Integrales trigonométricas

INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS
Erving Quintero Gil Ing. Electromecnico Bucaramanga Colombia 2008

quintere@hotmail.com quintere@gmail.com quintere2006@yahoo.com
RESUMEN METODO DE SUSTITUCIN TRIGONOMETRICA

Un buen numero de integrales que contienen polinomios de segundo grado, se pueden transformar a integrales directas o inmediatas si se utilizan sustituciones de variables que contienen funciones trigonometricas que transforman la expresin en una identidad trigonomtrica
a2 + x2
x = a tg z x2 = a2 tg2 z
a2 - x2
x = a sen z x2 = a2 sen2 z
Reemplazando a2 + x2 = a2 + (a2 tg2 z ) a2 + x2 = {a2 + a2 tg2 z} a2 + x2 = { a2 (1 + tg2 z )} a2 + x2 = a2 (sec2 z ) x2 - a2 x = a sec z x2 = a2 sec2 z
Reemplazando a2 - x2 = a2 - (a2 sen2 z ) a2 - x2 = {a2 - a2 sen2 z} a2 - x2 = { a2 (1 - sen2 z )} a2 - x2 = a2 (cos2 z )
Reemplazando x2 - a2 = (a2 sec2 z ) a2 x2 - a2 = { a2 sec2 z - a2 } x2 - a2 = { a2 (sec2 z -1 )} x2 - a2 = a2 (tg2 z )
TABLA DE INTEGRALES
du = u + c a du = a u + c donde a es una constante u n +1 u n du = + c n -1 n +1 du = Ln u + c u au a u du = + c donde a. > 0 y a 1 Ln a u u e du = e + c sen u du = - cos u + c cos u du = sen u + c
2 sec u du = tg u + c 2 csc u du = - ctg u + c

sec u tg u du = sec u + c csc u ctg u du = - csc u + c
tg u du = Ln sec u ctg u du = Ln sen u
+c +c +c
sec u du = Ln sec u + tg u
csc u du = Ln csc u - ctg u
+ c = Ln tg
1 u +c 2
Las siguientes integrales se pueden usar para resolver en forma directa, adems se pueden demostrar dx 1 x arc tg + c = 2 + x2 a a a
dy 1 a+x = Ln +c 2 - x2 2 a a-x a
Ln +c 2 2= 2a x+a x -a
x = arc sen + c a a2 - x2 dx
dx x2 - a2 dx = Ln x + x 2 - a 2 + c
dx
x-a
x x2 - a2
1 x arc sec + c donde a > 0 a a

a2 + x2 + x + C1
2 2 a + x dx =
a2 x 2 Ln a + x2 + 2 2
2 2 x a dx =
x a2 x2 - a2 + Ln 2 2
x2 - a2 + x
+ C1
2 2 a -x =
dx x x2 + a2
a2 x x 2 a x2 + c arc sen + 2 a 2
= 1 x2 + a2 - a Ln +c a x
x = a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz = 2 x2 + a2
dx x2 a2 - x2 = a2 - x2 +c a2 x
x 2 dx
2 2 + a 2 - a Ln x 2 + a 2 + x x 2
+ c1
a2 - x2 dx = 2 x
a2 - x2 x - arc sen +c x a
x 2 dx a2 x2 32
x a2 - x2
- arc sen
x +c a
Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

dx a2 + x2 = 1 x arc tg + c a a
dx 2 + x2 a dx a2 + x2 = a sec 2 z dz a 2 sec 2 z
1 dz a
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
a sec 2 z dz a 2 sec 2 z
1 1 1 dz = dz = (z ) + c a a a
si x = a tg z dx = a sec 2 z dz
a + x2
a 2 + x 2 = a 2 + a 2 tg 2 z
Reemplazando
x z
a
1 = (z ) + c a a2 + x2 dx
a 2 + x 2 = a 2 1 + tg 2 z a 2 + x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
si x = a tg z tg z =
x z = arc tg a
dx 1 x = arc tg + c 2 + x2 a a a
x a
dx = a2 - x2
dx a2 -x2 = a cos z dz a 2 cos 2 z
a2 - x2
x = a sen z
(x )2 = a 2 sen 2 z dz
Si x = a sen z dx = a cos z dz
a 2 - (x )2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 - x 2 = a 2 (1 - sen 2 z ) a 2 - x 2 = a 2 (cos 2 z )
Simplificando dx dz 1 1 1 dz = sec z dz = = a cos z a cos z a a2 - x2 Tabla de integrales
sec z dz = ln sec z + tg z + c
Reemplazando
si x = a sen z sen z =
x a
1 1 sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c a a
1 1 sec z dz = Ln a a a a2 - x2 + x a2 - x2 +c
si cos z =
tg z =
a2 - x2 sec z = a
x a2 - x2
a a2 - x2
1 1 sec z dz = Ln a a
a+x a2 - x2
+c
(a + x )2 (a + x )(a + x ) + c 1 1 1 Ln Ln +c= sec z dz = 2 2a a a (2) a2 x2 2 a x2 Cancelando trminos semejantes
a z
a2 - x2
(a + x )(a + x ) + c = 1 Ln a + x + c 1 Ln (a x )(a + x ) 2a 2a a-x
dx a2 - x2
1 a+x Ln +c 2a a-x
dx x2 - a2 dx
x2 - a2
a sec z tg z dz a 2 tg 2 z
x2 -a2
x = a sec z
x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
sec z dz 1 1 1 = dz a tg z a cos z tg z
1 1 1 1 cos z ctg z dz = dz a cos z a cos z sen z 1 1 1 dz = csc z dz a sen z a
Si x = a sec z dx = a sec z tg z dz
x 2 - a 2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
x 2 - a 2 = a 2 (sec 2 z - 1) x 2 - a 2 = a 2 (tg 2 z )
si x = a sec z sec z =
x z = arc sec a
x a
Tabla de integrales
csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c
si sec z =
si tg z =
x a cos z = a x
x2 -a2 a x2 -a2 x cot z = a x2 -a2 x x2 -a2
1 1 csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a a

Reemplazando
1 1 Ln csc z - ctg z + c = Ln a a x x2 -a2 a x2 -a2 +c
si sen z =
csc z =
1 Ln a
x -a x2 -a2
+c =
1 Ln 2a
(x - a )2
2 2 x -a
+c
x
x2 - a2
(x - a )(x a ) + c 1 Ln 2a x2 -a2
(x - a )(x a ) + c 1 Ln (x - a )(x + a ) 2a
z a
Cancelando trminos semejantes

1 x-a Ln +c 2a x+a
1 x-a dx Ln = +c 2 - a 2 2a x+a x

x = arc sen + c a a2 - x2 dx
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
dx a2 - x2
a cos z dz a cos z
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
Si x = a sen z dx = a cos z dz
a2 - x2 =
a2 - x2 =
a cos z dz = dz a cos z
a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 1 - sen 2 z a 2 cos 2 z
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
a2 - x2 =
dz = z + c
Reemplazando
x z + c = arc sen + c a
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
si x = a sen z sen z = x z = arc sen a x a
x = arc sen + c a a2 - x2
dx
tg z =
x a2 - x2
a z
a2 - x2
dx x2 - a2
dx x2 - a2 = a sec z tg z dz (a tg z )
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
x = a sec z
x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
si x = a sec z dx = a sec z tg z dz
sec z dz =
Tabla de integrales
x2 - a2 =
a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
Reemplazando
x2 - a2 = x2 - a2 =
a 2 (sec 2 z - 1) a 2 (tg 2 z )
sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c
x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
sec z dz = Ln
x x2 - a2 + +c a a
x + x2 - a2 a
sec z =
x a
cos z =
a x
sec z dz = Ln
+c
2 2 sec z dz = Ln x + x - a
- Ln a + c
x z
Cancelando trminos semejantes Pero c1 = - Ln a + c
x2 - a2
2 2 sec z dz = Ln x + x - a
+ c1
dx 2 2 2 2 = Ln x + x a + c x -a
dx x x2 - a2 dx
1 x arc sec + c donde a > 0 a a
x2 -a2 dx = a sec z tg z dz 1 = dz (a sec z ) a tg z a
x 2 a 2 x = a sec z x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
x x2 - a2
Si x = a sec z dx = a sec z tg z dz
1 dz = a
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
x2 -a2 =
a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
x2 - a2 =
x2 - a2 =
a 2 sec 2 z - 1
a 2 tg 2 z
1 1 dz = (z ) + c a a
Reemplazando
1 (z ) + c = 1 arc sec x + c a a a
dx x x2 - a2 = 1 x arc sec + c a a
x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
si x = a sec z sec z = x a
x z = arc sec a
x
x2 - a2
z a
2 2 a + x dx
2 2 dx = a sec z a sec 2 z dz = a 2 sec 3 z dz a +x

a2 + x2
x = a tg z x 2 = a 2 tg 2 z
x = a tg z
a 2 sec 3 z dz =
Se resuelve la integral a 2 sec 3 z dz por partes
si x = a tg z dx = a sec 2 z dz a2 + x2 = a2 + x2 = a 2 + a 2 tg 2 z a 2 (1 + tg 2 z )
u dv = u * v - v du
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz
Se resuelve por partes u = sec z du = sec z tg z dz
dv = sec2 z
a 2 + x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
a 2 + x 2 = a sec z
u dv = u * v - v du
a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] a 2 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec z dz
Ordenando como una ecuacin cualquiera y simplificando los trminos semejantes

a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 sec z dz 2a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 sec z dz
Dividiendo la ecuacin por 2
10
a 2 sec 3 z dz =
a2 a2 sec z * tg z + sec z dz 2 2
Tabla de integrales
si x = a tg z tg z =
a 2 sec 3 z dz =
a
a2 a2 Ln sec z + tg z + c sec z * tg z + 2 2
x a
cos z =
a a2 + x2
2 2 2 + x 2 dx = a sec z * tg z + a Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2
a 2 a2 + x2 2 a x a2 * a + 2 Ln a2 + x2 x + +c a a
a 2 + x 2 = a sec z
a2 + x2 a
2 2 a + x dx =
sec z =
2 2 a + x dx =
a2 x a2 + x2 2 a2
a2 + 2 Ln
a2 + x2 + x a a2 + x2 + x a
+c
2 + x 2 dx = 1 x a 2 + x 2 2
a2 Ln + 2
+c
Propiedad de los logaritmos

2 2 a + x dx = 1 x a2 + x2 2 a2 + Ln 2 a2 + x2 + x a2 Ln a + c 2
a2 + x2
a2 C1 = Ln a + c 2
z
a
2 2 + x 2 dx = x a 2 + x 2 + a Ln 2 2
a2 + x2 + x
+ C1
11
2 2 dx x -a 2 2 2 2 x - a dx = a tg z (a sec z tg z dz ) = a sec z tg z dz
a 2 tg 2 z sec z dz =
Identidades trigonometricas
x2 - a2 x = a sec z
x = a sec z x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
si x = a sec z dx = a sec z tg z dz
x2 - a2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1
a 2 tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 sec 2 z 1 sec z dz a 2 sec 2 z 1 sec z dz = a 2 sec 2 z sec z dz - a 2 sec z dz
x2 - a2 =
a 2 (sec 2 z - 1)
x 2 - a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z
a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz =
Se resuelve la integral a 2 sec 3 z dz por partes
x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
u dv = u * v - v du
dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
u dv = u * v - v du
a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] a 2 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz

a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
12
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec z dz

a 2 sec 3 z dz =
Tabla de integrales
Regresando a la integral inicial despus de resolver a 2 sec 3 z dz por partes. a2 a2 2 a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz = sec z * tg z + sec z dz - a sec z dz 2 2 a2 a2 2 sec z * tg z + sec z dz - a sec z dz 2 2 Se reducen trminos semejantes
a2 2 sec z * tg z a2 2 sec z dz
x = a sec z
si x = a sec z sec z = a x x a
cos z =
x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
x2 a2 a
tg z =
aplicando la tabla de integrales a2 a2 sec z * tg z Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2 Reemplazando

2 2 x - a dz = a2 a2 sec z * tg z Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2
a2 x x2 -a2 +c - 2 Ln a + a
x z
a
x2 a2
a2 x x2 -a2 * x 2 - a 2 dz = a 2 a
2 2 x - a dz =
a2 x x2 - a2 2 a2
x + x2 - a2 a2 +c Ln 2 a
2 2 x - a dz =
x + x2 -a2 x a2 Ln x2 -a2 +c a 2 2
13

x
2 2 2 - a 2 dz = x x 2 - a 2 - a Ln x + x 2 - a 2 + a Ln a + c 2 2 2
Pero:
C1 = a2 Ln a + c 2
2 2 x a dx =
x a2 x2 - a2 + Ln 2 2
x2 - a2 + x
+ C1
14
Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral 2 2 a - x dx

a
2 - x 2 dx = a cos z * (a cos z dz ) = a 2 cos 2 z dz

a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica
cos 2 z =
1 (1 + cos2z ) 2
2 1 (1 + cos 2 z ) dz = a (1 + cos 2 z ) dz 2 2
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
Si x = asen z dx = a cos z dz
a 2 cos 2 z dz = a 2
a2 - x2 = a2 - x2 = a2 - x2 =
a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 1 - sen 2 a 2 cos 2 z z
a2 a2 dz + cos 2z dz 2 2
a2 a2 1 z + sen 2z + c 2 2 2
a2 a2 z + sen 2z + c 4 2
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
si x = a sen z sen z = x z = arc sen a x a
a2 - x2 a
sen 2 z = 2 sen z cos z

a2 a2 a2 a2 (2 sen z cos z ) + c z + z + sen 2z + c = 4 4 2 2
cos z =
tg z =
x a2 - x2
Reemplazando a2 a2 x a2 - x2 x arc sec + * 2 2 a a a

a2 x a2 x* arc sec + 2 a 2 a2 - x2 a2

a2 2 arc sec x 1 + x a2 - x2 a 2 +c
a z
a2 x2
+c =
2 2 a -x =
a2 x x arc sen + a2 x2 + c 2 a 2
15
dx x x2 + a2
dx x x2 + a2 = a sec 2 z dz a tg z (a sec z )
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
1 sec z dz tg z a
1 dz 1 cos z 1 1 = dz sen z a a sen z cos z
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + a 2 x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + 1 x 2 + a 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
1 csc z dz a
Tabla de integrales
x 2 + a 2 = a sec z
si x = a tg z tg z = x a
1 1 csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a a

Reemplazando
1 1 Ln csc z - ctg z + c = Ln a a x2 + a2 a +c x x
csc z =
x2 + a2 x
ctg z =
a x
x2 + a 2
1 x2 + a2 - a = Ln +c x 2 + a2 a x x dx
z
a
16
x 2 dx x2 + a2 a 2 tg 2 z a sec 2 z dz = a sec z 2 + a2 x x 2 dx
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
x2 = a2 tg2 z
x = a tg z
a 2 tg 2 z sec z dz
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + a 2 x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + 1 x 2 + a 2 = a 2 sec 2 z x 2 + a 2 = a sec z
Identidad trigonometrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
a 2 tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 sec 2 z - 1 (sec z dz )

a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz
x 2 dx x2 + a2
= a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz
si
x = a tg z tg z =
x a
Esta solucin se resuelve primero la integral a 2 sec 3 z dz por partes y despus la otra integral
u dv = u * v - v du

Se resuelve por partes u = sec z du = sec z tg z dz dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
u dv = u * v - v du
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz

a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 2 z - 1 * sec z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
17
a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec z dz

ordenando como una ecuacin cualquiera y reduciendo trminos semejantes

Dividiendo la ecuacin por 2 se obtiene la primera parte de la solucin
a 2 sec 3 z dz =
si
x = a tg z tg z =
x a
cos z =
La integral inicial es :
x2 + a2
a x
x2 + a2 sec z = a
x 2 dx x2 + a2
ctg z =
= a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz
Se reemplaza en la integral inicial y se sigue resolviendo la integral
a2 a2 2 sec z * tg z + sec z dz - a sec z dz 2 2
Reduciendo trminos semejantes
Tabla de integrales
a2 1 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec z dz + c 2 2
x2 + a2 x z
a
2 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz = a sec z * tg z a 2
Reemplazando
a2 Ln sec z + tg z + c 2
a2 a2 sec z * tg z Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2
x a2 x2 + a2 x * Ln + +c a 2 a a
a2 x2 + a2 2 a
18
a2 x x2 + a2 2 a2
a2 x2 + a2 + x Ln a 2
+c
x 2
x2 + a2 -
a2 x2 + a2 + x Ln 2 a
+c
x 2 dx x2 + a2
= a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz =
x 2
x2 + a2 -
a2 Ln x 2 + a 2 + x 2
a2 Ln a + c 2
Pero: C1 =
x 2 dx x2 + a2
1 2 a Ln a + c 2
= a 2 sec 3 z dz - a 2 sec z dz = x 2 x2 + a2 a2 Ln x 2 + a 2 + x 2 + c1
19
dx x2 a2 - x2
dx x2 a2 - x2 = a cos z dz a 2 sen 2 z (a cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
x = a sen z
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 sen 2 z
1 a2
dz
si x = a sen z dx = a cos z dz
a2 - x2 = a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 1 - sen 2 z a 2 cos 2 z
2 csc z dz
Tabla de integrales
2 csc z dz = - ctg z + c
a2 - x2 =
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
1 1 2 ctg z + c csc z dz = 2 2 a a
Reemplazando
tg z = x a2 - x2 ctg z =
x a
a2 x2 x
1 1 (ctg z) + c = ( a2 a2
dx
a2 - x2 x
) +c
x2 a2 - x2
= -
a2 - x2 +c a2 x
x z a2 - x2
20

a2 - x2 dx x2
(a cos z) (a cos z dz ) a 2 - x 2 dx = 2 x a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
x = a sen z
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 cos 2 z dz a 2 sen 2 z
a2 - x2 = a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 1 - sen 2 z
a 2 cos 2 z
2 ctg z dz
Identidad trigonometrica ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
a2 - x2 =
2 2 ctg z dz = csc z - 1 dz 2 2 csc z - 1 dz = csc z dz - dz

Tabla de integrales
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
x z = arc sen a
tg z = x a2 - x2
x a
ctg z =
a2 x2 x
Reemplazando
csc
2 z dz - dz = - ctg z
-z +c
a2 - x2 dx = x2
a2 - x2 x - arc sen + c x a
a
x z a2 - x2
21
x 2 dx a 2 x 2
x 2 dx
32
a 2 - x 2
32
x = a sen z
a 2 sen 2 z (a cos z dz ) sen 2 z dz = = 32 a 3 cos 3 z cos 2 z a 2 x 2
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
2 tg z dz
a 2 - x 2
a 2 - x 2
32
= a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
= a 2 1 - sen 2 z
32
32
32
2 2 2 tg z dz = sec z - 1 dz = sec z dz - dz Tabla de integrales
Tabla de integrales
2 sec z dz = tg z + c dz = z + c
32 a 2 - x 2 = a 2 cos 2 z 32 a 2 - x 2 = a 3 cos 3 z x si x = a sen z sen z = a
32
2 sec z dz - dz = tg z - z + c
Reemplazando x x - arc sen + c tg z - z + c = a a2 - x2
x 2 dx a2 x2 32 = x a2 - x2 - arc sen x +c a
z = arc sen
tg z = x
x a
a2 - x2
z
a2 - x2
22
INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS

Ejercicios 7.3 Pag 571 Leythold Problema # 1
dx x2 4 - x2
dx x2 4 - x2 = 2 cos z dz 4 sen 2 z (2 cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
4 - x2 = 22 - x 2
22 - x 2 x = 2 sen z
1 dz 4 sen 2 z
1 1 1 2 dz = csc z dz 4 sen 2 z 4
x = 2 sen z x 2 = 4 sen 2 z si x = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz 4- x2 = 4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z 4 1 - sen 2 z 4 cos 2 z
Tabla de integrales
4 - x2 = 1 1 2 csc z dz = - ctg z + c 4 4
4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
si x = 2 sen z sen z = tg z = x 4 - x2 ctg z = x 2 4 x2 x
Reemplazando
1 1 4 - x2 (ctg z) + c = - ( ) +c 4 4 x
dx = 4 - x2 +c 4x
x2 4 - x2
2 z
4 - x2
23

4 - x 2 dx x2
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z 4 - x2 =
22 - x 2
22 - x 2
x = 2 sen z
4 - x 2 dx 2 cos z (2 cos z dz ) = x2 4 sen 2 z cos 2 z dz sen 2 z 2 ctg z dz

Identidad trigonomtrica ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
x = 2 sen z
x 2 = 4 sen 2 z si x = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz 4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
4 - x2 =
4- x2 =
4 1 - sen 2 z
4 cos 2 z
2 2 ctg z dz = csc z - 1 dz 2 2 csc z - 1 dz = csc z dz - 1dz

Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
4 - x 2 = 2 cos z si x = 2 sen z sen z = x 2 x x z = arc sen sen z = 2 2
2 csc z dz - 1dz = - ctg z - z + c

Reemplazando 4 - x2 - ctg z - z + c = - x
4 - x 2 dx 4 - x2 = - x x2
tg z =
x 4 - x2
ctg z =
4 x2 x
x - arc sen 2 + c
- arc sen x + c 2
2 z
4 - x2
24
dx x x2 + 4
dx x x2 + 4 = 2 sec 2 z dz 2 tg z (2 sec z )
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
x 2 + 4 = x 2 + 2 2 x = 2 tg z
x = 2 tg z x2 = 4 tg2 z
si x = 2 tg z dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
1 sec z dz 2 tg z 1 dz 1 cos z sen z 2 cos z 1 1 dz 2 sen z 1 csc z dz 2

Tabla de integrales
x 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4 x 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 1 x 2 + 4 = 4 sec 2 z
x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z si
csc z =
x = 2 tg z tg z =
x2 + 4 x
x 2
2 x
ctg z =

1 1 csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c 2 2
4 + x2
x z
Reemplazando
1 Ln csc z - ctg z + c = 2 1 Ln 2 x2 + 4 2 - +c x x
dx x x2 + 4
x2 + 4 - 2 1 Ln +c x 2
25
x 2 dx x2 + 6
x 2 dx x2 + 6 6 tg 2 z 6 sec 2 z dz = 6 sec z
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
x2 + 6 = x2 +
( 6 )2
x = 6 tg z
x = 6 tg z
x2 = 6 tg2 z
6 tg 2 z sec z dz
x 2 + 6 = 6 tg 2 z + 6
x 2 + 6 = 6 tg 2 z + 1 x 2 + 6 = 6 sec 2 z x2 + 6 =
si
6 tg 2 z sec z dz = 6 sec 2 z - 1 (sec z dz )

6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz
Tabla de integrales
6 sec z
x 6
x = 6 tg z tg z = x 2 dx x2 + 6
= 6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz
Se resuelve primero la integral 6 sec 3 z dz por partes
u dv = u * v - v du
6 sec 3 z dz = 6 sec 2 z * sec z dz
dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
6 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 6[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] 6[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 6 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
6 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z sec z dz = 6 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz

26
6 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz = 6 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 6 sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 6 sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z - 6 sec 3 z dz + 6 sec z dz
ordenando como una ecuacin cualquiera y reduciendo trminos semejantes
6 sec 3 z dz + 6 sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z + 6 sec z dz 12 sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z + 6 sec z dz

6 sec 3 z dz = 3sec z * tg z + 3 sec z dz

Tabla de integrales
6 sec 3 z dz = 3sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c

La integral inicial es :
x 2 dx x2 + 6
= 6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz
6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z - 6 sec z dz 6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z - 6 Ln sec z + tg z + c 6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z - 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c
si x = 6 tg z tg z =
6 x2 + 6 6 x
x 6
6
x2 + 6
x z
cos z = ctg z =
sec z =
x2 + 6
6
Reemplazando
6 sec 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z - 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c

27
2 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 x + 6 6 sec 6
x2 + 6 x x + +c * - 3 Ln 6 6 6 x2 + 6 + x - 3 Ln 6 +c
2 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = 3 x x + 6 6 sec 6 2 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = x x + 6 6 sec 2 x 2 dx
x2 + 6 + x - 3 Ln 6
+c
2 3 z dz - 6 sec z dz = x x + 6 = 6 sec 2 x2 + 6
x2 + 6 + x - 3 Ln 6
+c
x x2 + 6 = 2 x2 + 6 x 2 dx
x2 + 6 + x - 3 Ln 6
+c
28
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
x 2 - 25 = x 2 - 5 2 x = 5 sec z
x x 2 25 x x 2 25
dx dx = 5 sec z (5 sec z tg z dz) 5 tg z
x = 5 sec z
X2 = 25 sec2 z
5 sec 2 z dz =
Tabla de integrales
si x = 5 sec z dx = 5 sec z tg z dz
x 2 - 25 = x 2 - 25 = 25 sec 2 z - 25 25 (sec 2 z - 1)
2 sec z dz = tg z + c
x 2 - 25 =
25 (tg 2 z )
5 sec 2 z dz = 5 tg z + c
Reemplazando x 25 +c 5 (tg z ) + c = 5 5
x 2 - 25 = 5 tg z
si x = 5 sec z sec z = x 5
5 (tg z ) + c =
x x 2 25
x 25 + c
si sec z =
dx = ( x 2 - 25 ) + c
x 5 cos z = 5 x 2 - 25 x sen z = x 2 - 25 x tg z = 5
x z
x 2 - 25
29
Ejercicios 7.3 Pag 571 Leythold Problema # 6 dx 3 2 + x2 2

