuD;\ t&Sifygaywum;? rif;BuD;Mum;odvQif igwdkYtm;&mZ0wfay;vwHh}}[k
xdwfvefY Mu\/ xdkYaMumifh yapuAk'gtm; aopdrfhaomiSg xyfrHum rD;wdkufjyef\/
xdkt&SifjrwfwdkYonfum; ormywf\tmEkabmfaMumifh udk,fawmf tE&m,fr&Sdacs/
odkYjyKcJhzl;aom raumif;rIuHaMumifh i&JcH&NyD;rS <uif;usefaom tusdK;quftm;jzifh
wpfNydKifeuf rD;wdkufcH&jcif;jzpf\/ xdkrD;avmifcH&rIum; ckZKw&mum;ryg0ifay/
(ryg0ifaMumif;udk tcef;-4 a&;om;NyD;NyD)/
rm*@D\ b0ed*;Hk
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tapmifhta&Smufjzpfaom rif;csif;a,mufsm;wdkYonf Oawerif;xHoGm; rD;avmifrIudk
avQmufMum;av\/ Oawerif;onf rD;avmifrI udk jyKvkyfolonf tb,folenf;}}[k
&SmazGpkHprf;ar;jref;aomf ]]rm*@Drdzk&m;jyKaomtrI}}[k odav\/ xdkYaMumifh ac:ap
NyD;vQif ]]rdzk&m;... oifonf aumif;aomtrIudk jyKayonf/ igjyK&rnfhtrIudkyif
oifjyKayonf/ oifrzd &k m;tm; igMunfo
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arwmw&m;om tEdkif&&SdoGm;ay\/
xdkYaMumifh jrwfAk'u aemufwpfaeYwGif omrm0wDwdkY aoqkH;aMumif;

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omrm0wDonf aooGm; aomfvnf; aoonfrrnfygay/ arwm&SifjzpfaMumif;udk
toufESifhvJ oufaoxloGm;cJh\/ ae&m arwmtaMumif;ukd tenf;i,f
&Sif;vif;jyygOD;rnf/
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oufoufwdkYom qdkvdk&if; jzpf\/ ,if;om; cspf? r,m;cspf ponfwdkYrSm arwmppf
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csdefqMunfhygu arwmppfarwmrSef rjzpfEdkifaMumif; odomvS\/ wPSmayr[k
ac:onfh avmbw&m;um; ,if;tcspfrsm;\ yifrw&m;udk,fppfppf jzpf\/ arwm
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rSmrl wdrfra,mifESifh eufovdk vG,fra,mifESifhcufwwfaom oabm&Sd\/ ykxkZOf
98
t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
vlom;[lonf twy& ESpf0teuf y&rzuf twoufoufudkom Munfhwwfol

rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh vlom;wpfO;D taejzifh arwmw&m; rysufrjym; vufuikd x
f m;um
usifh&efrSmrl vG,fulvSonfum; r[kwfygay/
olUvlrsdK;ESifh udk,fhvlrsdK;? olUEdkifiHESifhudk,fhEdkifiH ,SOfxdk;vmygu udk,fhvlrsdK;?
udk,fhEdkifiHu rdk;rS? olUt&yfESifh udk,fht&yf ,SOfumxyfvQif udk,fht&yfujrifhrS?
udk,fhom;ESifholUom; ,SOfNydKifum xm;vQif udk,fhom;uomrS BudKufMupNrJyif?
t,kwq
f ;Hk tydik ;f tjcm;tm;jzifh acG;ESpaf umifuu
kd jf cif;yif ud,
k ahf cG;Edik rf S Tiv
f ef;tm;&
auseyfMuayonf/ ,if;odkYpdwfxm;&SdaeorQ arwmppfrjzpfEdkifao;yg/ arwmwk
rQom/ arwmppfjzpfEdkif&efrSm ow0g[lorQ\tay: ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfrIyrmP
uif;onfh arwmpdwfxm; Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;aerSom arwmppfjzpfayrnf/ rdcif
wpfOD;u olr\ om;t&if;wpfa,muftm; rdrd\toufESifhvJ xm0pOf umuG,f
apmifha&Smufonfhtvm; ow0grsm;tay: ,if;odkYaompdwfxm;rsm;xm;vsuf arwm
yGm;rsm;ae&ayrnf/ odkYrSom arwmppfrsm; jzpfay:rnfjzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYyGm;rsm;&m
vnf; ow0grsm; csrf;omokc&&Sda&;? qif;&J'kurusa&mufa&;rsm;udk &nfrSef;
awmifhwum arwmbm0emudk Budrfzefrsm;pGmyGm;rsm;um arwmokwf y&dwf
awmfudktajccHvsuf 0dyemur|mef;udk tm;xkwf&efjzpfayawmh\/
arwmpGr;f tm; tusdK;rsm;
avmu pGrf;tm;txufjrwfqkH;aomw&m;udk jyoyg[kqdkaomf arwm
w&m;udk azmfjy&rnfjzpf\/ tiftm;tBuD;rm;qkH;w&m;udk azmfjyyg[k qdkuvnf;
arwmw&m;udkyif Tefjy&ygvdrfhrnf/ arwm"mwfonf Munfvifat;jr Nidrf;csrf;
aomoabmudk aqmif\/ wPSmuJhodkY aemufusdylavmifaom oabmrsdK;um;
r[kwfay/ arwmw&m;udk vufudkifokH;jcif;jzifhurmBuD;udk Nidrf;csrf;atmif jyKEdkif\/
a&ajrjcm; a0;uGmaeaomfvnf; arwmjzifhqufoG,fvQif teD;uav;[kqdk&\/
arwmonf tvsm;teHr&Sdaomfvnf; toGm;tjyef&Sdaomw&m;jzpf\/ ]apmifNcKH
rvkEH ikd ?f arwmNcKH rv
S \
Hk } [laom pum;a0g[m&onfyif avmu tok;H wGiu
f s,faeqJ
jzpf\/
taemufwdkif;pum; wpfcGef;t& ]aiGonf tcspEf iS *hf P
k o
f u
d m ud0k ,fEikd \
f }
[k qdkaomfvnf; aiGjzifhqufqHkHjzifh rNrJEdkifyg/ arwmjzifh qufqHrSom &moufyef
NrJEdkifrnfjzpf\/ acwfrDtpGrf;xufaom AkH;? tajrmufvufeufwdkYxuf pGrf;tm;
xufjrufaomvufeufrSm onf;cHjcif;[k qdkaom arwmvufeufyifjzpf\/
a0vmrokwv
f m arwmtusdK;
jrwfAk'u arwm\pGrf;tm; BuD;rm;ykHtusdK;rsm;udk a0vmrokwfwGif
tqifh(10)qifh jzifh cGJjcm;NyD; a[mMum;xm;aMumif; atmufygtwdkif;awGU&SdEdkif\/

azmfjyxm;ykHrSm(1) xrif;&nfacsmif;pD;atmifvSLcJhaom bk&m;tavmif; a0vmrykPm;
BuD;\ tvSL'gersdK;xuf aomwmyefwpfO;D udk vSL&jcif;u omvGef
tusdK;BuD;\/
(2) xdkYtwl aomwmyef(100)xuf ou'g*grfwpfOD;udk vSLjcif;?
(3) ou'g*grf(100)xuf tem*grfwpfOD;udk vSLjcif;?
(4) tem*grf(100)xuf &[Emwpfyg;udk vSLjcif;?
(5) &[Em(100)xuf yapuAk'gwpfyg;udk vSLjcif;?
(6) yapuAk'gtql(100)xuf bk&m;wpfqludk vSLjcif;?
(7) bk&m;wpfqlxuf bk&m;trSL;&SdaomoHCmawmfudk vSLjcif;?
(8) oHCmawmfuv
kd LS jcif;xuf pwk'o
d moHCmawmfu&kd nfp;l ausmif;
aqmufvSLjcif;?
(9) pwk'domoHCmawmfudk&nfpl; ausmif;aqmufvSLjcif;xuf
o&P*kHaqmufwnfjcif;ESifh ig;yg;oDvudkvkHNcHKapjcif;?
(10) o&P*kHaqmufwnfjcif;ESifh ig;yg;oDvudkvkHNcHKapjcif;xuf eHYom
wpfSLcefY tcsdefydkif;avmuf arwmyGm;rsm;jcif;u om tusdK;
BuD;rm;\ [k azmfjyxm;\/
odkYtusdK;BuD;rm;aomarwmw&m;udk tjcm;wpfae&mvnf; jrwfAk'
onf ]]td;k tvk;H (100)jzifh wpfaeYvQif ok;H Budrcf sufvSL'gef;aom'gexuf EdYk wpfnp f
pmwpfcPwmrQ yGm;rsm;aom arwmbm0emu ydktusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;}} a[mMum;
xm;onfudk awGU&av\/r[mpnfq&m awmfuvnf; onfukdyif &nf&G,f
atmufygtwdkif; "ruAsmjzifh rSwfwrf;jyKxm;cJhygonf/
]wpfaeYo;Hk cg? tk;d wpf&mjzif?h csuu
f mxrif;? auR;arG;jcif;xuf? r,Gi;f pifppf?
Ekw
Yd pfnp pf m? Burd o
f ;Hk cgrQ? arwmyGg;rsm;? usKd ;Bu;D rm;onf? bk&m;jrwfpmG rdecYf eG ;f
wnf;}
rsufarSmufawGEU ikd af om arwmpGr;f tif (2)rsdK;
yuwdrsufpdjzifh 'd|jrifawGUEdkifaom arwmpGrf;tif(2)rsdK;&SdaMumif; awGUEdkif
ygonf/ ,if;(2)rsdK;rSm(1) rdcif\EdkY&nfjzpf\/ rlvurdcifEdkY&nfonf teDa&mifaoG;jzpfaomf
vnf; om;orD;tay:cspfaom rdcif\arwm"mwfaMumifh tjzL
a&mifEdkY&nftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;aMumif; awGUEdkifay\/
(2) tjcm;pGrf;tifwpfckrSm vdyfOjzpfonf/ vdyfrrsm;onf Owkvmcsdef
100 t&Sift*P (vSnf;ul;)
r[m ork'&mrSwuf oJaomifjyif Orsm;udk O\/ xkdYaemuf

