Environmental Breakthroughs in Building

 The Robert L Preger Intelligent Workplace
 Building as Power Plant/Invention Works 

Volker Hartkopf, PhD,  Dr. h.c.
Professor of  Architecture, 
Director, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics
Carnegie Mellon University
National Council for Science and the Environment
Washington, DC, January 26,27, 2006
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Meta Issues
To create a path from being environmentally 
effective through sustainability to engage 
the built environment in a “restorative 
activity” (term from Bill Reed)

Is the present state of our natural system “good 
enough”?

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Buildings as an integral part of a living 
system and positively co­evolving to 
continuously improve:
Sun
Water
Air
Soil Resources
Of our Planetary System

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Time to move from object to continuum
the aesthetics of the processional
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 U.S. Energy Consumption by End­Use Sector

Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2003

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual Energy Consumption by U.S. Commercial Buildings

Total: 11,987 trillion

Btu/yr
= 3.51 trillion
kWh/yr

Data source: EIA 1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. (Conversion: 3,412
Btu = 1 kWh)

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Electricity Efficiency

2002 Electricity Flow, in Quadrillion Btu (1015 Btu) (Conversion: 1 quadrillion Btu = 293 billion kWh)
Total energy consumed to generate electricity in 2002 is 39.56 quadrillion Btu = 11.59 trillion kWh
Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2002, Diagram 5.

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 The Role of Universities

• In the US there are about 4000 colleges with almost 16 million 
students
• Combined annual expenditures exceed US $ 275 billion, which is 2,8% 
of GDP, this is greater than the GDP of all but 25 nations
• In the  near absence of long term US National policy, institutions of 
higher learning should lead the country by example
• Beginning collaboration between Texas A&M, Carnegie Mellon 
University, ISR, SNC, & UMD
• Sponsored by Congressmen Doyle, Hall, Barton, Mollohan, Hoyer, 
Gibbons and Senator Reid 

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
First Passive/Active Solar House in an Inner-City Neighborhood, 1976

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Neighborhood Wide Redevelopment an Inner-City, 1980-82

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 The Intelligent Workplace 
as an enabling instrument for
• Individual Comfort and Productivity
• Organizational Flexibility
• Technological Adaptability
• Energy and Environmental Effectiveness

A living and lived­in Laboratory

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
Energy Services
Security
Reliability
Quality
Effectiveness

THEATER
Stage set
Flexibility

Distributed PLATFORM
Energy Air/ Water
Generation and Heating/Cooling
Supply PVD
(power, voice,
data, video)

Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 air supply
power
voice/data

backbone to mechanical
Under-floor Infrastructure distribution room satellite closet
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
he Intelligent Workplace, CMU

Project Room

Conference Room
“Service Pub” :
(pre “service
equipment, ergonomics, pub”)
places to pause and sit,
interactive
Center tools
for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Buildings Can be Net Exporters of 
Energy
Systems Integration for:

• First, life cycle, environmental cost reduction

• Increased energy effectiveness
• Improved performance for user comfort
• Reliable and effective control technology
Advanced Innovative
• Reliable energy supply
Building Energy
• Increased Return on Investment Systems Systems

Controls

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Innovative Energy Systems
Ascending­Descending Strategy
Natural Environment

hydrogen via electrolysis
Solar Solar
Thermal PV

Fuel Cell Lighting,
Natural Gas/ Computers 
Bio gas
rejected heat Heat Recovery Daylighting/
Steam Generator natural ventilation
Electrical 
rejected heat Energy
Chilled 
Steam Turbine
Water
rejected heat chilled water Cooling
Desiccant
Absorption
Cooling
regen. hot water
rejected heat Domestic Hot Water/
Boiler
Water mullion
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geothermal Environment
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Building As Power Plant (BAPP)

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual Load Profile of Typical Office Buildings

Typical Office Buildings Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual Load Profile of BAPP

BAPP Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual Load Profile of BAPP

BAPP Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile – Energy exported to the grid

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 BAPP Primary Energy Consumption – More Details

Comparison of Primary
Energy Consumption
between BAPP and US
average

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual Site/Primary Energy Consumption in Office Buildings