dx 2 sec 2 z dz = 3 2 2 sec 3 z 2 + x2 2
a 2 + x 2
32
x = a tg z
3 3 2 + x 2 2 = 2 2 + x 2 2 x = 2 tg z
( )
x = 2 tg z x 2 = 2 tg 2 z
si x = 2 tg z dx = 2 sec 2 z dz 3 3 2 + x 2 2 = 2 2 + 2 tg 2 z 2 3 3 2 + x 2 2 = 2 + 2 tg 2 z 2 3 3 2 + x 2 2 = 21 + tg 2 z 2
1 1 dz 2 sec 1 cos z dz 2 1 sen z + c 2
( )
Reemplazando
1 1 x (sen z) + c = 2 2 2 2+x
+c +c
dx 3 2 + x2 2
x 2 2 + x2
2 + x2
x z
2
3 3 2 + x 2 2 = 2 sec 2 z 2 3 32 2 + x 2 2 = [2 ]3 2 * sec 2 z 3 2 + x 2 2 = 2 2 * sec 3 z x si x = 2 tg z tg z = 2 x sen z = 2 + x2
sen z =
x 2 + x2
30
dx 4x 2 9 dx 32
x2 - a2
4 x 2 - 9
32
x = a sec z
4x 2 9 = - 4 4 32
32
3 sec z tg z dz = 2 32 27 tg 3 z 4x 2 9 1 1 sec z dz 1 cos z = dz 18 tg 2 z 18 sen 2 z

cos 2 z
4x 2 - 9
32
2 3 = x 2 - 2
32 x =
3 sec z 2
3 sec z 2 9 x 2 = sec 2 z 4 x=
1 cos z 18 sen 2 z 1 cos z 1 * dz 18 sen z sen z 1 ctg z csc z dz 18

Solucin por cambio de variable u = csc z du = - csc z ctg z dz
1 1 u+c du = 18 18
si x =
3 3 sec z dx = sec z tg z dz 2 2
32
4x 2 - 9
32 9 = 4 sec 2 z - 9 4 32 32 4x 2 - 9 = 9 sec 2 z - 9 32 32 4x 2 - 9 = (9 ) sec 2 z - 1

4x 2 - 9 4x 2 - 9 4x 2 - 9 32 32 32 = (9 ) tg 2 z 32 32
= 3 2 3 2 tg 2 = 33 tg 3 z
Reemplazando
1 1 - u + c = - csc z + c 18 18
Reemplazando
4x 2 - 9
sec z =
32
= 27 tg 3 z
cos z = 3 2x sen z = 4x 2 - 9 2x
1 1 2x +c - csc z + c = 18 18 2 4x - 9 1 2x x +c= - 1 +c 18 9 2 -9 2 -9 4x 4x
2x 3
csc z =
2x 4x 2 9
dx 4x 2 9 32
= -
x 9 4x 2 - 9
+c
2x z
4x2 - 9
3
31
dw w2 w2 -7
w 2 - a 2 w = a sec z
w2 -7 = w2 - 7
dw w2 w2 -7
7 sec z tg z dz 7 sec 2 z 7 tg z
w2 - 7
w = 7 sec z
1 1 dz 7 sec z 1 cos z dz 7 1 sen z + c 7

Reemplazando
w = 7 sec z w 2 = 7 sec 2 z
si w = 7 sec z dw = 7 sec z tg z dz
w2 -7 = w2 -7 = 7 sec 2 z - 7 7 sec 2 z - 1
1 1 w2 - 7 (sen z) + c = ( ) + c 7 7 w
w2 -7 =
w2 - 7 = 7
7 tg 2 z
tg z
dw w2 w2 -7
w2 -7 = +c 7w
si w = 7 sec z sec z =
w 7 w2 -7 w
cos z =
w z
7 w
sen z =
w2 - 7
32
sec 2 x dx 32 4 - tg 2 x
sec 2 x dx 2 cos z dz = 32 8 cos 3 z 4 - tg 2 x
a 2 - tg 2 x
4 - tg 2 x
32
tg x = a sen z
32
32
= (2)2 - tg 2 x
(2)2 - tg 2
32
tg x = 2 sen
tg x = 2 sen z tg 2 x = 4 sen 2 z
si tg x = 2 sen z sec 2 x dx = 2 cos z dz 32 32 4 - tg 2 x = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
4 - tg 2 x 4 - tg 2 x
1 1 dz 4 cos 2 z
1 2 sec z dz 4
Tabla de integrales Tabla de integrales
32
= (4)1 - sen 2 z
32
1 1 2 sec z dz = tg z + c 4 4
Reemplazando
1 1 (tg z) + c = ( 4 4
32 = (4) cos 2 z 32 32 4 - tg 2 x = 2 2 * cos 3 z 32 4 - tg 2 x 4 - tg 2 x 32 = 2 3 cos 3 z
tgx
4 - tg 2 x
) +c
32
tgx sec 2 x dx = +c 32 4 - tg 2 x 4 4 - tg 2 x
= 8 cos 3 z
si tg x = 2 sen z sen z =
tg z = tg x 4 - tg 2 x
tg x 2
2
z
tg x
4 - tg 2 x
33
(z 2 - 6z + 18)3 2
dz z 2 - 6z + 18 32 =
dz
z2 +a2
32
z = a tg
dz
(z - 6z + 9 + 9)3 2
3 3 2 + 9 2 = (z 3)2 + 3 2 2 z - 3 = 3 tg ( z 3)
dz (z - 3)2 + 9 32
z - 3 = 3 tg
(z - 3)2 = 9 tg 2
si z - 3 = 3 tg dz = 3 sec 2 d
3 3 (z - 3)2 + 9 2 = 9 tg 2 + 9 2 (z - 3)2 + 9 32 = 9 tg 2 + 1 32
Reemplazando
dz (z - 3)2 + 9 32
3 sec 2 d 27 sec 3
1 1 d 9 sec 1 cos d 9
[(z - 3)2 + 9]3 2 = [9 (sec 2 ) ]3 2

(z - 3)2 + 9 (z - 3)2 + 9 32 = [9 ]3 2 sec 3 32 = 729 sec 3
cos d = sen + c
1 1 cos d = sen + c 9 9
Reemplazando 1 1 z-3 +c sen + c = 9 9 2 z - 6z + 18
(z - 3)2 + 9
si
sen =
32
= 27 sec 3
z -3 3
z - 3 = 3 tg tg =
z 3 z 2 - 6z + 18
dz z 2 - 6z + 18 32
z -3 9 z 2 - 6z + 18
+c
z 2 - 6z + 18
z-3
34
Ln 3 w dw w Ln 2 w - 4
u2 - a2
u = a sec
Ln 2 w - 4 = Ln 2 w - 2 2 Ln w = 2 sec
Ln 3 w dw w Ln 2 w - 4
Ln 3 w Ln 2 w - 4
dw w
Ln w = 2 sec (Ln w )2 = 4 sec 2
(Ln w )3 = 8 sec 3
si Ln w = 2 sec 1 dw = 2 sec tg d w
Reemplazando
Ln 3 w Ln 2 w - 4
8 sec 3 z (2 sec z tg z dz ) dw = w 2 tg
Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 sec 2 - 4 Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 (sec 2 - 1) Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 (tg 2 ) Ln 2 w - 4 = 2 tg si cos = Ln w = 2 sec sec = 2 Ln w Ln 2 w - 4 2 Ln w 2
8 se 4 c d = 8 sec 2 * sec 2 d
Identidad trigonometrica tg2 z + 1 = sec2 z
Reemplazando
8 sec 2 * sec 2 d = 8 tg 2 + 1 * sec 2 d 8 tg 2 sec 2 d + 8 sec 2 d
Solucin por cambio de variable x = tg x2 = tg2

dx = sec 2 dz
tg =
Reemplazando
Ln w 2 sec 2 d + 8 sec 2 d = 8 x 2 dx + 8 dx Ln 2 w - 4 8 tg 8 3 8 x 2 dx + 8 dx = x + 8 x + c 3 2 3 2 2 8 (tg )3 + 8(tg ) + c = 8 Ln w 4 + 8 Ln w 4 + c 3 3 2 2 3 2 2w 4 2 w 4 * Ln 2 w 4 Ln Ln 2 8 + 8 Ln w 4 + c = 8 + 4 Ln 2 w 4 + c 3 3 2 3 8 (2)
35
1 2 2 2 Ln w 4 * Ln w 4 + 4 Ln w 4 + c = 3
Factorizando trminos semejantes Ln 2 w 4 + 4 + c Ln 2 w - 4 * 3 Resolviendo trminos semejantes
Ln 2 w 4 + 12 Ln 2 w - 4 * 3
Ln 2 w 4 * Ln 2 w 4 + 12 Ln 2 w 4 * Ln 2 w + 8 +c = +c= +c 3 3
Ln 3 w dw w Ln 2 w 4
Ln 2 w 4 * Ln 2 w + 8 +c = 3
36
dx 16 + x 2
dx 16 + x 2 32
32
32 a2 + x2 x = a tg z 32 32 16 + x 2 = (4)2 + x 2 x = 4 tg z
4 sec 2 z dz 64 sec 3 z
x = 4 tg z x 2 = 16 tg 2 z
si x = 4 tg z dx = 4 sec 2 z dz 16 + x 2 16 + x 2 16 + x 2 16 + x 2 32 = 16 + 16 tg 2 z 32
1 1 1 dz = cos d 16 sec 16
cos d = sen + c
32 32 = 16 1 + tg 2 z
32 = 16 sec 2 z = 4 2 32 32
1 1 sen z + c cos z dz = 16 16
Reemplazando
1 1 x (sen z) + c = 16 16 2 16 + x
32
+c +c
* sec 2
32
dx 16 + x 2 32
x 16 16 + x 2
16 + x 2
32
= 4 3 sec 3 z = 64 sec 3 z
si
sen z =
x = 4 tg z tg z =
x 16 + x 2
x 4
16 + x 2 z 4
37
dx 4x - x 2
dx 4x - x 2 = dx x 2 - 4x
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
4 - (x - 2)2 = 2 2 - (x - 2)2
x - 2 = 2 sen z
se suma 4 y se resta 4
(x - 2)2 =
4 sen 2 z
dx - x 2 - 4x + 4 - 4
si x - 2 = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (1 - sen 2 z )
Ordenando para formar una diferencia de cuadrados
dx - x 2 - 4x + 4 - 4
dx x 2 - 4x + 4 4
4 - (x - 2)2 = 4 (cos 2 z )
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 2 cos z
dx - [x - 2]2 - 4
dx 4 - (x - 2 )2
si x - 2 = 2 sen z sen z =
x-2 z = arc sen 2
x-2 2
reemplazando
dx 4 - (x - 2)2
2 cos z dz 2 cos z
2 cos z dz = dz 2 cos z
x-2 +c 2
2
x-2
z
4 (x 2 )2
dz = z + c = arc sen
x -2 = arc sen +c 2 2 4x - x
dx
38
dx 5 - 4x - x 2 dx 32
a 2 - x 2
32
x = a sen z
32 x + 2 = 3 sen z
5 - 4x - x 2
32
dx - x 2 + 4x - 5 32
3 2 (x + 2 )2
se suma 4 y se resta 4 para formar una diferencia de cuadrados
x + 2 = 3 sen z (x + 2)2 = 9 sen 2 z
dx - x 2 + 4x + 4 - 5 - 4
dx 2 [x + 2] 9 32
32
dx - [x + 2]2 - 5 - 4
dx
si x + 2 = 3 sen z dx = 3 cos z dz
9 (x + 2)2 9 (x + 2 )2
9 (x + 2 )2 9 (x + 2 )2
32
32 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z = 91 sen 2 32
9 - [x + 2]2
32
32
32
Reemplazando
32
dx
[9 - [x + 2]]3 2
3 cos z dz 27 cos 3
= 9 cos 2 z
32
32
1 1 dz 9 cos 2 z
= (9 )3 2 cos 2 z
32
1 2 sec z dz 9
Tabla de integrales
= 27 cos 3 z x+2 si x + 2 = 3 sen z sen z = 3 x+2 tg z = 9 - (x + 2 )2 9 (x + 2 )2
32
1 1 2 sec z dz = tg z + c 9 9
1 = tg z + c 32 9 5 - 4x - x 2 dx 1 x+2 = ( )+c 32 9 5 - 4x - x 2 9 - (x + 2 )2 dx
x+2
z
9 ( x + 2 )2
39
dx x x4 - 4
x 3 dx x 3 dx = x3 x x 4 - 4 x4 x4 - 4
Cambio de variable u =x -4 u +4=x