oJjzifhzkH;cJhNyD; ork'&modkY jyefqif;Muukef\/ ta0;rSom arwm
ydkYaomaMumifh vdyfOrsm;rykyfbJ tcsdefusaomf vdyfuav;rsm;
aygufzGm;vmMuukef\/
tcsufwkdYudkMunfhaomf arwmpGrf;tifudk od&SdEdkifay\/
arwmtusdK;(11)yg;
arwmw&m;yGm;rsm;oltwGuf tusdK;w&m;(11)yg;rQ&SdaMumif;udk jrwfAk'u
a[mMum; xm;aMumif;udkudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; awGU&\/ ,if;(11)yg;rSm1/
csrf;csrf;omom tdyf&jcif;?
2/
csrf;csrf;omom Ekd;&jcif;?
3/
raumif;aomtdyfrufudk rjrifrufjcif;?
4/
vlwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;?
5/
ewfwdkYcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;?
6/
ewfwdkYapmifha&Smufjcif;?
7/
rD;ravmif? tqdyfroihf? vufeufab;rSuif;a0;jcif;?
8/
pdwfvsifjrefpGmwnfMunfjcif;?
9/
rsufESmtqif;Munfvifjcif;?
10/
rawGra0ao&jcif; ESifh
11/
aoNyD;aomtcg jA[mhjynfodkYa&mufjcif; wdkYjzpf\/
arwmrydrYk D a&S;OD;pGmjynfph aHk p&rnfw
h &m;(15)yg;
,if;odkYtusdK;w&m;wq,fhwpfyg;udkay;Edkifaom arwmw&m;udkryGm;rsm;rD
atmuf azmfjyygw&m;t*Fg wq,fhig;yg;wdkYESifhjynfhpkH&rnfjzpf\/ odkYrSom
arwmydkYorQvG,fulrnfjzpf\/ a'gow&m;wdkYvnf; 0ifa&mufrI&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
,if;w&m;wq,fhig;yg;rSm(1) oaum
= jyKpGrf;Edkif&rnf/
(2) OZk
= ajzmifhrwf&rnf/
(3) ok[kZk
= tvGefajzmifhrwf&rnf/
(4) ok0apm
= qdkqkH;rvG,f&rnf/
(5) rk'k
= El;nHhodrfarGU&rnf/
(6) tewdrmeD
= rmerBuD;&/
(7) oEKaum
= ESpfoufa&mifh&J&rnf/
(8) okba&m
= tarG;tjrLvG,f&rnf/
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
tyudapm
= trIudpenf;&rnf/
ov[ku0kwd = ayghyg;rI&Sd&rnf/
oEdÈda,m
= Nidrfoufaom aÈ&Sd&rnf/
edyaum
= &ifhoefaom Pfynm&Sd&rnf/
ty*aAm
= Murf;wrf;aom trlt&mrsm;r&Sdap&/
ukavoGeEk*da'g = trsdK;wdkY pGJvrf;jcif;r&Sdap&/
e p ck'rmpa& udd a,e 0dl ya& Oy0a',sHK
= ynm&Sdrsm;uJh&JUMurnfhtrI rSeforQudk
tenf;i,frQ rjyKjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
,if;wdkYudk tenf;i,fcsJU azmfjy&onf&Sdaomf(1)
oaum = jyKprG ;f Edik &f rnf/
jyKpGrf;Edkif&rnf qdkonfum; rdrdjyKvkyfrnfhtvkyfudk wwfajrmufem;vnfNyD;
jyKvkyf&ef pGrf;Edkifoljzpf&rnf/ jyKvkyf&mvnf; toufudk riJhuGufbJ tm;xkwf
vkyfudkifEdkifol jzpf&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/ pD;yGm;&Smaom avmuDtvkyfjzpfap? w&m;tm;
xkwfaom avmukw&mtvkyfudkjzpfap jyKvkyfonfhtcg ruRrf;usifbJ jyKvkyfrdaomf
]a&rul;wwfbJ a&ul;aomol}uJhodkY qkH;IH;jcif;odkY a&mufrnf jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh
rdrdjyKvkyfrnfh rnfonfhtvkyfudkrqdk uRrf;usifpGmwwfajrmuf xm;zdkYvdkay\/ jyKvkyf
&mwGifvnf; kwfw&uftusdK;udk rjrifaomfvnf; pdwfysufuGufjcif;r&SdbJ Pf
ynma&SUoGm;&Sdaom 0D&d,w&m;jzifh pGrf;EdkiforQ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf jyKvkyfoifh\/
(2)
OZk = ajzmifrh wf&rnf/
ajzmifhrwf&rnf [lonfum; udk,f? pdwfESpfyg;jzifhrwfjcif;wnf;/
OZkPfEiS jhf ynfph o
Hk o
l nf ud,
k t
f m;jzifjh yKvky&f mwGif aumufuspfpOf;vJrI
rjyKay/ jyKoiho
f rQaom udpr sm;udu
k m; tuGuu
f sus yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; jyKvkyw
f wf\/
EIwjf zifah jymqd&k m wGiv
f nf; aumufuspfpOf;vJaompum;udk rajymay/ AGi;f AGi;f BuD;om
ajymqdkwwf\/ udk,fjyKonfh twdkif; EIwfuxGuf\/ EIwfuxGufonfhtwdkif;
udk,fujyK\/ ,if;yk*dK vfonf ]jyKwidk ;f ajym- ajymwdik ;f jyK}aom yk*dK vfrsdK;omjzpf\/
OZk*P
k rf u
S if;aomolwYkdonfum; rdrd r&Syd gbJ yvTm;0g<um;wwf\/ uwdjyKvG,\
f /
wu,fum;r[kwfygay/ xdkYaMumifh rnfonfht&mudkjzpfap 0efcHrnfhtcg kwfw&uf
0efrcHao;bJ pOf;pm;EdIif;csdefoihf\/ rdrdaqmifGufrnfh t&mrSefygrS 0efcHoihf\/
(3)
ok[Zk k = tvGeaf jzmifrh wf&rnf/
tvGefajzmifhrwf&rnf[lonfum; t&m&m odwwfpGmESifh twGif;pdwf
oabmxm; dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;wnf;/
*kPfESifhjynfhpkHolrSm rdrd\tjypfrsm;udk zkH;zdvdkaomqErsm; r&Sday/
avmu ok[Zk *k P
k &f adS om yk*Kd vfwYkd csnf;om jzpfcyhJ gvQif ab;&efr&Sb
d J csrf;ompGm
aexdkifMuzdkY&efom taMumif;&Sd\/ uJhodkYaomolwdkYonf EIwfu txl;arwm
rydkYaomfvnf; arwmyGm;rsm;NyD;om;yif jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh t&m&m pOf;pm;qifjcif
udk,fEIwfESvkH; okH;yg;vkH;udk wpfom;wnf;usatmif aqmifGufvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfvS
\/ odkYrSom rdrdtusdK;? olwpfyg;tusdK;wdkYudk wdk;wufatmif aqmifGufEdkifrnf
jzpf\/
(4)
ok0apm = qdq
k ;Hk rvG,&f rnf/
qdq
k ;Hk rvG,&f rnf[o
l nfum; w&m;ojzifh qk;H ronfukd tvG,w
f ul em,l
&rnf/ xdkYaemuf qkH;ronfhtwdkif;vnf; woa0rwdrf;bJvdkufemusifhBuHjcif;wnf;/
tcsdKUolonf qkH;roludk qifajcuefwwf\/ qkH;rjcif;udkvnf; rBudKufESpf
ouf/ qkH;ronfhtcg ]]vdkufemygrnf}}[k 0efcHaomfvnf; qkH;ronfhtwdkif; vdkufem
jcif; r&Sday/ xdkolrsm;onf owday;qkH;rpum;ajymjcif;udk tvdkr&Sday/ xdkYaMumifh
xdo
k w
l Ykd rmS avmuDavmukw& mESpjf zm tusdK;rsm; wd;k yGm;rI&rdS nf r[kwaf y/ ysufjym;zdYk
&efom taMumif;&Sday\/ qdkqkH;rvG,foljzpfcJhaomfum; BuD;yGm;rnfum; rvGJay/
vlBuD;onfyif vli,fajymMum;vmonfhpum;onf taMumif;,kwd&SdcJhaomf vufcH
oihf\/
(5)
rk'k = El;nHo
h rd af rG&U rnf/
El;nHhodrfarGU&rnf[lonf aumif;aomt&mXmewdkY awmifhwif;cufrmrI
r&SdbJ udkif; GwfvdkufygEdkifaom oabm&Sd&jcif;wnf;/
*kPEf iS jhf ynfph o
Hk o
l nf qGaJ qmifwikd ;f ygavh&adS om tnpftaMu;uif;aom
aTuJhodkY aumif;aom t&mXmewdkY vG,fulaom oabm&Sd\/ Tifvef;aom rsufESm&Sd
\/ rsufarSmifMuKwfjcif; r&Sd/ trsm;em;csrf;omaom pum;udk ajymqdkavh&Sd\/
rdrdESifhqufqHolwdkYtm; pdwfauseyfatmif ajymqdkwwf\/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
aumif;\/ xdkYaMumifh t&m&m rmefrme rxm;bJ El;nHhpGm vdkufygaqmifGufoihf\/
(6)
tewdrmeD = rmerBu;D &
rmerBuD;&[lonf trsdK;tEG,f ponfwdkYjzifh rmefrmeaxmifvTm;jcif;?
olwyg;wdkYudk rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;wdkYrS uif;jcif;wnf;/
rmew&m;onf t,kwf? tvwf? tjrwf okH;a,mufvkH; jzpfwwf\/
rmeonf tcsdKUolwdkYtm; rdrdoEmefwGif xif&Sm;&Sdaom*kPfudk tpGJjyK jzpfvm
wwf\/ tcsdKUum; rdrd*kPf tay: rmefrmejzpfMu\/ pdwf"mwf rcdkifNrJ oabm

xm; ao;odrfaom tcsdKUolwdkYvnf; tenf;i,f rajymyavmufaom*kPfjzifhyif
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd txifBuD;jcif;? olwpfyg;tay: txifao;jcif;wdYk ukd jzpfapwwfuek \
f /
tcsdKUolwdkYum;rl *kPfusufoa& wpfpkHwpf&m r&SdygbJvsuf tacsmufwdkuf rmefwuf
Muuke\
f / rmeBuD;olonf ud,
k Ef w
I t
f rlt&mwdYk jzifh rmefrmeudk wHceG x
f
l jywwfavh
&S\
d / rmefrw
l wfou
l kd vltrsm;u rESpo
f ufay/ taetxdik f toGm;tvm armuf<um;
ojzifh vlwdkif;\ rsufpdtjrifuyf\/ avcyfxGm;xGm;ajymojzifh em;Mum;uyf\/
xdkYaMumifh ]rmeaxmifvmT ;? trsm;vlrek ;f ? arwmwk;H }[k avmu0,f qdkMu\/ tqDtESpf
jynfh0aom aumufyJoD;ESHwdkYonf toD;tESHpnfum;avav atmufodkYudkif;Gwf
avavjzpfouJhodkY rmefrmeudk ESdrfhcsavav *kPfusufoa&wdk;avavom jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh rmew&m;udkrxm;oihfay/
(7)
oEKaum = ESpo
f ufa&mif&h &J rnf/
ESpfoufa&mifh&J&rnf = [lonfum; aMumifhMuAsmyg& rrsm;bJ &SdorQypnf;
jzifh ESpfouf a&mifh&Jjcif;wnf;/ avmu qif;&Jjcif;? aMumifhMuAsmyg&rsm;
jcif;wdkY\ taMumif;&if;udk&Smaomf &oihf&xdkuforQESifh ESpfoufa&mifh&JrIr&SdbJ
vdck sirf supf u
d s,
f tvdq
k Erjynf0h Edik jf cif;yifjzpf\/ ykxZk OfwYkdonfum; jynf0h zdYk um;
cJ,Of;aypG/ b,fawmhrSjynfh0Edkifrnfr[kwfygay/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkY\ &oihf&xdkuf
aomypnf;jzifh ESpfoufa&mifh&Joihf\/
(8)
okba&m = tarG;tjrLvG,&f rnf/
tarG;tjrLvG,f&rnf[lonfum; rnfolUudkrQ tylr&Sm? tvdkenf; tvdkuf
od tarG;tjrLvG,foljzpfjcif;wnf;/
tvdk&rufBuD;olonf rdrd&onfxuf tvGefawmifhwwwf\/ rdrd&orQ
ypnf;jzifh b,faomtcgrQ tm;&wif;wdrfjcif;um;r&Sdygay/ xdkoludk rnfolurQ
oem;rnf r[kwfacs/ tvdkenf;olum; rsm;pGmay;vQif tenf;i,fomcH,lwwf\/
rcH,lbJvnf; aewwf\/ r>cif;rcsef ,ljcif;udkum; rjyKwwfacs/ aumif;onf?
qdk;onf? enf;onf? rsm;onf[l raG;cs,fwwfay/ xdkYaMumifh olwpfyg;udkrSD
toufarG;oljzpfrl ay;vSLorQjzifh a&mifh&Joihf\/ rdrdwdkYtvdktavsmuf toufarG;
oljzpfcJhaomf rdrd&orQ ypnf;tiftm;ESifh csdefq 0wfpm;okH;pGJoihfonfom jzpf\/
(9)
tyuad pm = trIupd e nf;&rnf/
trIudpe nf;jcif;[lonf rdrdtwGuftusdK;rrsm;onfhtvkyfwdkYudk y,f&Sm;
tusdK;rsm; rnfhtvkyfrQudkom jyKvkyfjcif;wnf;/
&[ef;oHCmawmfyikd ;f um; trIupd B uD;i,farGUavsmfjcif;? taygif;tazmf

arGUavsmf jcif;? pum;ajymjcif; arGUavsmfjcif;ESifh tdyfjcif; arGUavsmfjcif;[laom
arGUavsmfjcif;(4)yg;wdkY aMumifhMurIr&SdbJ rdrdqH? rkwfqdwfudk &dyfy,fjcif;? ajconf;?
vufonf;vS;D jzwfjcif;? ouFe;f csKyfjcif;[laom udpi ,fwYkdEiS o
hf m jzpfoih\
f / odYk ro
S m
&[ef;w&m;udk tm;xkwfEdkifrnfjzpf\/ vlrsm;rSmvnf; rdrdwdkYtwGuf tusdK;rsm;onfh
tvkyfudkom jyKvkyfoihf\/ tvkyfenf;vQif rdrdtvkyfudkom Edkifeif;pGm jyKvkyfEdkif\/
tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf; jzpfxGef;Edkif\/ ta&;ay:udpw
dkY yg0ifulnDcGifh &&Sd arww&m;
xm;&mvnf;a&mufay\/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdtusdK;jzpfxGef;rnfhtvkyfudkom jyKvkyf
oihfay\/
(10)
ov[u
k 0kwd = aygyh g;rI&&dS rnf/
ayghyg;rI&Sdjcif;[lonf toGm;? tvm? taetxdkif? t0wftpm;wdkY
oihfawmfkHom jzpfapjcif;wnf;/ &[ef;awmfrsm;jzpfygu &[ef;y&du&mwdkYudkom
okH;aqmifoihf\/ vltrsm;rSmvnf; oGm;vmaexdkifrI udef;BuD;cef;BuD;rvkyfbJ
dk;dk;ukwfukwfom oGm;vmaexdkifoihf\/ 0wfpm;qif,ifoihf\/ odkYr[kwfygu
rnfrQavmuf&mS BuH &vrf;0ifvrf;&Sad omfvnf; tok;H rsm; ravmufEikd b
f &J w
dS wf\/
xdkYaMumifh rdrdtajctaexufydkrdk udef;BuD;cef;BuD;rvkyfoihfay/
(11)
oEd` Ead ,m = Nird o
f ufaom aÈ& &dS rnf/
NidrfoufaomaÈ&Sdjcif;[lonf |mkH[lorQ &m*paom t,kwfw&m;
wdkYjzifh wkefvIyfazmufjyefrIrjzpfbJ NidrfoufpGmaejcif;wnf;/ 'Gg&ajcmufyg;
owdw&m;jzifh vkHNcHKatmif apmifhxdef;cJhvQif t*Fgwpf&yfonf jynfhpkHNyD jzpf\/
(12)
edyaum = &ifo
h efaom Pfynm&S&d rnf/
&ifhoefaomPfynm&Sdjcif;[lonf rdrdESifhqdkif&mvkyfief;[lorQ rwdrf;
acsmfatmif qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;wnf;/
rnfonfhudpu
dkrqdkjyK&m qifjcifwkHw&m;udk pGJNrJpGm vufudkifxm;&rnf
jzpf\/ qifjcifwkHw&m; uif;rJhygvQif rSm;,Gif;wdrf;acsmfjcif;odkY a&mufrnfomjzpf\/
t&rf;rJhjyKvkyfjcif;onf tqkH;usvQif 'kuESifh ruif;onfomrsm;\/ xdkYaMumifh
rnfonfhudpr sdK;udkrqdk jyKvkyf&m qifjcifpOf;pm;oihf\/ qifjcifww
Hk &m;jzifh qifjcif
pOf;pm; jyKvkyftyfaom trIudprsm;onf arSmufrSm; wdrf;acsmfEdkifzG,f taMumif;r&Sday/
rsm;aomtm;jzihf vrf;rSev
f rf;aumif;ud&k &Sv
d suf BuD;yGm;jcif;odYk a&mufonfom jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh rnfonfhvkyfief;rqdk pOf;pm;qifjcifaom ]qifjcifwkH} w&m;udk vufudkif
xm;oihfvSay\/
(13)
ty*aAm = Murf;wrf;aom trlt&mrsm;r&Sad p&/
Murf;wrf;aomtrlt&mr&Sdjcif;[lonf udk,fMurf;? EIwfMurf;? pdwfMurf;[l
aom dkif;pdkif;aom trlt&mrsdK;rS uif;vGwfjcif;wnf;/
udk,f? EIwf? pdwfwdkYMurf;wrf;jcif;onf MunfdkzG,frjzpfay/ MunfdkzG,f
rjzpfaom trlt&mwdkYudk vlwdkY\ rsufpd? em;ESifh pdwfESvkH; uefYvefYjzpfwwf\/
,if;udkyif dkif;pdkif;onf[k qdkMu\/ jyKrlykH? ajymqdkykH? ESvkH;oGif;ykH rMurf;wrf;aomf
,Ofaus;onf[kac:\/ ,Ofaus;jcif;onf avmu usufoa&r*FvmESifhjynfhpkHaom
tqift
h wef;odaYk &mufjcif;jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh Murf;wrf;aom trlt&mwdkYudk tNrJrjywf
a&Smif&Sm;oihfay\/
(14)
ukavoGeEk*ad 'g = trsKd ;wdYk pGv
J rf;jcif;r&Sad p&/
trsdK;wdkY pGJvrf;jcif;r&Sdap&[lonf t"dutm;jzifh oHCmawmfwdkYESifh
oufqikd \
f / xdYk aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf 'g,um? 'g,dumrwdYk ypn;f av;yg;udk
wyfrufaomtm;jzifh pGv
J rf;jcif;? ravsmufywfaoma&m,Sujf cif;paom trsdK;rsdK;aom
tpGJtvef;wdkYrSuif;vGwfjcif; wnf;/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf 'um? 'umrwdkYtay:
qif;&J? csrf;om[l pGJvrf;jcif;r&Sdrl ow0gtm;vkH;udk rQwMuifemaom
oabm&SdvQif t*Fg&yfonf jynfhpkH\/ vlwdkYrSmvnf; trsdK;Zmwftm;jzifh yk*dK vf
wpfyg; cifrifpGJvrf;wwfaompdwfr&SdbJ rdrdudk,fydkiftpGrf;owdudk xdxda&muf
a&muftok;H jyK&rnfomjzpf\/ xdYk aMumifh rnfonfu
h pd r sdK;rqdk BuD;yGm;vdak omolonf
yk*vt"d|meftm;jzifh yk*dKvfpGJr&SdbJ "r"d|meftm;jzifh w&m;vrf;aMumif;udkom
aG;cs,foihfay\/
(15)
e p ck' rmpa& udd a,e 0dl ya& Oy0a',sKH = ynm&Srd sm;uJ&h rUJ nfh
trIreS o
f aGu
U kd tenf;i,frQ rjyKusi&hf /
ynm&Sdrsm;uJh&JUrnfh trIrSefoaGUudk tenf;i,frQ rjyKusifh&[lonf ynm
r&Sdol t&mtaxmifyif csD;rGrf;aomfvnf; ynm&Sdwpfa,mufuJh&JUvQif tjypfESifhwuG
jzpfaomaMumifh xdkynm&Sd wdkYuJh&JUonfhtrIrsdK;ukd tenf;i,frQ rjyKusifhjcif;wnf;/
ynmrJholwdkYudk yrmPrjyKoihfay/ ynm&Sdol wdkYudkom yrmPjyKoihfay\/ q&mawmf
OD;Ak'u
f rl ]b,fou
l &hJ u
UJ &hJ UJ bk&m;ruJ&h aUJ tmifae}[k qk;H rawmfrcl \
hJ / xdYk aMumifh jrwfA'k
qkH;rawmfrlonfhtwdkif;om vdkufemusifhBuHoihf\/ bk&m;tp&Sd aomynm&Sdrsm;\
tjypfwifcH&rnfh tusifh[lorQudk udk,f? EIwf? ESvkH; okH;yg;vkH;jzifh txl;a&Smif&Sm;
oihfay\/
azmfjyNyD;aom w&m;(15)yg;wdkYjzifhjynfhpkHNyD; arwmw&m;udk yGm;rsm;ygrl
,if;arwm w&m;onf rdryd Ykdoaomol\txHoYkd a&muf&adS y\/ omrm0wDonfvnf;
arwmydYk o&m t*Fg (15)&yfwYkd EiS hf jynfph o

Hk nfom jzpf\/ arwmbm0emryGm;rsm;rD
,if;tcsuftvuf(15)csufESifh jynfhpkH&rnfjzpf\/ ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm
arwmbm0em\ a&SUoGm;tusifhrsm;jzpf\/ tcsuf tvufwdkYESifh rjynfhpkHbJ
arwmbm0em yGmrsm;ygu arwmtusdK;(11)rsdK;udk tjynfht0 cHpm;&rnf r[kwfacs/
rdrd\ yifudk,fpdwfxm;udk arwmw&m;jzifhvTrf;NcHKum wpfyg;ol odkYr[kwf
ow0g tm;vkH;udk tmkHjyK&nfrSef;rIudk arwmydkYonf arwmyGm;onf[k ac:qdk\/
,if;odkYarwm bm0em yGm;rsm;&m ]]oGm;? &yf? xdkif? avsmif;}}[laom &d,mykwf
ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfrIr&Sdojzifh rdrdcsrf;om ovdk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkif\/ vlrsdK;raG;?
bmomaG; ESpfoufjrwfEdk; tzdk;xm;xdkuf\/ urmhvlom; wdkif; arwmw&m;udk
pHawmf0ifarwm&SifrBuD; omrm0wDuJhodkY vufudkifxm; usifhokH;aexdkifMuygvQif
vufeufrJhurmonf avmuwpfvTm;wGif ay:xGef;vmrnfrSm {uefrvGJygay/
arwmbm0em yGm;rsm;ykH
arwmyGm;vdkaomolonf qdwfNidrf&mt&yfodkYuyfNyD; a'go\tjypfESifh
onf;cHjcif; cEDw&m;\tmedoifudk a&S;OD;pGmqifjcif&rnfjzpf\/ qifjcifykHrSm]]a'gow&m;onf tusdK;? taMumif;udrk Munf/h tqd;k taumif;vnf; rod/
tarSmif twd jzpf\/ aemiftzefzef &Supf &mudk ajym0Hah tmif? jyK0Hah tmif? ,kwrf molEiS hf
,kwfrmjcif;NydKif0Hh atmif apcdkif;\/ tusdK;w&m;udk z,f&Sm; tjypfwdkYudk ,lwwf\/
usufoa&r*Fvmvnf; r&Sd}} ponfjzifh a'go\tjypfwdkYudkqifjcif&rnf/ xdkYaemuf
onf;cHjcif; cEw
D &m;\tmedoifwYkd uv
kd nf; a'go\ qefYusifbuftm;jzifh qifjcif&
rnfjzpf\/
odkYqifjcifNyD;vQif udk,fcsif;pmwwfap&ef rdrdudk,fudk a&S;OD;pGmarwm
ydkY&\/
arwmydkYykHrSm]]igonf &efuif;vdk\/ &efuif;ygap/ pdk;&drfuif;vdk\/ pdk;&drfuif;ygap/
qif;&Juif;vdk\/ qif;&Juif;ygap/ csrf;omatmifaqmifGufvdk\/ aqmif
GufEdkifygap}}
[ljzpf\/ xdkYaemuf q&m? q&m\tG,fyk*dKvfwdkY\ oDvpaom *kPfaus;Zl;
wdkYudkqifjcif tzefzefyGm;rsm;vQif arwmw&m;onf pwkwpsmeftxd &&SdEdkif\/
(528)oG,f arwmudkvnf; yGm;rsm;Edkifay\/
,if;odYk arwmyGm;rsm;&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm arwmrydYk oihaf om yk*Kd vf(4)a,muf&dS
aMumif;vnf; arwmyGm;olwpfa,muftaejzifh odxm;oihaf o;\/ ,if;yk*Kd vfwYkd rmS (1)
rkef;ol?
(2)
cspfol?
(3)
(4)
olpdrf;?
&efolwdkYjzpf\/
,if;av;a,mufwdkYudk arwmyGm;olonf a&S;OD;pGm arwmrydkYoihfay/

yk*Kd vfwYkd um; vk;H 0arwmudk ryGm;tyf[k arwmbm0emudk zsufwwfaomyk*Kd vfwYkd ukd
od&rnf/ tb,faMumifh av;a,mufwdkY arwmryGm;oihfoenf;[lrl rkef;oludk
cspfol\t&mxm; arwmyGm;jcif;onf arwmxm;oltzdkY yifyef;\/ rdrdcspfoludk
tv,ftvwft&mXmexm;aom a,m*Dy*k Kd vfonfvnf; yifyef;\/ olprd ;f jzpfou
l kd
tav;jyKxdkufaomyk*Kd vft&m? cspftyfolt&mxm;&mwGifvnf; xdkYtwl yifyef;\/
&efol tzefzef atmufarhaomolvnf; trsufa'gowdkY jzpfwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh
a&S;OD;pGm arwmrydkYoihfyg/
tjcm;aom arwmrydkYoihfolrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ ,if;wdkYrSm vdifrwlaom
olEiS hf aoaom olwYkd jzpf\/ taMumif;rSm vdirf wlot
l m; arwmydYk aomf xdo
k cl snf;om
arwmyGm;ojzifh arwmyGm;oltm; &m*jzpfwwf\/ aool arwmyGm;olonf
tyemodkYvnf;aumif;? Oypm&orm"dodkYvnf;aumif; ra&mufEdkifacs/ xdkYaMumifh
azmfjyyg arwmrydYk oiho
f w
l Ykd ukd a&Smif&mS ; rdrrd pS tjcm;olwYkd ukd arwmyGm;oihaf y\/
Ak'0 g' arwmw&m;udk txl;tav;ydx
k m;jcif; taMumif;ok;H &yf
]]arwm}}[kqdk&m0,f cspfcifrI? oem;MuifemrI? rdwfaqGjzpfrI? iJhnmrI?
cGifhvTwfrI? ukPmoufrI tjcm;obm0wl aumif;jrwfaomtjyKtrlESifh pdwfxm;
rsm;udkqdkvdk\/ w&m;\t"du vkyfief;udpu
m; vlESifhtjcm;aomow0grsm;tm;
'kurSuif;ap csrf;omokcay;&ef jzpf\/ arwmw&m;udk Ak'0g'omru tjcm;
aombmom0g'wdkYvnf; jrifhjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m; jzpfaMumif; jyqdkxm;Mu\/
xkdYaMumifh arwmw&m;onf Ak'0g'DwdkYtwGufom oD;jcm;&Sdaomw&m;rsdK;um;
r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; Ak'bmomonf ,if;w&m;tay: txl;tav;ay;xm;
jcif;jzifh xdkw&m;udkjy|mef;aom tjcm;aombmomw&m;ESifh pm&dwa&;wdkYxuf
xl;uJaomtjzpfudk &,lEdkif rnfjzpf\/
arwmw&m; oDvtm;vkH;wdkY tusHK;0ifaMumif; Ak'0g'u jyqdk\/ arwm
udk tjcm; okpdkuftm;vkH;\ t&if;tjrpf[k azmfjy\/ arwmur|mef;udkMunfhaomf
ow0gtm;vkH; tay: cGJjcm;r Ir&SdapbJ arwmpdwfysHUESHYap&ef a[mMum;xm;aMumif;
awGU&\/ arwmw&m;wpfckwnf;udk ur|mef;tmkH[k oabmrxm;jcif;om xl;\/
Ak'bmom arwmw&m;udk txl;tav;ydkxm;jcif; taMumif;okH;&yf&SdaMumif;
avhvmawGU&SdEdkif\/ ,if;wdkYrSm
(1) arwmonf ]a'go}\qefYusifbufjzpfaejcif;?
(2) tzefzef y#doaEae&jcif;[laom a'oem tajccHvsuf&Sdjcif;?