Data source:
EIA, Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey 1995; PG&E, Commercial Building Survey Report 1999; UK National Statistics
* Germany average practice is calculated based on the energy consumption measurements of 15 German office buildings built between 1990 and 2002 (with primary
energy consumption ranging from 180kWh/m2 to 1,000kWh/m2).
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Systems integration
Systems integration to
Health create win-win solutions
Wellbeing • Increase quality of life within and
Productivity outside buildings
• Reduce resource requirements
• Secure US competitiveness
• Increase national security
Systems
integration
Resources
Energy Environment
Economy
Security

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Potential Cost-Benefits for Building Quality Differences - BIDS™

200

180

160

140
$ per square foot

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Salary Rent/Mortgage Energy

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Potential Cost-Benefits for Building Quality Differences - BIDS™

45000

CBPD/ABSIC BIDSTM
$5,300 Turnover3
40000 $765 (1.7%) Abseenteism
4

35000
$244 Lower Respiratory5
$101 Asthma6
$ per person per year

30000 $95 Allergies6

$92 Back Pain7
$73 Headaches6
$68 Cold8
25000 $17 MSD9
$45,000 $19 Throat Irritation6
Salary1 $18 Eye Irritation6
Worktime $18 Sinus Conditions6
20000 Loss
Potential Benefits of
1
$5,000 Health Quality Buildings
15000

10000 $18,500 $1,000 Connectivity

Benefits1 (Forrester Group)
$10,000
5000 12.5% Technology
$450 $200
Productivity2 $3,200 Energy
11
Churn
12
10
Rent/Mortgage
0
Salary Benefits Technology Rent/Mortgage Energy Churn

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Financial Cost/Benefits Indices:
Direct Costs of Building-related Illnesses and Health Conditions
Treatment for illnesses and health conditions that are influenced by the indoor
environment costs employers $750 per employee annually, accounting for
approximately 14% of all annual health insurance expenditures.

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 What building attributes
matter the most?

Air
Light
Thermal control
Ergonomics
Privacy and Interaction
Access to nature
Land use and mobility

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 An air pollution indicator is CO2
USA puts 22 tons per person per year into the atmosphere

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 What happens if China and India
achieve our level?

2020 2030

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
Our atmosphere will need to absorb nearly
7 times as much CO2 as today

2020 2030

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Building programs can reduce USA CO2
emissions and export technology
to China and India

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Two Planets meet in Space

• One has homo sapiens sapiens

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Generational transformation in the Built 
Environment
European towns

Buildings,
Infrastructure

Infrastructure renov.

Building renovation

Human Generation

Building use

IT Hardware

IT Software

10 20 50 100 years
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
After :N. Kohler 2003
 The Order of Civilisation
The fast layers innovate, the slow layers stabilise. The
whole combines learning with continuity.
Stewart Brand – Clock of the Long Now. 1999

Invigorate or destroy

Fashion
Commerce
Infrastructure
Governance
Culture
Nature

Sustain or collapse
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Johnson Controls Personal
Environment Module [ PEMtm]

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
    
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Zoning

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZ W) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZ W) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™
QuickTime™ and
and aa
TIFF
TIFF (LZ
(LZW)
W) decompressor
decompressor
are
are needed
needed to
to see
see this
this picture.
picture.

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 This means….
• Moving away from a totally human­centric view of the 
world,
• Understanding the synergism between nature and human 
nature,
• Appreciating the interconnectedness of the whole,
• Using principles of living systems to approach our work
• Seeing ourselves as continual learners and avoiding 
hubris,
• Encouraging dialogue and asking deeper questions, and 
• Recognizing the role of spirit and love in everything we 
do.  
   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 U.S. Commercial Sector Carbon Emissions

Source: Koomey 1996

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Water in…
Forest Agricultural landscape Urban regions

infiltration infiltration
19% infiltration
5% evaporation
28%
25%
runoff
1%
evaporation
runoff 70%
evaporation runoff drain
2%
80% 70%

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon
 Annual waste breakdown for the U.S.
by source

Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste

180 180

Mining Waste Mining Waste

1400 1400
Utility Waste Utility Waste
85 Construction and 85 Construction and
Other Demolition Waste Demolition Waste
31.5 Other
18.5 18.5 31.5
Oil and Gas Waste Oil and Gas Waste
2095 2095

Industrial Nonhazardous Industrial Nonhazardous

Waste Waste
7600 7600

Building industry related wastes

(40% of each segment)

EPA/EPRI estimate Center for building performance & diagnostics

(in million tons) / ABSIC, Volker Hartkopf estimate

   
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon