Sampling and Scaling

Submitted By:Rahul Bhati Neha Mishra Sanjana Sinha Chetan Mishra

SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of selecting a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements such that the information gathered from the small group will allow judgments to be made about the larger groups. In statistics and survey methodology, sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Researchers rarely survey the entire population because the cost of a census is too high. The three main advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower, data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure homogeneity and to improve the accuracy and quality of the data. Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, colour) of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly stratified sampling. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. A process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations will be taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population will depend on the type of analysis being performed, but will include simple random sampling, systematic sampling and observational sampling. The sample should be a representation of the general population.

SAMPLING PROCESS
The sampling process comprises several stages:


Defining the population of concern Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure. Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame. Determining the sample size Implementing the sampling plan Sampling and data collecting

SAMPLING DESIGN
Sampling design is a design, or a working plan, that specifies the population frame, sample size, sample selection, and estimation method in detail. Objective of the sampling design is to know the characteristic of the population. Characteristics of good sampling design: Truly representative  Having small sampling error  Economically viable  Optimum size.  Similar to population

Types of Sampling: There are two types of sampling: a) Probability sampling. b) Non probability sampling. A. Probability Sampling In this type of sampling every elements get a chance of being selected.  Pure Random Sampling: This type of sampling is one in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected to be included in the sample.  Systematic Sampling: There is a gap or interval between each selected elements and are arranged in any logical systems.  Stratified Sampling: The process of selecting sample from different strata of the population.  Cluster Sampling: It is used when population size is big.

B. Non Probability Sampling: In this type there is no system of selection of samples it, depends on the situation of the research.

 Convenience Sampling: No system of selection but only those whom the researcher meet by chance are included as sample.  Purposive Sampling: The respondents are chosen on their knowledge basis of the information required.  Quota Sampling: In quota sampling, you select people non randomly according to some fixed quota.  Snowball Sampling: In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your study. You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria.

SCALING
Scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individuals' levels of extraversion, or the perceived quality of products. Certain methods of scaling permit estimation of magnitudes on a continuum, while other methods provide only for relative ordering of the entities.

SCALING TECHNIQUES

COMPARATIVE SCALING:
better one is identified. A respondent is presented with two items at a time and asked to select one (example: Do you prefer Pepsi or Coke?).  Rank Order: According to specified (or unspecified i.e. overall) criterion the ranking is done. a respondent is presented with several items simultaneously and asked to rank them (example : Rate the following advertisements from 1 to 10.)

 Paired Comparison: Here two objects at a time are taken and

 Constant Sum: Usually 10 (or 100) points are distributed among the
objects to reflect the differences and gaps. A respondent is given a constant sum of money, script, credits, or points and asked to allocate these to various items (example : If you had 100 Yen to spend on food products, how much would you spend on product A, on product B, on product C, etc.).  Q-Sort (or Ordered Category sorting): Ranks are given to groups of objects, differences are indicated among groups.

NON COMPARITIVE SCALING:

a) Continuous Rating Scale (also called the graphic rating scale) respondents rate items by placing a mark on a line. The line is usually labelled at each end. There are sometimes a series of numbers, called scale points, (say, from zero to 100) under the line. Scoring and codification is difficult. b) Itemized Rating Scale- Different types of itemized rating scales are as follows.  LIKERT SCALE:- Respondents are asked to indicate the amount of agreement or disagreement (from strongly agree to strongly disagree) on a five- to nine-point scale. The same format is used for multiple questions. This categorical scaling procedure can easily be extended to a magnitude estimation procedure that uses the full scale of numbers rather than verbal categories.  STAPLE:- This is a unipolar ten-point rating scale. It ranges from +5 to 5 and has no neutral zero point.  SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL:- Semantic differential is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event or concept.