(3) ukPmpdwfxm; Ak'0g'vm arwmw&m;onf tajccHaejcif;wdkY
yifjzpf\/
,if;taMumif;wdkYudk ay:vGifatmif&Sif;aomf(1)
Ak'bmom arwmw&m;udk txl;av;ydkxm;jcif;\ taMumif;
wpf&yfrSm arwmonf a'go\qefYusifbufjzpfaejcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ a'goonf
Ak'\,Ofaus;rIudk xlaxmif&m tE&m,fjzpf\/ ,if;a'gow&m;udk ysufpD;atmif
vkyf&efrSm qefYusifbufarwmw&m;udkarG;jrL&ef ]]arwmw&m;udk vufudkifxm;jcif;
jzifh a'gorSuif;NyD; Nidrf;csrf;aompdwfudk &,lEdkif\/ xkdYaMumifh arwm\yxrvkyfief;
rSm ,if;\tpGrf;jzifh a'goudkypfy,f&efESifh Nidrf;at;aom tjzpfudk&,l&ef jzpf\/
qefYusifbufw&m;ESpfyg;onf tcsif;csif;rQwoGm;onfhtcg wpfckuwpfckudk
rvTr;f rd;k Edik b
f J &yfem;csed o
f Ykd a&mufwwfay\/ xdkYtwl arwmonf a'goudkxdef;csKyf
Nidrf;at;rIudkay;EkdifpGrf; &Sdvmay\/ arwmw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf; jrwfAk'onf rsm;pGm
a[mMum;xm;aMumif;awGUEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh arwmw&m;onf a'goESifh tpOf
qefYusifbuf jzpf\/ wpfck&SdvQif wpfckr&SdEdkifay/ ,if;a'goonf Nidrf;at;aom
pdwfudk t[efYtwm;jyKwwfaomaMumifh ,if;a'goudk aMumufrufzG,ftaumif;qkH;
&efol[k Ak'bmomu owfrSwf\/ a'goudkzsufqD; arwmw&m;udk yGm;rsm;rSom
vQif pdwf\Nidrf;csrf;rIudk &vdrfhrnf[kqdkjcif;onf Ak'0g'\arwmw&m;tay:
tav;ay;aom oabmxm;jzpf\/ ESdrfhcsjcif;onf rmeBuD;jcif;ESifh? &ufa&mjcif;onf
tvdkBuD;jcif;ESifh? Pfynmonf t0dZmESifh qefYusifbufjzpfouJhodkY arwmonfvnf;
a'goESihf qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh a'goudk arwm\tpGrf;tm;jzifh wdkufzsufypf
&rnfomjzpf\/
(2)
arwmudk Ak'bmom wefzdk;xm;&jcif;\ 'kwd,taMumif;rSm
tzefzef y#doaEae&jcif;[laom a'oemtajccHvsuf &Sd\/ ,if;a'oemawmft&
ow0grSeforQonf &Snfvsm;vSaom b0oHo&m aqGrsdK;rawmfbl;ol[l r&Sday/
onfyif BuD;BuD;i,fi,f? *kPfedrfh? *kPfjrifhraG; ow0gtcsif;csif; arwmw&m;ESifh
av;pm;rIw&m;wdkYjzifh qifjcifokH;oyf qufqHEdkif&ef vrf;pyif jzpf\/ uREfkyfwdkYu
&efol[kowfrSwfxm;olonf b0oHo&m uREfkyfwdkY\rdbrsm; jzpfcJhzl;aumif;
jzpfcJhayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; t0dZmtarSmif ydwfzkH;aeaomaMumifh &efol[kxifrSwf
aejcif;jzpf\/ xdkYtwl rdbESifhom;orD;wdkY wpdrf;jyifjyif oabmxm;rIvnf; t0dZm
aMumifh t&if;tjcmjzpfaMumif; owd&Sd&ef taMumif;rwdkufqdkifjcif; jzpfay\/ xdkY
aMumifhwpfzef b0opfjzpfaMumif; a'oemawmft& uREfkyfwdkYonf tcsif;csif; arwm
w&m;jzifh qufqHoihfayawmh\/
(3)
wwd,taMumif;rSm ukPmpdwfxm; arwmw&m;onf
tajccHaejcif; taMumif;yifjzpf\/ arwmw&m;onf 'kua&mufaeoludk jrif&
aomtcg rdrd vdkjzpfcJhaomf rnfodkY&Sdrnfenf;[laom qifjcifwwfonfh ukPm
w&m; tajccH\/ toufwpfacsmif;onf ow0gwdkYtzdkY tvGefwefzdk;&SdvS\/
rnfonfhow0grqdk toufab;rS aMumufMu\/ rdrdwdkY aoab;rS aMumufouJhodkY
tjcm;aomow0gwdkYonfvnf; aMumufayvdrfhrnf/ vefYayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh
olwpfyg;toufudk rowfoihfay/ arwmpdwfudk arG;jrLoihf\/ udk,frBudKufonfudk
olwpfyg;tm;vnf; rvkyfrdap&ef a&SmifMuOf&rnfom jzpf\/ ukPmpdwf\
arwmw&m;tay: qufoG,frIESifhpyf taxmuftxm;rsm;pGm &Sday\/ "ry']ow0gtm;vk;H onf ao&rnfuakd MumufMu\/ olwpfyg;udk rdrEd iS Ehf iId ;f emusif
ap jcif;? owfjzwfjcif; rjyK&}
[kjyqdx
k m;\/ onfuakd xmuf Ak'0 g'vm arwmw&m; a&Smiftyfaom okpdu
k f
rsdK;omyg0ifonf[k rrSwfbJ jyKvkyftyfaomoabmvnf; yg0ifayonf[k rSwfom;
oihf\/ Ak'bmomonf jyKoihfonfudkjyK&efESifh rjyKoihfonfudk rjyK&eftwGuf
xyfwltav;ay;a[mMum;xm;\/ olwpfyg;udk emusifatmifrvkyf&? rowf&ovdk
wpfcsdew
f nf;rSmyif arwmw&m;udx
k m;&Sd umuG,af y;&rnfjzpf\/ tajccH ig;yg;oDv
vm yxrodumyk'fudk jrwfAk'onf a&SmifMuOf&efom a[monf[k tjrifrSm;wwf
Mu\/ odkYaomfvnf; arwmw&m; yg0ifaeonfudkum; rnfolrQ rjiif;Edkifygay/
vlUtzGJUtpnf; arwmw&m;onf t&m&mudkvTrf;rdk;aecJhaomf rnfonfh
oabmxm; uGv
J rJG rI sKd ;rS &SEd ikd af wmhrnf r[kwaf y/ jrwfA'k o
nf a&S;OD;pGm vlom;wdYk tm;
arwmxm;&ef a[mMum;jcif;jzifh om,mcsrf;ajrUaom vlUabmiftzGUJ tpnf; jzpfvmap
&ef BudK;pm;awmfrcl \
hJ / xdo
k Ykd BudK;pm;cJ&h mvnf; pHjyKxdu
k af om arwm&Sirf sm; ay:xGuf
cJ\
h / Ak'u
,
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f ikd u
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Ak'0g'vm arwmw&m;udk vlwdkif;vufcHNyD; usifhokH;oihf\/ odkYrSom vlUtzGJUtpnf;
onf om,mcsrf;ajrUrnfjzpf\/
omrm0wD awmf0ifpx
H m;{w'*fbx
UJG ;l &&Sjd cif;
aemuftzdkY jrwfAk'onf vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD;wdkYudktpOftwdkif;
awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*f bGJUxl;rsm;udk toD;oD;csD;jrifhvwfaomf omrm0wDrdzk&m;udk]{w'*H bdua0 rrom0dumeH OygodumeH arwm0d[m&DeH ,'d'H omrm0wD =
arwm\ESifhaeMuaom igbk&m;\wynhf vl0wfaMumiftrsdK;orD; arwm&Sifr
taygi;f wdYk wGif olronfom tjrwfq;Hk ? olronfomtawmfq;Hk ? olronfom
tomqk;H ? olronfom tapmqk;H wnf;}
[k ]awmf0ifpx
H m;arwm&Sif {w'*fbUJG awmf}udk csD;ajrmufcahJ vonf/ awmf0ifpx
H m;
arwm&Sif{w'*fbGJUawmftm; omoemawmfwpfavQmufvkH;wGif olrwpfOD;wnf;om

&&Scd jhJ cif;omjzpf\/ xdYk aMumifh awmf0ifpx
H m; arwm&Sirf BuD;enf;wl ow0gtm;vk;H wdYk
tay: arwmw&m; xm;oihfayawmh\/
awmf0ifpx
H m; arwm&Sirf Bu;D omrm0wDonf rdcif? zcift&if;wdYk tm; xrif;awmif;yif
auR;arG;cJh aMumif; awGU&Sd&ay&m ,aeYacwftrsdK;aumif;orD;wdkYtzdkY rdbwdkYudk
auR;arG;jyKpkjcif; enf;,lzG,f&mtcsufyif jzpfacs\/ wpfzufuMunfhvQifvnf;
ola|;orD;uJhodkY uHw&m;u &uf&ufpufpuf qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufvQifvnf;
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xdktcg jrwfAk'onf rqif;&efESifhusef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufaompum;rsm;udk rdefY
awmfrl\/ xdkYaemuf w&m;pum;awmfudka[mawmfrl\/ w&m;awmf\tqkH; xdk
rxif&Sm;aom *dvme&[ef;awmfuav;onf aomwmywdzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufcJh&\/
( w&m;awmfudk tus,fra&;awmhyg/)
jrwfA'k E iS hf 'kw,
d *dvme&[ef;
'kwd,&[ef;onfvnf; yXr&[ef;uJhodkYyif vGefpGmrusef;rrm jzpf\/
xdk&[ef;onfvnf; jrwfAk'udk<uvmawmfrl&ef yifhavQmuf\/ jrwfAk'onfvnf;
<uvmawmfrlNyD; w&m;a[mawmfrl\/ (w&m;awmfudktus,frjyqdkawmhyg)/
w&m;awmf\tqkH; xdk'kwd,*dvme &[ef;awmfonf t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufcJh
&\/
txufazmfjyNyD;aom taMumif;t&mwdkYudk avhvmMunfhaomf jrwfAk'onf
ol\wynfhwdkYudk BuD;i,fraG; emrusef;jzpfygu oGm;a&mufolemjyKjcif;?
w&m;pum;a[majymjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;aMumif; awGUEdkifay\/ jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif
*dvme&[ef;awmfwYkdtm; jyKpkvyk af uR;jcif;rSm tvGeyf if tHMh op&maumif;vS\/ omref
vlom;wdkYonfvnf; jrwfAk'udkenf;,l olemjyKpkjcif;vkyfief;wdkYudk aqmifGuf
oihfvS\/ ae&m pHawmf0if urmholemjyKrdcifOD; okyd,m OygodumrBuD;onf
vnf; jrwfAk'udktwk,ltm;us olemjyKvkyfief;wdkYudk tm;wufoa&m vkyfaqmif
cJholjzpfaMumif; avhvmokH;oyfrd\/
olemjyKvkyif ef;ESiphf yfvsOf; Ak'0 g'vmrSwo