x 3 dx
2 4 2 4
u2 +a2
3
u = a tg z u = 2 tg z
2 u du = 4x dx u du = x 3 dx 2
u 2 + 4 = u 2 + 22
u du u du 2 = = u 2 + 4 * u 2 2 u 2 + 4 * u x4 x4 - 4 1 du 2 2 u + 4
u = 2 tg z u2 = 4 tg2 z
si u = 2 tg z du = 2 sec 2 z dz
u 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4
1 2 sec 2 z dz 2 4 sec 2 z
u 2 + 4 = 4 (tg 2 z + 1) u 2 + 4 = 4 (sec 2 z )
si u = 2 tg z tg z = x4 -4 u = 2 2
1 dz 4
4 x 4 1 1 1 dz = z + c = arc tg +c 4 4 4 2
si u 2 = x 4 - 4 u = x 4 - 4
x4 -4 u z = arc tg = arc tg 2 2
dx x x4 - 4
x4 -4 1 arc tg +c 4 2
x4 - 4
z
2
40
dx x2 x2 + 9
dx x2 x2 +9
3 sec 2 z dz 9 tg 2 z * (3 sec z )
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
x2 + 9 =
x = 3 tg z
x 2 + 3 2 x = 3 tg z
1 sec z dz 9 tg 2 z
1 1 cos z dz 9 sen 2 z cos 2 z
x 2 = 9 tg 2 z
x 2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + 9 x 2 + 9 = 9 (tg 2 z + 1) x 2 + 9 = 9 (sec 2 z) x 2 + 9 = 3 sec z si x = 3 tg z tg z = x 3 x2 + 9 x
1 cos z dz 9 sen 2 z
u = sen z du = cos z dz u2 = sen2 z

Reemplazando
1 cos z dz 1 du 1 2 = = u du 9 sen 2 z 9 u 2 9 1 1 1 -2 +c u -1 + c = du = u 9u 9 (- 1) 9
sen z =
x x2 + 9
csc z =
Reemplazando
1 1 1 +c= + c = - * csc z + c 9u 9(sen z ) 9

x2 + 9
x2 + 9 +c x
1 x2 + 9 1 1 - csc z + c = - +c = 9 9 x 9 dx x2 x2 +9 1 9
x2 + 9 +c x
z
3
= -
41
x2 4 - x2
x 2 dx 4- x2
dx
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
4 sen 2 z (2 cos z dz ) (2 cos z )
4- x2 =
22 - x 2
2 2 4 sen z dz = 4 sen z dz
1 - cos 2z = sen 2 z 2
22 - x 2
x = 2 sen z
x = 2 sen z x 2 = 4 sen 2 z si x = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz

4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
1 - cos 2z 4 sen 2 z dz = 4 dz 2
4 - x2 =
4 (1 - cos 2z ) dz = [2( 1 dz - cos 2z dz )] 2
4 1 - sen 2
4 - x2 =
2 dz - 2 cos 2z dz
1 2z - 2 sen 2z + c 2
4 cos 2 z
4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
si x = 2 sen z sen z =
x z = arc sen 2
x 2
sen 2z = 2 sen z * cos z

1 2z - 2 sen 2z + c = 2 z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c 2
Reemplazando
2 x x 4 - x 2 z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c = 2 arc sen - * 2 2 2
x 2 arc sen 2 x - * 2 4 - x2 2 x + c = 2 arc sen 2
si 4 - x 2 = 2 cos z cos z =

+c
4 - x2 2
2
z
x 4 - x2 - 4
4 - x2
x 2 arc sen 2 x2
x 4-x2 - 4
x 1 2 + c = 2 arc sen 2 - 4 x 4 - x +c
+c
x 1 dx = 2 arc sen - x 4 - x 2 2 4 4-x2
42
dx x2 - 4
dx x x2 - 4 = 2 sec z tg z dz (2 sec z )(2 tg z )
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
x2 - 4 = x 2 - 22
1 dz 2
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
x 2 - 22
x = 2 sec z
x = 2 sec z x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
x2 - 4 =
x dx x2 - 4 = 1 dz 2
4 sec 2 z - 4
x2 - 4 = x2 - 4 =
4 (sec 2 z - 1) 4 (tg 2 z )
1 (z ) + c 2
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
x
dx x2 - 4
1 x arc sec + c 2 2
x = 2 sec z sec z =
z = arc sec
x 2
x 2
x z 2
x2 - 4
43
dw w 2 - 4 32
w2 -a2
w 2 - 4
32
x = a sec z
32
32
dw w 2 - 4 32
2 sec z tg z dz 8 tg 3 z
= w 2 - 22
w 2 - 22
32
w = 2 sec z
1 sec z dz 4 tg 2 z
1 1 ( sec z ) 1 cos z 1 cos z dz = dz = dz 4 4 sen 2 z 4 sen 2 z tg 2 z cos 2 z
w = 2 sec z w 2 = 4 sec 2 z
si w = 2 sec z dw = 2 sec z tg z dz
w 2 - 4
32 32
= 4 sec 2 z - 4
32 32
1 cos z 1 1 * dz = ctg z * csc z dz 4 sen z sen z 4

Tabla de integrales
w 2 - 4
w 2 - 4
= 4 (sec 2 z - 1)
csc z ctg z dz = - csc z + c

1 1 ctg z * csc z dz = csc z + c 4 4
dw w 2 - 4 32 = 1 1 w csc z + c = - +c 4 4 2 -4 w
= 4 (tg 2 z) 32 32 w 2 - 4 tg 3 z = 22 w 2 - 4 32 = 2 3 tg 3 z = 8 tg 3 z
32
32
w = 2 sec z sec z =
z = arc sec
sen z =
w 2
w 2
w w2 - 4
w2 - 4 csc z = w
dw w 2 - 4 32
= -
1 w +c 4 w2 -4
w z 2
w2 - 4
44
e t dt 32 e 2t + 8e t + 7 t dt e
e t dt e 2t + 8e t + 16 + 7 - 16
32
32
2 e t + 4 - 32 t + 4 = 3 sec e
e t + 4 = 3 sec
e 2t + 8e t + 16 + 7 16 t dt e
2 e t + 4 = 9 sec 2 si e t + 4 = 3 sec e t dt = 3 sec tg d

3 32 2 t 2 e + 4 9 = 9 sec 2 9 3 32 2 t 2 e + 4 9 = 9 (sec 2 1)
2 t e + 4 9 2 t e + 4 9
32
2 t e + 4 + 7 16 t dt e
2 t e + 4 9 32
32
= 9 (tg 2
32
32
Reemplazando
3 sec tg d 1 1 = = sec d 32 9 tg 2 27 tg 3 2 t e + 4 9 1 1 1 1 cos 2 * ctg 2 d = * d 9 cos 9 cos sen 2 e t dt
= [9] 32
32
tg 3
2 t e + 4 9
(z - 3)2 + 9
si
= 27 tg 3
32
1 cos 1 1 cos d = * d 2 9 sen sen 9 sen
= 27 sec 3
et + 4 3
1 cot * csc d = 9 Tabla de integrales
e t + 4 = 3 sec sec =
csc ctg d = - csc + c