f m;zG,&f mrsm;
olemjyKvkyfief;[lonf jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif csD;rGrf;aomvkyfief;jzpf\/
,if;olemjyK vkyfief;ESifhpyfvsOf; olemjyKwdkY &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom t&nftcsif;rsm;?
jyKpkxdkufaomrjyKpkxdkufaom vlem\t*Fgrs; tp&Sdonfjzifh rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;udk
jrwfAk' a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;odkYa[mMum; rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;udk ,ckacwf
olemjyKvkyfief;ESifh,SOfpyfvnf; Munfhoihfay\/
olemjyKt&nftcsif;(5)yg;
olemjyKwpfa,muf &Sdoihf&Sdxdkufaomt&nftcsif;(5)yg;&SdaMumif;udk
Ak'0g'u atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;\/ ,if;ig;yg;rSm(1) udk,fwdkifaq;0g;azmfpyfEdkifjcif;?
(2) olemESifhoihfonfh aq;0g;"mwfpm? roihfonfhaq;0g;"mwfpm
ponfwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfum roihfavsmfonfudky,f oihfavsmf
onfudkom okH;aqmifapjcif;?
(3) vmbfvmb vufaqmifudk arQmfvifhcsufrxm;bJ arwmpdwf
oufoufjzifh jyKpkjcif;?
(4) olem\ usifBuD;? usifi,f? wHawG;? tefzwf ponfwdkYudk rGHr&Sm
okwfoifay; Edkifjcif;?
(5) olempdwf Tifvef;wuf<uxufjrufvmatmif tcsdeftcgtvdkuf
xdkufoifhaom w&m;pum;udk ajyma[mEdkifjcif;
wdkYjzpf\/ txufazmfjyyg t&nftcsif;ig;yg;ESifh jynfhpkHrSom olemjyKaumif;wpf
a,muf jzpfEdkifrnf jzpf\/ xdkodkYr[kwf azmfjyygt&nftcsif;wdkYESifh jynfhpkHrIr&Sdygu
olemjyKaumif;wpfa,muftjzpf Ak'0g't& owfrSwfEdkifrnfum; r[kwfygay/ xdkY
aMumifh olemjyKaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfEdkif&eftwGuf azmfjyNyD;aom t&nftcsif;wdkYudk
jynfhrDatmif avhusifhysdK;axmifoihfay\/
rjyKpkxu
kd af omolem\ t*Fg(5)yg;
olemjyKpkolonf olemESifhuif; rjzpfEdkifay/ ,if;olemonfvnf; rjyKpk
xdkufaom olemESifh jyKpkxdkufaomolem[l Ak'0g'u cGJjcm;jyoxm;ay\/
,if;wdkYwGif rjyKpkxdkufaom olem\t*FgrSm atmufygtwdkif;(5)yg;&SdaMumif;
azmfjyxm;ay\/ ,if;(5)yg;rSm(1) tema&m*gtm; ravsmufywfonfudk jyKvkyfavh&Sdjcif;?
(2) tema&m*gtm; avsmufywfonf twdkif;t&Snfudk rodjcif;?
(3) aq;q&m TefMum;csuftwdkif; aq;udk rSD0JrIr&Sdjcif;?
(4) tusdK;udv
k v
kd m;aomolemjyKtm; [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG a&m*gwd;k onfukd
]wdk;onf} [lvnf;aumif;? a&m*goufomonfudk ]oufom
onf} [lvnf;aumif;? a&m*gwefYaeonfudk ]wefY\}[lvnf;
aumif; rdrdjzpfay:aeaom tema&m*g\taMumif;udk xif&Sm;
pGmrjyKjcif;ESifh?
(5) jzpfay:vmonfh jyif;xefMurf;MuKwf? pyf&mS ;? emusif? rom,mzG,?f
rESpo
f ufz,
G jf zpf toufaoavmufonfh ud,
k f jzpfaom qif;&J
a0'emwdkYudk onf;cHrIr&Sdjcif;
wdkYjzpf\/ txufazmfjyygt*Fg&yfwdkYESifh jynfhpkHaomolemudk olemjyKyk*dKvfonf
jyKpkjcif;iSgrxdkufay/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf txufazmfjyygt*Fg&yfwdkYESifh jynfhpkH
aomolemonf jyKpk&cufcaJ omolem jzpf\/ olemjyKrsm;tzdYk jyKpk&tawmfcufcaJ yrnf
jzpf\/
jyKpkxu
kd af omolem\ t&nftcsif;(5)yg;
rjyKpkxdkufaomolem\ t&nftcsif;rsm;udk azmfjyouJhodkY jyKpkxdkufaom
olem\ t&nftcsif;wdkYudkvnf; Ak'0g'wGif azmfjyxm;aMumif; awGU&SdEdkif\/ jyKpk
xdu
k af omolem\ t&nftcsif;rSm ig;yg;&S\
d / ,if;(5)yg;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpf\/
,if;wdkYrSm(1) tema&m*gtm; avsmufywfonfudk jyKvkyfavh&Sdjcif;?
(2) tema&m*gtm; avsmufywfonf twdkif;t&Snfudkodjcif;?
(3) aq;q&m\TefMum;csuftwdkif; aq;udkrSD0JrI&Sdjcif;?
(4) tusdK;vdkvm;aomolemjyKtm; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm a&m*gwdk;onfudk
]wdk;onf} [lvnf;aumif;? a&m*goufomonfudk ]a&m*gouf
omonf}[lvnf;aumif;? a&m*gwefYaeonfudk ]wefYae\}
[lvnf;aumif; rdrdjzpfay:aeaom tema&m*g\taMumif;udk
xif&Sm;pGm jyKwwfjcif;ESifh?
(5) jzpfay:vmonfh jyif;xef? Murf;MuKwf? pyf&Sm;? emusif? rom
,mzG,f? rESpfoufzG,fjzpf toufaoavmufonfh udk,f
jzpfaom qif;&Ja0'emwdkYudk onf;cHrI&Sdjcif;
wdkYjzpf\/ t*Fgt&nftcsif;(5)yg;ESifhjynfhpkHaom olemudkomvQif olemjyKwdkYtzdkY
vG,fulpGm jyKvG,fay\/
&[ef;awmfrsm; aq;ay;jcif;? aq;ukjcif; ponfwEYkd iS phf yf odrw
S zf ,
G rf sm;
jrwfAk'onf olemjyKaomyk*dKvfwdkYtm; tNrJcsD;rGrf;pum;qdkaMumif;udk
a&S;avhvmcJhNyD;jzpf\/ ae&m &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY aq;ay;jcif;? aq;ukjcif;wdkY

onfvnf; olemjyKpkjcif;yif jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; 0denf;aMumif;t& udk,fwdkif aq;
ay;oihf? ray;oifh? aq;ukoihf? rukoihf yk*dK vfrsm;&SdaMumif; awGU&SdEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh
ae&m &[ef;awmfwdkYtzdkY udk,fwdkifaq;ay;oihf? ray;oihftp&Sdaom aq;uk
olwdkYESifhoufqdkifaom 0denf;qdkif&m tcsuftvufwdkYudk jyqdkrnfjzpf\/ atmuf
azmfjyvwHhaom 0denf;aMumif;wdkYudk od&SdrSomvQif olemudkjyKpk&m udk,fpdwfESpfyg;
csrf;omTifvef;pGmjzifh jyKpkEdkifrnfjzpf\/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu jyKpkrI tcuftcJ awGUEdkif
ay\/
&[ef;awmfrsm;aq;ay;? aq;ukxu
kd af omyk*Kd vfrsm;
&[ef;rsm;aq;ay;? aq;ukxdkufaomyk*dKvfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
(11)a,muf&Sd aMumif; awGUEdkifay\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1) bduK (&[ef;a,mufsm;)?
(2) bduKeD (&[ef;rrsm;)?
(3) odurme (odurmef-&[ef;ravmif;rsm;)?
(4) omraP& (omraPa,mufsm;rsm;)?
(5) omraP&D (omraPrrsm;)?
(6) trd?
(7) tz?
(8) rdrd\rdbudk jyKpkvkyfauR;aeol?
(9) rdrd\0wfBuD;0wfi,fudk aqmifGufaeol?
(10) oHCa0,sm0pudk aqmifGufaeolESifh
(11) armif&Sifavmif; (ausmif;om;)
wdYk jzpf\/ txufazmfjyygyk*Kd vf(11)a,mufwYkd rusef;rrmjzpfaomf rdrw
d wfuRrf;orQ
aq;ay; aq;uko&rnf jzpf\/ rdrdudk,fwdkif rukwwfaomf wwfuRrf;onfh aq;
q&mrsm;udk yifhac: uko&rnfjzpf\/ ypfrxm;aumif;ay/ rusef;rmol aq;?
aq;zdk;0g;c&SdvQif ol\Opmjzifh ukoay;&rnf jzpf\/ r&SdcJhaomf rdrd\Opmjzpfaom
aq;? aq;zdk;0g;cjzifh ukoay;xdkuf\/ tu,f rdrdvnf; r&SdcJhaomf(1) qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfjcif;[laom usifh0wfjzifhvnf;aumif;?
(2) aqGrsdK;awmfol? zdwfMum;xm;olwdkY\txH awmif;aomfvnf;
aumif;
&SmrSD;ukoay;&rnfjzpf\/ xdkodkY&Smr&cJhaomf zdwfrHrIudk rjyKaomyk*Kd vfwdkY\ txH
aomfryS if awmif; ukoay;&ayrnf/ ,if;odYk rukoay;ygu tjypf&\
dS / &[ef;awmf
wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ r,fawmf? crnf;awmfrsm;udk ausmif;odkYac:aqmifNyD;vQif ausmif;
xm;yif jyKpkvkyfauR;aumif;\/ r,fawmfum; jyKxdkufonfh jyKzG,fudpr SeforQudk

udkifwG,frIrjyKbJom jyKpkvkyfauR;&rnfjzpf\/ crnf;awmfum; omraPwdkYtm;
jyKpkvkyfauR;ouJhodkYyif udk,fwdkifa&csdK;ay;jcif;? qkyfe,fay;jcif; paom trIudp
tm;vkH;udkjyKvkyfum vkyfauR;aumif;\/ tjcm;aq;ukaumif;aom yk*dK vfrsm;vnf;
&Sdayao;\/ ,if;wdkYrSm(1)
tpfudkBuD;?
(2)
nDi,f?
(3)
trBuD;?
(4)
ESri,f?
(5)
a':av;?
(6)
a':BuD;?
(7)
bBuD;?
(8)
baxG;?
(9)
t&D;BuD;? t&D;av;
(10)
OD;BuD;? OD;av;
wdkYjzpf\/ ,if;wpfusdyfaom aqGrsdK;wdkYtm;vnf; aq;0g;ukoay;aumif;ao;\/
ukoay;ykHum;- xdkolwdkY\Opmjzpfaom aq;ESifhaq;ypnf;udkom,l azmfpyfuko
ay;&rnf/ rdrd\Opmjzifhum; ukoray;aumif;ay/ tpm;jyef vSL'gef;rnfqdkygu
ukoay;aumif;\/ txufazmfjyNyD;aom
(1)
&[ef;a,mufsm;paom (11)a,muf
(2)
tpfudkBuD;paomol (10)a,muf
wdkYrSwpfyg; tjcm;aomyk*Kd vfwdkYtm; aq;vnf;ray;aumif;? aq;vnf;rukoaumif;
ay/ tu,f ukoay;ygu ukv'loe'ku#ftmywfoihfrnf jzpf\/ aq;ukay;oihf
olrsm;tm; rukovQifvnf; 'ku#ftmywfoihfao;\/
&[ef;awmfrsm; aq;ynmoifaumif;\
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf omraPwdYk rmS aq;ynm&yfwYkd ukd oifMum;aumif;onf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf jrwfAk'onf *dvme&[ef;udk jyKpkvkyfauR;xdkufaom olem
jyK&[ef;jynfhpkH&rnfh t&nftcsif;(5)&yfudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;wdkYwGif
yg0ifaom atmufazmfjyyg t&nftcsif; ESpf&yfudkaxmufqaomf &[ef;awmfrsm;
aq;ynm&yfwdkYudk oif,laumif;aMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifayrnf/ ,if;t&nftcsif;
okH;&yfrSm(1) udk,fwdkifaq;0g;azmfpyfEdkifjcif;ESifh
(2) olemESio
hf iho
f nfh aq;0g;"mwfpm? roiho
f nfh aq;0g;"mwfpmwdYk ukd
od&edS m; vnfum roihaf vsmfonfwYkd uykd ,f oihaf vsmfonfuo

kd m
okH;aqmifapjcif;
wdkYyifjzpf\/ ,if;tcsufwdkYudkaxmufqaomf &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh omraPwdkYonf
aq;ynmudk oif,laumif;aMumif; od&SdEdkifay\/
oDvuefygVd r[moDvcef; ponfwdkY aq;0g;twwfudk rdpmZD0[k
a[mMum;xm;jcif;um; aq;ynmoifjcif;udk rdpmZD0[k a[mjcif;r[kwfay/ ,if;aq;
ynmoifMum;NyD;aemuf txufazmfjycJhNyD;aomyk*dKvf(21)a,mufrS wpfyg;aomol
wdkYtm; aq;ukorIjyKrSom rdpmZD0jzpfaMumif; a[mawmfrljcif;omjzpf\/ aq;
ynmoifMum;rIudk wm;jrpfjcif; r[kwfay/ xdkYaMumifh &[ef;omraPwdkYonf aq;
ynm&yfwdkYudk oif,lNyD;vQif aq;ukoay;aumif;onfh yk*dK vfwdkYtm; rdrdwwfuRrf;
xm;onfh aq;ynmjzifh aus;Zl;jyKum omoemjyKvkyfief;BuD;udk apwemo'gw&m;
xufoefpGmjzifh aqmifGufEdkifygrlum; twdkif;rodaomtusdK;udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpf\/
txufazmfjycJhaom taMumif;wdkYaMumifh &[ef;omraPrsm; aq;ynmoifaumif;
aMumif; rSwfom;&rnfom jzpf\/ ,if;aq;ynmjzifh toufarG;rIudkum; vkH;0
rvkyfoihfay/
tzd;k tcr,lbJ ukov
kd jf zpf aq;uk&usdK;
,if;odkYaq;ukorIjyKjcif;? olemjyKjcif;jyKvkyf&m tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEdkif
aMumif; awGU&\/ om"ujzifh aq;ukojcif;tusdK;udkazmfjy&aomf ax&myg'gefvm
wdudpuaw& tyg'gefudkazmfjy&rnfjzpf\/ ,if;tyg'gefazmfjyxm;onfrSm]]igonf AEKrwDNrdKU aq;twwfynmudk aumif;pGmoif,t
l yfNyD;
onfjzpf tema&m*g pGu
J yfvsuf qif;&J'u
k a &mufaeukeaf om vltaygif;
wdkY\ csrf;omudk aqmifGufwwfaom aq;q&monf jzpfcJh\/ (xdktcg)
igonf oDv&Sad om tmEkabmfBuD;rm;aom rusef;rrmaom oDvm0E&[ef;
udk awGUjrif&aomf Munfdk0rf;ajrmufaompdwfonfjzpf aq;udkay;vSL
cJh\/ apmifha&Smuftyfaom aÈ&Sd aom taomutrnfjzifhxif&Sm;aom
0dyD jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tvkyftauR;jzpfaom &[ef;onf xdkaq;aMumifh
yifvQif tema&m*g uif;aysmuf\/
b'urmrS udk;q,fhwpfurmxuf igonf aq;udk ay;vSLcJh
&aomtcgrSp tyg,fav;yg;vm;&onfudk rodpzl;ay/ odkYjzpf&jcif;
onf aq;vSL'gef;&jcif;\ tusdK;aywnf;/
b'urmxufrS &Spfurmxuf &wemckepfyg;wdkYESifh jynfhpkH
onfjzpf rsm;jrwfonfh Adkvfygtiftm;&Sdaom oarmo"rnfaom pMu0
aw;rif;jzpfcJh\/ av;yg;aom y#dord'gwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfyg;aom
0darmuwYkd uv
kd nf;aumif;? ajcmufyg;aom tbdPfwYkd uv
kd nf;aumif;
rsufarSmufjyKtyfygukefNyD? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqkH;trawmfudk vdkufem
usifhokH;NyD;ygNyD}}
[k jzpf\/ txufazmfjyygom"uudkaxmufaomf aq;ukoay;&jcif;onf(1)
tyg,fav;yg;odkY rvm;&jcif;?
(2)
&wemckepfyg;ESifhjynfhpkHaom pMu0aw;rif;jzpf&jcif;ESifh
(3)
y#dord'gav;yg;ESifhwuGaom &[Emyk*dK vfjzpf&jcif;
[laomtusdK;w&m;wdkYudk &&SdEdkifaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
tusdK;w&m; wdkYudk &&SdapEdkifaom aq;ukojcif;? olemjyKpkjcif;wdkYudk aqmifGufoihf
ayawmh\/
aq;vSL&usdK; (10)yg;
aq;ukaomol? olemjyKaomolom tusdK;w&m;wdkYudk cHpm;&onfr[kwf/

aq;udk vSL'gef;olwdkYtm;vnf; tusdK;w&m; (10)yg;udk &&SdEdkifaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd
Edkifay\/ ,if;q,fyg;wdkYudkjy&m tyg'gefvm t&SifAmukvax&myg'gefudk om"u
tjzpfjy&rnfjzpf\/ ,if;tyg'gef t&SiAf mukvtavmif;onf avema&m*gjzpfaom
taemr'DjrwfAk'tm; aq;vSLcJh\/ ,if;odkY vSLjcif;aMumifh taemr'DjrwfpGm
bk&m;\ Asm'dwfawmftwdkif; atmufazmfjyygtusdK;w&m; q,fyg;udk cHpm;cJh&aMumif;
awGUEdkifay\/ ,if;q,fyg;rSm(1) urmwpfodef;wdkYumvywfvkH; ewfjynf jzpf&jcif;?
(2) xdkewfjynf wl&d,mwdkYudk wD;rIwfvsuf tcgcyfodrf; arGUavsmf&jcif;?
(3) ukodkvfuHtaMumif;t&if;onf wdkufwGef;tyfonfhtjzpfaMumifh vlUjynf
odkYvm tBudrfwpfaxmifwdkifatmif pMu0aw;rif;jzpf&jcif;?
(4) ,if;odkY pMum0aw;rif;jzpfcsdef wm0womewfjynfvnf; acsmufcsm;
ap tpdk;&rIudkjyK&jcif;?
(5) ewfjzpf&mvnf; tema&m*guif;oljzpf&jcif;?
(6) vljzpf&mvnf; tema&m*guif;oljzpf&jcif;?
(7) a*gwrjrwfAk'vufxuf &[Emjzpf y&dedAmefjyK&jcif;?
(8) udavomwdkYudk dIUNrdKufavmifuRrf;ap wPSma&,mOfudk ul; ajrmuf&
jcif;?
(9) Amukvtrnfjzifhxif&Sm;aom bk&m;wynfhom; jzpf&jcif;ESifh?
(10) tema&m*guif;&Sif;rI pHawmf0if{w'*fbGJU&&Sdjcif;?
wdkYjzpf\/ txufazmfjyygtusdK;w&m;(10)yg;udk t&SifAmukvax&fonf a*gwr
jrwfAk'vufxufwGif tjynfht0 jynfhajrmufcJhay\/ um; aq;vSLjcif;\ tusdK;
om"ujzpf\/ odYk jzpf&m tusdK;w&m;q,fyg;udv

k v
kd m;aom &[ef;&Siv
f t
l aygif;onf
aq;ypn;f udk vSL'gef;oihaf yawmh\/ xdYk jyif jrwfA'k u
,
kd af wmfwikd f csD;usL;awmfral om
olemjyKpkjcif;udk udk,fusdK;rzuf BudK;pm;aqmifGuf oihfvSayawmh\/ wpfzufrSvnf;
aq;ynmoifjcif;? 0denf;awmfEiS t
hf nD aq;ukjcif;? aq;vSLjcif; wdYk uv
kd nf; wwftm;
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vifudkowftHhaomiSg vkHYvjyK\/
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tvdk&Sd\/
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tpm;MuL;\/ Murf;MuKwf\/ trsufxGufwwf\/ raumif;ojzifh
qdkwwf\/ xx<u<u vkyfaqmifukefaomolwdkYudk ESdyfpuf qdk
wwf\/
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tusdK;pD;yGm;udktvdk&Sd\/ trdonf om;udkapmifha&SmufouJhodkY vifudk
apmifah &Smuf\/ vifonf &SmazGqnf;yl;aomOpmwdYk ukd apmifah &Smuf\/
(5) ESrESifhwlaomr,m;
= ESrBuD;? ESri,fonf armifdkaojcif;&Sd
ouJhodkY rdrdvifdkao\/ vif\tvdkodkYvdkuf\/
(6) taqGcifyGef;ESifhwlaomr,m; = vifudkjrif&vQif MumjrifhpGmaom
umvrS vmaom taqGcifyGef;udkjrif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&SdouJhodkY
0rf;ajrmuf\/ oDvESifhjynfh pkH\/ vifudk vkyfauR;wwf\/

uRefESifhwlaomr,m; = rdrdvifonf owfykwfjcif;'Pfjzifh Ncdrf;
ajcmuftyfonf&Sdaomf vifhtm;trsufrxGuf? onf;cH\/ vif\
tvdkodkYvdkuf\/
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r,m;? t&SiEf iS w
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f / trdEiS hf
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a'oemawmfudkaxmufqaomf eukvrmwkol<u,fronf trdESifhwl
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r,m;vnf;jzpf\/ uRefESifhwlaomr,m;vnf;jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYacwf trsdK;
aumif;orD;wdkYonf eukvrmwk ol<u,frudk pHxm;NyD; trd? ESr? taqGcifyGef;?
uRefwdkYESifhwlaom r,m;aumif;wdkYjzpfoihfay\/ olowf? cdk;ol? t&SifESifhwlaom
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tm;remwrf;? r&Sufwrf;odkY? vlwrf;wpd? tpOf,Sdvnf;? [d&dMowyf? tNrJuyf
vsuf? udk,fMuyfxJESD;? oabmNyD;&Sif? armifBuD;ESr? wrQwlyif? uRefocifodkY?
vifudkraoG? &Sufdkao\/ raxatmufarh? rjyKavhbl;? aumufauGUBuHpnf?
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(1) ]]ta&SUbufedrdwfum; a&S;trnf uZ*Fved*r (*Z*Fved*kH;) ,cktrnf
uHoaZmvjzpf\/ wnf&mtm;jzifh Ad[m& (Ad[m&f)e,ftv,fydkif;ESifh
ta&SUbufoEmvESifh y&*em'dpBwdwfwdkYwnf&Sd\/
(2) ta&SUawmifbuferd w
d u
f m; a&S;trnf ov0wDe'D? ,cktrnf ]]qDvm
jrpf}} jzpf\/ wnf&mtm;jzifh AD[m&fjynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ar'deyD &k ("d'eyk&)
'dpBwdwf wdkYwnf&Sdonf/
(3) awmifbufedrdwfum; a&S;trnf aowuPdued*r- aowuPdued*kH;
jzpf\/ wnf&mtm;jzifh AD[m&fjynfe,fawmifydkif; [mZm&DAm*'dpBwdwf
wnf&Sdonf/
(4) taemufbufedrdwfum; a&S;trnf xlejA[P*gr? xleykPm;Gm? ,ck
trnf ]xmaeo&}jzpf\/ wnf&mtm;jzifh 'dvdNrdKUajrmufbuf avmif*sD
wG'f (77)'D*&D? vwDwG'f(30)'D*&DuPmv (u&fPmv) 'dpBudwf
wnf&Sdonf/
(5) ajrmufbufedrdwfum; a&S;trnf OoD&'ZyAw - OoD&'Zawmif? ,ck
trnf wdAuf- wdAufvlrsdK;wdkY\tac: O0oEr[m*d&d? ajrwdkif;
t&m&Srd sm;tac: Owfqefjzpfonf/ wnf&mtm;jzifh 'dvNd rdKUrS ta&SUajrmuf
aumo(60)? rdkif(120) uGma0;aomt&yf&Sdaom t&d'g& ([m&f'g&f)
ac:t&yf teD;rSmwnf&Sdonf}}
[k jyqdkxm;&m omoemawmfenf;t& edrdwfig;&yf\twGif;onf rZdra'oyif
jzpf\/ xdkrS tjyifbuftpGefusaomt&yfonf ypE&mZft&yfjzpf\/ tdEd,EdkifiH
wpfckvkH;onf rZdra'o r[kwfygay/
avmuDenf;t& rZdra'otydkif;tjcm;udkazmfjy&mwGif]]ta&SUbufedrdwfum; y,m*qdyfjzpfwnf&mtm;jzifh **FgjrpfESifh,rkem

(Zrkem)jrpfEpS cf w
k Ykd q&Hk m aumorDN rdKUteD; ,ck Zvm[mAm' (Zvm[mA'f)
ac: NrdKUwnf&m jzpfonf/
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ajrmufydkif; ESifh tdEd,jynftv,fydkif; ocFwenf;tvdk Ow&yxwdkif;
tqkH;ESifh 'udPyx wdkif;tpt&yfrSm wnf&Sdonf/
(3) taemufbufedrdwfum; ukkacw(ukkwdkif;) 0deoeqdyfjzpf wnf&m
tm;jzifh 'dvd ,cktac: a'vDNrdKUajrmufbufteD;rSmwnf&Sdonf/
(4) ajrmufbufedrdwfum; [dr0Emawmifjzpf wnf&mtm;jzifh tdEd,jynf
ajrmufbuftqkH;rSmwnf&Sdonf}}[k jyqdkMu\/
(1)
odYk rEkocFwusrf;vm avmuDenf;t& rZdra'oudk edrw

d af v;&yfwYkd jzifh
ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfjyxm;onfudk awGU&\/ if;edrdwf(4)yg;\tjyifbuft&yfudk
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a0'douNrdKUrsm;onf rZdra'otwGif; yg0ifaeonfudkawGU&ay\/ omoemawmf
enf; tvdktm;jzifhum; t0Edwdkif;onf ypE&mZft&yf yg0ifonfudk awGU&ay\/
a&S;tac:ta0:tm;jzifh rZdra'o[lonf tdEd,jynftv,fydkif;wpf0dkufqDrS
wdkif;ESifhjynfe,fwdkYudk aygif;pkac:a0:aomt&yfjzpf\/ ,ckacwf tac:ta0:tm;
jzifhum; rZdra'o[lonf tdEd,jynfajrmufydkif;rQom jzpfay\/ ,if;rS<uif;usef
aomt&yfwdkYonf ypE&mZf t&yfwdkYomjzpf\/
r,fawmftwGuf om;&[ef;\w&m;yGJ
wpfzef t&SifaomPuk#duPrax&fonf rdcif'g,dumrBuD;\ rSmMum;
vdkufaom pum;jzifh jrwfAk'tm; ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;... urvmt0wfxnfudk
umVDOygodumrBuD;onf t&Sib
f &k m;wdYk aeawmfr&l m *Eu#k w
D u
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qufuyfvSL'gef;tyfygonfbk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;um urvmt0wfxnfudk
jrwfAk'tm; qufuyfav\/ xdkYaemuf jrwfAk'udk &Sdcdk;vsuf rdrdaexdkifoDwif;okH;&m
t0Edwdkif; uk&&C&NrdKU yywawmifausmif;odkY jyef<uawmfrlav\/
odkY t&SifaomPuk#DuPrax&fonf q&mOyZm,ftrdefY&Sdcsuftwdkif;
jrwfAk'xHrS qkig;rsdK;udk &,lEdkifcJholjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ t&Sif
aomPuk#duP&,lvmcJhaom qkwdkYonf ypE&mZft&yfa'owdkY oDwif;okH;Mu
ukefaom &[ef;oHCmwdkYomru Ak'bmom0ifwdkY twGufvnf; tvGeftokH;0ifaom
qkwdkYjzpfaMumif; awGU&SdEdkifay\/
aomPuk#duPrax&fonf OyZm,fq&mxHarSmuf a&mufaomtcg

xdktaMumif;t&m tvkH;pkHudk jyefMum;avQmufxm;av\/ aemufwpfaeY r,fawmf
umVDola|;uawmf\tdrf wHcg;0odkY <ua&muf qGrf;cH&yfawmfrlav\/ r,fawmf
umVDoal |;uawmfonf ]]ighom;onf tdrw
f cH g;0rSm &yfaeowJ}h }[laom owif;pum;
udk Mum;od& vsifjrefpGm vm &Sdcdk;\/ xdkYaemuf om;&[ef;\ vufrS oydwfudk
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xdkYaemuf qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aomtcg r,fawmfESifh om;&[ef;wdkYonf
atmufygtwdkif; tjyeftvSefar;jref;Muav\/
(r,fawmf) ]]cspfom;... oifcspfom;onf jrwfAk'udk zl;cJh&yg\avm/}}
(om;&[ef;) ]]tdrf;... zl;cJh&onf r,fawmf}}
(r,fawmf) ]]cspfom;... r,fawmfrSmMum;vdkufaompum;jzifhaum jrwfAk'tm;
r,fawmhf udk,fpm; &Sdcdk;tyfcJhyg\avm/}}
(om;&[ef;) ]]tdrf;.. &Sdcdk;tyfcJhonf r,fawmf? r,fawmfvSL'gef;vdkufonfh xdk
urvm t0wftxnfudkvnf; om;awmfudk,fwdkifyif jrwfAk'
oDwif;okH;aeawmf rl&m*Euk#Dausmif;awmf r,fawmfBuD;rSmxm;
vdkufonfhtwdkif; ajrtcif;jyKum cif;xm;tyfcJhavNyD/
(r,fawmf) ]]cspfom;... todkYenf;/ oifcspfom;onf jrwfAk'tm; w&m;
pum;Gwfqdk avQmufxm;cJhowJhqdk? jrwfAk'uvnf; oifcspfom;
tm; om"kaumif;csD; ay;awmfrlowJhqdk}}
(om;&[ef;) ]]r,fawmf... taMumif;t&mrsm;udk r,fawmfonf tb,fenf;
jzifh odtyfygoenf;/
(r,fawmf) cspfom;... r,fawmhftdrfapmifhMuyfaeaomtdrfapmifhewfu ]]cspf
om;tm; jrwfAk'uom"kaumif;csD;ay;aomaeY pMu0Vmaygif;
wpfaomif;ae ewfjA[mwdkYonf om"kaumif;csD;ay;Muonf}}[k
r,fawmhfudk ajymMum; ygonf/
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jrwfAk'tm; GwfqdkavQmufMum; a[mMum;tyfcJhonfhenf;twdkif;
yif r,fawmhftm;vnf; wpfzefjyefa[mMum;yg&ef awmifhwvifh
qdk r,fawmftvdk&Sdyg\cspfom;}}
odkY r,fawmfumVDola|;uawmfBuD;\avQmufxm;awmif;yefcsufudk
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r,fawmfumVDola|;uawmfBuD;onf om;&[ef;\vufcHonfudkod&Sdum rdrd\
tdrfwHcg;0 r@yfBuD;pGmaqmufvkyfap jrwfAk'tm; GwfqdkavQmufxm; ajymMum;
tyfcJhonfhenf;twdkif;yif w&m;pum;udk a[mMum;apav\/ om;&[ef;jzpfol

t&SifaomPuk#duPonfvnf; r,fawmfumVDola|;uawmftwGuf w&m;a[m
awmfrlcJhay\/
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aMumif;udrk l rawGU&ay/ odYk aomfvnf; t&Siaf omPuk#u
d P rax&f\ w&m;a'oem
tqkH; umVDola|;uawmf\oli,fcsif;rjzpfol umwd,meDola|;uawmfBuD;onf
aomwmywdzdkvf wnfcJhaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ (umwd,meDolaX;r
taMumif;udk tcef;-9 azmfjyNyD;jzpf\)/ t&SifaomP uk#duPrax&f jyefvnf
a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;awmfrSmvnf; jrwfAk'xHa[mMum;avQmufxm;aom
okwedygwfygVdawmfvm umrokweftp&Sdaom okwefaygif; wpfq,fhajcmufokwf
wdkYyif jzpfay\/ ,if;wdkY\trnfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;yifjzpf\(1)
umrokwf?
(2)
*k[|uokwf?
(3)
'k||uokwf?
(4)
ok'|uokwf?
(5)
y&r|uokwf?
(6)
Z&mokwf?
(7)
wdaraw,sokwf?
(8)
yol&okwf?
(9)
rm*@d,okwf?
(10)
yk&mab'okwf?
(11)
uv[0d0g'okwf?
(12)
plVAsL[okwf?
(13)
r[mAsL[okwf?
(14)
wk0#uokwf?
(15)
tw'@okwf?
(16)
om&dykwokwf?
txufazmfjyygokwfawmf (16)okwfvkH;onf okwedygwf? t|u0*fwpfckwnf;
yg0ifaeay\/
awmf0ifpx
H m; {w'*fbx
UJG ;l rsm;&Sjd cif;
xdkrSaemuf jrwfAk'onf om0wdjynf aZw0efausmif;awmf0,f awmf0ifpH
xm; {w'*fbGJUxl;rsm;ay;onf&Sdaomf umVDola|;uawmftm;
d meH tEk0yoEmeH ,'d'H umVD Oygod
um uk&&C&dum=&[ef;wd.Yk . igb&k m;udk wpfqifMh um;jcif;rQjzifh MunfMkd uonfh

igbk&m;\ wynfhr trsdK;orD; taygif;wGif uk&&C&NrdKUae umVDOygodum
trsKd ;orD;onf tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfay\}
[k awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;udkay;tyfawmfrlcJh\/ wpfzef qufvufvnf;
{w'*fbGJUwdkYudkay;tyf&mwGif umVDola|;uawmfBuD;\ om;&[ef;jzpfol t&Sif
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uk#d uaPm= &[ef;wdkY... csdKNrdefom,mpGmaomtoHjzifh w&m;pum;a[m
Mum;Muaom igbk&m;\ wynfhom0u&[ef;awmfwdkYwGif aomPuk#duP
&[ef;onf tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpf\/}
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uawmf ESifh om;&[ef; t&SifaomPuk#duPrax&fwdkYonf jrwfAk'udk,fawmfwdkif
ay;aom ]]awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;}}wdkYudk toD;oD;&&SdcJh&m r,fawmfonf trsdK;
orD;wdkYwGif awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufjzpfcJh&ay\/ om;&[ef;onfvnf;
&[ef;awmftaygif;wGif awmf0ifpHxm;&[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfcJh&ayawmh\/
tcef; (11)wGifum; awmf0ifpHxm;umVDola|;uawmfBuD;taMumif;udk
avhvmcJNh yD; jzpfay\/ umVDoal |;uawmfBuD;ESiw
hf uG tjcm;tjcm;aomawmf0ifpx
H m;
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avhvm awGU&SdEdkifay\/ omrefpmzwfolwdkY taetm;jzifh awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*f&Sif
okZmwmonfom yxrqkH;aom aomwmyeftrsdK;orD;jzpfonf[k odxm;Muay\/
odkYaomfvnf; awmf0ifpHxm; umVDola|;uawmfBuD;\taMumif;twKywfudk
avhvm&mwGifum; okZmwmtrsdK;aumif;orD;onf 'kwd,ajrmuf aomwmyefyk*dK vf
jzpf awmf0ifpHxm; umVDola|;uawmfBuD;onfom yxrqkH;aom aomwmyef trsdK;
orD;jzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ tu,f awmf0ifpHxm; okZmwmtrsdK;orD;
onfom yxrqkH; aomwmyefwnfol trsdK;orD;jzpftHh? jrwfAk'onf awmf0ifpHxm;
{w'*fbUJG xl;wdYk ukd ay;tyfcsD;jri&hf mwGif okZmwm trsdK;orD;tm; ]]aomwmyefwnfol
trsdK;orD;taygif;wGif tomqkH;? tjrwfqkH;aom awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;}} udk
ay;tyfrnfomjzpf\/ trSefrSm yxrqkH; aomwmyefwnfol trsdK;orD;onf umVDol
a|;uawmfBuD;om jzpfay\/ xdkYaMumifh jrwfAk'onf awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*fbGJUxl;
rsm;udk csD;jrifhay;tyf&mwGif okZmwmtrsdK;aumif;orD;tm; ]]yXrqkH;o&P*kHokH;yg;udk
qnf;uyfu;kd uG,af om trsdK;orD;taygif;wGif awmf0ifpx
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onfh trsdK;orD;taygif;wGif tjrwfq;Hk tomqk;H aom awmf0ifpx
H m; {w'*fbUJG xl;}}udk
vnf;aumif; toD;toD;ay;tyfcJhaMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifay\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

jrwfAk'\avmuom;wdkYtm; csD;ajrmufrIjyK&mwGif ae&mtuGuftvyfr&Sdatmif
axmifhapholjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ay\/
umVDola|;uawmfBuD;\taMumif;wGif omwm*d&ewfrif;ESifh a[r0w
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wpfcsufyifjzpfay\/
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a,mufa,muf\t&yf tHhbG,fo&J xl;uJaomtaMumif;wdkYudk awGUjrifMum;od
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jzpfay:&m vma&mufajymqdkcJhay\/ taMumif;udkaxmufaomf vlom;wdkYonf
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qdkonfhtwdkif; uwdwnfol vlom;rsm;om jzpfoihfay\/
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omyif jzpfEdkifrnfr[kwfygacs/ umVDola|;uawmfBuD;onf b0gb0u
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tjzpfwufa&muf&mum; tvGecf ,
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vl0wfaMumif trsdK;orD; (10)a,mufpvkH;wdkYonf yg&rDrjznfhrD y'krkw&jrwfAk'
\vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*f &cJhMuonfh trsdK;orD;wdkYudk awGUjriftwk,l
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atmifjrifEdkifrnfom jzpfay\/ awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD; {w'*f&Sif(10)OD;wdkYonf
,if; tcsufokH;csufudk udkufnDatmif tokH;cscJhjcif;aMumifhom awmf0ifpHxm; {w'*f
bGJUxl;udk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfrday\/
xkdYaMumihf Ak'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;taMumif;udk zwfI

avhvm ,aeYacwf Ak'bmomtrsdK;aumif;om; trsdK;aumif;orD;taygif;wdkYonf
jrwfAk'vufxuf awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;wdkYudk tm;ustwk,lum BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
MuygvQif ,if;awmf0ifpHxm;trsdK;orD;rsm;enf;wl t&d,mr*fzdkvfwdkYudk &&SdEdkifjcif;?
jrwfAk'\ awmf0ifpHxm;{w'*fbGJUxl;wdkYudk &Edkifjcif;paom tusdK;xl;w&m; taygif;
wdkY jynfhpkH oEdokctNidrf;"mwfudk vsifjrefpGmcHpm;&rnfom jzpfayawmhownf;/
t&Sit
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1365 ckESpf? jymodkvjynfhausmf (4)&uf? we*FaEGaeY
eHeuf 9 ; 00em&DwGif a&;om;NyD;pD;onf/
usrf;NyD;qkawmif;
- oked|dawm t,H *aEm? ,H yknH yuwH r,m/
rdem yknuare? oDCH 0dEmrd edAKw/ (yxsm0w*gxm)
oDCH odZEK ouFyg? pd&H wdXwk omoeH/
- uyrm,H *aEm Xmwk? ta&m*g okcdwm yZm/
(wwd,rum& 0dykvm*gxm)
r,m- t*P? emrorkw?f tuREkyf o
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onf? oked|dawm- aumif;pGmaygufa&muf? NyD;ajrmufcJhavNyD/ r,m- t*P?
emrorkwf tuREkfyfonf? ,HyknH- usrf;pmjyKpk? tMuifaumif;rIudk? yuwHaumif;pGmraoG? jyKpktyfcahJ vNyD/ rdem yknuare- usrf;pmjyKpk? aumif;rIaMumif?h
(t[H- t*P emrorkwf tuREkfyfonf?) edAKw- edAmefcsrf;omudk? 0dEmrd&&Sdvdkyg\/
abmaEm- usrf;pmudk? Ioltaygif;? olawmfaumif;wdkY? wkrSmuH- pmIoltaygif;
oifolawmfaumif;wdkY\?) ouFyg- aumif;rGefab;&Sif;? tjypfuif;aom? tBuHtpnf
rSeo
f rQwdYk onf? oDC-H vsifjrefrMum? apmvsifpmG omvQif? odZEK- ewfwYkd 0rf;ajrmuf?
vGefpGmawmuf? aygufa&mufNyD;ajrmufEkdifygapownf;/ omoeH- Ak'jrwfpGm?
wnfaxmifyg? &SpfjzmtHhzG,f? jynfhNzdK;<u,fbd? *kPfjynfhr*Fvm? tqHk;tr
omoemawmfonf? pd&H- tESpfig;axmifru Mumatmif? wdXwk- avmuoHk;yg;?
&[wfcsm;? cefYjim;wnfwHhEdkifygapownf;/ t,H *aEm- ]jrwfAk'vufxuf
awmf0ifpHxm; trsdK;orD;rsm;}[k? xif&Sm;ac:rSwf? usrf;jrwfonf? uyrd- Ak'
omoem? wnfwHh&monfh? b'urmywfvHk;vnf;? Xmwk- ab;b,mtjzmjzm?
ta0;ucGg? t&SnfcHhpGm? wnfwHhEdkifygapownf;/ yZm- urmolurmom;?
ow0gtrsm;wdkYonf? ta&m*g- a&m*gruyf? Oy'frwG,f? tE&m,fcyfodrf;rS?
uif;Nidrf;Muukefonf? okcdwm- udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omMuukefonf? (b0EKusrf;pma&;om; ukodkvfpGrf;yum;? ukokdvftm;aMumifh? xif&Sm;raoG? jzpfEdkifMuygap
ukefownf;/
YX;WZ
usrf;ud;k
(u) ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;
1/ tXu e0u 'ou
{um'ouedygwygVd
2/ tyg'geygVd (y)
3/ tyg'eygVd ('k)
4/ wd0kwygVd
5/ O'geygVd
6/ Oy&dyPmoygVd
7/ {u 'ku wdu pwku edygwygVd
8/ cE0*? oVm,we0*oH,kwygVd
9/ ck'uygXygVd
10/ ZmwuygVd (y)
11/ ZmwuygVd ('k)
12/ ax&*gxgygVd
13/ ax&D*gxgygVd
14/ "ry'ygVd
15/ y#dord'gr*ygVd
16/ y&d0g&ygVd
17/ yu qu owu edygwygVd
18/ ygxdu0*ygVd
19/ Ak'0HoygVd
20/ rZdryPmoygVd
21/ r[meda'oygVd
22/ r[m0*ygVd (0denf;)
23/ r[m0*ygVd (okwf)
24/ r[m0*oH,kwdygVd
25/ rdvdEyOmygVd
26/ rlvyPmoygVd
27/ 0drme0wKygVd
28/ o*gxm0*? ed'ge0*oH,kwygVd
29/ okwedygwygVd
(c) t|uxmusrf;rsm;
30/ "rygvax&f? t&Sif
31/
/
32/
/
33/
/
34/
/
35/
/
36/ Ak''wax&f? t&Sif
37/ r[mAk'aCmo? t&Sif
omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwkduf
1991
/
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1984
1993
1972
1972
1998
1982
1970
1972
1991
1991
2000
2000
1972
1991
1991
1982
1984
1999
1982
1999
1981
1984
1991
1991
1991
2000
1991
1972
wd0kwut|uxm
O'get|uxm
p&d,myd#ut|uxm
ax&D*gxmt|uxm
ayw0wKt|uxm
0drme0wKt|uxm
Ak'0Hot|uxm
t*kFw&t|uxm (y)
Ak'omoemtzGJUyHkESdyfwdkuf
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1958
1958
1958
1959
1958
1958
1959
1968

38/
/
39/
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40/
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41/
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42/
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43/
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45/
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51/
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55/
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56/
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57/
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58/
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59/
/
60/
/
61/
/
62/
/
63/
/
64/ a&S;rax&f
65/
/
66/ om&dykwax&f? t&Sif
t*kFw&t|uxm ('k)
t*kFw&t|uxm (w)
tXomvdeDt|uxm
Oy&dyPot|uxm
ck'uygXt|uxm
Zmwut|uxm (y)
Zmwut|uxm ('k)
Zmwut|uxm (w)
Zmwut|uxm (p)
ax&*gxgt|uxm
"ry't|uxm (y)
"ry't|uxm ('k)
yyu&Pt|uxm
ygpdwsm'dt|uxm
ygxdu0*t|uxm
yg&mZdu@t|uxm
r[meda'ot|uxm
r[m0*t|uxm
rZdryPmot|uxm
rlvyPmot|uxm ('k)
0dok'dr*t|uxm ('k)
oDvuE0*t|uxm
okwedygwt|uxm (y)
okwedygwt|uxm ('k)
oH,kwt|uxm (y)
oH,kwt|uxm ('k)
tyg'get|uxm (y)
tyg'get|uxm ('k)
0de,o*F[t|uxm
(*) #Dumusrf;rsm;
67/ "rygvax&f? t&Sif
68/
/
69/ Ak'&udwax&f? t&Sif
70/ om&dykwax&f? t&Sif
71/
/
72/
/
r[m0*#Dum
rlvyPmo#Dum ('k)
ZdemvuFm&#Dum
om&w'DyeD#Dum
t*kFw&#Dum
t*kFw&#Dum ('k)
(C) jrefrmjyefusrf;pmrsm;
73/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
74/
/
ck'uygXygVdawmfjrefrmjyef
r[m0gygVdawmfjrefrmjyef
/
/
/
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/
1968
1968
1986
1970
1958
2001
2001
2001
2001
1959
1992
1992
1957
1986
1968
1968
1968
1993
1957
1993
1957
1996
1958
1958
1970
1970
1959
1959
1991
/
/
ok"r0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf
Ak'omoemtzGJYyHkESdyfwdkuf
/
/
1961
1961
1302
1960
1961
1961
/
/
1998
2001

(i) tjcm;jrefrmbmomusrf;pmrsm;
75/ t*"rbd0Ho? t&Sif tbd"mefed,opf? jraZmfyHkESdyfwdkuf? rEav;?
1969
76/ t*orm"d? t&Sif
aerdbHkcef;ysdKU? Ak'omoemtzGJUyHkESdyfwdkuf
1971
77/ atmifyef;? OD;
yudPuomoem0if? pmo,yd#uyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1321
78/ auvmo? t&Sif
t|uedygwftusOf;csKyf? pmayaygif;ul;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1991
79/
/
wdyd#u"&0kwE0dumodeD? omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwdkuf 1980
80/ usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmf? ZdewyumoeD
/
1982
81/ puygv? OD;
Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;? ok"r0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1985
82/ pmwrf;tzGJU0ifwOD; urmhtHhzG,frSwfwrf;rsm;? py,fOD;pmay? &efukef
1981
83/ pHjrifharmif
Ak'eDwd? avmupmay? uefawmfav;? &efukef
1966
84/ aZmwmvuFm&? OD;
yd#uwfawmfESifhpyf rSwfpkaxGvm odaumif;p&m
jrwfqkrGefpmay
2002
85/ wif0if;? r? a'gufwm MunfndKzG,f&mrmwmrsm;? yg&rDpmay? &efukef
2001
86/ xGef;jrifh? OD;
ygVdoufa0g[m&tbd"mef? wuodkvfrsm;yHkESdyfwdkuf
1968
87/ 'k? rJxD;q&mawmf
rmvmvuFm&0wKawmfBuD;? [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1961
88/ ynm0Ho? t&Sif
rdaxG;awmfa*gwrDESifh bduKeDomomem
a&TZifausmfyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
2000
89/ azjrifh
r[mukPm&Sifrsm;? pmayavmuyHkESdyfwkduf
2000
90/ b@ma&;ESifhtcGef0efBuD;Xme? wGufcsufrItrsdK;rsdK;ESifhywfoufonfhpHEIef;rsm;
91/ r[mpnfq&mawmf
jA[0d[m&w&m;awmf? pmayaygif;ul;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef 1994
92/ rm*"Dompnf
tcgawmfaeYrsm;? yg&rDpmay? &efukef
1999
93/ armiftHh? r[m0dZm(bHkab)? r*Fvmed'gef;? omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwdkuf
1993
94/ refvnfq&mawmf
rCa'0vuFmopf? 0gqdkOD;ausmif;wdkuf? &efukef
1995
95/ jrefrmpmtzGJU jrefrmqdkdk;pum;? wuodkvfrsm;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
1996
96/
/
jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyftwGJ-1(u-p) pmayAdrmefyHkESdyfwdkuf 1978
97/
/
jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyftwGJ-2(q-e)
/
1979
98/ rif;wifrGef? a'gufwm arwmESifhopmtzGifh? oif;vJh0if;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
2001
99/ &efatmif
Ak'acwft&d,mEG,folawmfpiftrsdK;orD;rsm;
&efatmifpmay? &efukef
100/ av;Nidrf? r
tqifhjrifhAk'bmom0iftrsdK;orD;rsm;
vkyftm;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
1998
101/ av;NrdKif
ax&Dax&m? vkyftm;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
2002
102/ 0dpdwom&mbd0Ho? OD; r[mAk'0if? 'kwGJ? omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwdkuf
1982
103/
/
r[mAk'0if? q|wGJ (y)
/
1982
104/
/
r[mAk'0if? q|wGJ ('k)
/
1982
105/ omraPausmf
twk,lzG,f&mpdwfxm;rsm;? yg&rDpmay? &efukef
2001
106/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme "ry'0wK (y)? omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwdkuf
1990
107/
/
"ry'0wK ('k)
/
1993
108/
/
"ry'0wK (w)
/
1997
109/ oD[Av? OD;
yd#uwfvrf;nTef (y)
/
1994

110/
/
111/ oDv0Ho? r[m? t&Sif
112/ ok"r0wDpmwnf;tzGJU
113/ aombdw? b'E0de,
(p) t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;
114/ Fa-Hsien
115/ Horner. B.I
116/ Rhys-Davids. T.W
yd#uwfvrf;nTef ('k)
/
1994
yg&rDawmfcef;ysdKU
/
1996
ok"r0wDAk'0if? ok"r0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
A[kokwyumoeDusrf;? omoema&;OD;pD;XmeyHkESdyfwdkuf 2000
"A Record of the Buddhist Countries"
The Chinese Buddhist Association, 1957
"Women under Primitive Buddhism"
Gaorge Routledge & Sons, Ltd, Broadway house; 68-78
Carter Lane, E.C, London, 1930
"Buddhist India"
Calcutta, Susil Gupta (India) Ltd, 1957
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tvSLaiGrwnfay;Muaom
tvSL&Sirf sm;pm&if;
1/ a'gufwmOD;jrifhxGef;+a':EG,fEG,fOD;xGef;? om;BuD; vrif;xGef;
om;i,f wm&mxGef; rdom;pk (qpf'eD? Mopaw;vs) 1500 a':vm
2/ OD;&Jrif;pkd; (w&m;&kH;csKyfa&SUae)+a':&D&D0if; rdom;pk
awmifOuvmy? &efukef
715 a':vm
3/ OD;uGpf+a':oef;&DjzL
qpf'eD? Mopaw;vs
100 a':vm
4/ OD;cspfOD;+a':rkd;rkd;rdom;pk
/
50 a':vm
5/ OD;odef;pkd;+a':oef;oef;at;
/
50 a':vm
6/ a'gufwmat;ausmf+a'gufwma':trmcsdK?
om; aumif;jrwfvif;
/
50 a':vm
7/ a':oef;oef;aX;rdom;pk
/
20 a':vm
8/ OD;wifarmif0if; (c) OD;Muufrdom;pk /
20 a':vm
9/ OD;cifarmif&Drdom;pk
/
20 a':vm
10/ OD;ciffarmifnGefY+a':rOLrdom;pk
/
20 a':vm
11/ OD;nDnD+a':tdEk rdom;pk
/
20 a':vm
12/ OD;at;odkuf+a':pkpkaxG;
/
5 a':vm
13/ udkEdkif0if;+rEGJUEGJUpef; rdom;pk (okcrSwfwdkif? tif;pdefvrf;? &efukef)
50000 usyf

The Outstanding Women in Buddha's Era

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The Outstanding Women in Buddha's Era

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