1 1 1 et + 4 cot * csc d = - csc + c = 9 9 9 2 e t + 4 9
2 et + 4 - 9 sen = t +4 e
csc = et + 4 et + 4 2 -9
et + 4
z 3
e t + 4
-9
45
16 - e 2x dx ex
16 - e 2x dx e x * 16 - e 2x dx = ex ex * ex
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
16 - e 2x =
42 - ex
42 - ex
16 - e 2x e x dx e x * 16 - e 2x dx = 2x e ex * ex
e x = 4 sen z
16 - e 2x e x dx = (4 cos z )(4 cos z dz ) e 2x 16 2 sen 2 z
e x = 4 sen z e 2x = 16 sen 2 z si e x = 4 sen z e x dx = 4 cos z dz

16 - e 2x = 16 - 16 sen 2 z
(4 cos z )(4
cos z dz ) cos 2 z dz = = ctg 2 z dz 2 sen 2 z 2z 16 sen
16 - e 2x =
16 (1 - sen 2 z )
cot 2 z = csc 2 z - 1
16 - e 2x =
16 (cos 2 z )
2 2 2 ctg z dz = csc z - 1 dz = csc z dz - dz 2 z dz - dz = - ctg z - z + c csc
16 - e 2x = 4 cos z
si e x = 4 sen z sen z =
ex 4
16 - e 2x 16 - e 2x dx = - ctg z - z + c = - ex ex 16 - e 2x 16 - e 2x dx = - ex ex
ex - arc sen 4 +c
+c
ex z = arc sen 4
ex - arc sen 4
si 16 - e 2x = 4 cos z cos z =
ctg z = 16 - e 2x ex
16 - e 2x 4
z
16 - e 2 x
ex
46
Ejercicio # 2 Pag 270 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
x 2 dx x2 - 4
x 2 dx x2 - 4 4 sec 2 z 2 sec z tg z dz (2 tg z )
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
x2 - 4 = x 2 - 22 x 2 - 22
x = 2 sec z
4 sec 3 z dz =
Se resuelve la integral
u dv = u * v - v du
4 sec 3 z dz por partes
x = 2 sec z x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
x2 - 4 = x2 - 4 = x2 - 4 = 4 sec 2 z - 4 4 (sec 2 z - 1) 4 (tg 2 z )

Se resuelve por partes u = sec z du = sec z tg z dz dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
4 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 4[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
4[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 4 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz

4 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz
4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - 4 sec 3 z dz + 4 sec z dz


4 sec 3 z dz = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 sec z dz
47
Tabla de integrales
4 sec 3 z dz = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c x 2 dx x2 - 4
x 2 dx
x = 2 sec z
si x = 2 sec z sec z = cos z = 2 x x2 - 4 2
x 2
= 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x2 - 4 +c 2
2 x x x -4 = 2 * + 2 Ln 2 + 2 2 x2 - 4
tg z =
x 2 dx
2 x + x2 - 4 x x -4 + 2 Ln +c = 2 2 2 -4 x 2 x x -4 2 = + 2 Ln x + x - 4 - 2 Ln 2 + c 2 x2 - 4 x 2 dx
x z 2
x2 - 4
Pero: C1 = - 2 Ln 4 + c
2 x x -4 2 = + 2 Ln x + x - 4 + c 2 x2 - 4 x 2 dx
48
Ejercicio # 3 Pag 270 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM

9 - 4 x 2 dx x
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
9 - 4x 2 = 9 - 4x 2 = 2 9 4x 2 3 = - x2 4 4 2 3 2 2 - x2 x = 3 sen z 2
9 - 4x 2 dx = x
3 3 cos z cos z dz 2 3 sen z 2
Identidad trigonomtrica Cos 2 z = 1 - sen2 z

1 - sen 2 cos 2 z 3 dz = 3 sen z sen z z dz
3 9 x = sen z x 2 = sen 2 z 2 4 3 3 si x = sen z dx = cos z dz 2 2

9 - 4x 2 = 9 9 - 4 sen 2 z 4 9 - 9 sen 2 z 91 - sen 2 9 cos 2 z z
3 3 cos z cos z dz cos 2 z 2 =3 dz 3 sen z sen z 2 1 - sen 2 3 sen z z 1 sen 2 z dz dz = 3 sen z sen z
9 - 4x 2 = 9 - 4x 2 =
3 [csc z - sen z ] dz 3 csc z dz - 3 sen z dz

Tabla de integrales
9 - 4x 2 =
9 - 4x 2 = 3 cos z si x = 3 2x sen z sen z = 3 2
csc dz = Ln csc z - cot z + c
sen dz = - cos z + c
si
3 csc z dz - 3 sen z dz = 3 Ln csc z - cot z - 3 (- cos z ) + c 3 csc z dz - 3 sen z dz = 3 Ln csc z - cot z + 3 cos z + c
9 - 4x 2 = 3 cos z cos z = 2x 9 - 4x 2 3 2x ctg z =
tg z = csc z =
9 - 4x 2 3 2 9 - 4x 2x
9 - 4 x 2 dx = 3 Ln csc z - cot z + 3cos z + c x

9 - 4 x 2 dx 3 9 - 4x 2 9 - 4x 2 = 3 Ln + 3 x 2x 2x 3 +c
3 z
9 - 4x 2
2x
9 - 4 x 2 dx 3 9 - 4x 2 = 3 Ln + 9 - 4x 2 + c x 2x
49
Ejercicio # 4 Pag 270 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx x 9 + 4x 2 3 sec 2 z dz dx a2 + x2 2 = 3 x 9 + 4x 2 tg z * (3 sec z ) 9 + 4x 2 = 2 1 sec z dz 3 tg z 9 + 4x 2 =
x = a tg z
9 4x 2 + 4 4
3 2
1 1 cos z dz 3 sen z cos z 1 1 dz 3 sen z
+ x2 x =
3 tg z 2
x=
3 tg z 2 9 x 2 = tg 2 z 4 3 3 tg z dx = sec 2 z dz 2 2 9 9 + 4x 2 = 9 + 4 tg 2 z 4
1 csc z dz 3
Tabla de integrales
si x =
csc dz = Ln csc z - cot z + c
9 + 4x 2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z 9 + 4x 2 = 91 + tg 2 z 9 + 4x 2 = 9 sec 2 z
1 = csc z dz 3 x 9 + 4x 2 dx x 9 + 4x 2
=
dx
9 + 4x 2 = 3 sec z
si si x= 3 2x tg z tg z = 2 3 9 + 4x 2 3
1 Ln csc z - cot z + c 3
Reemplazando
9 + 4x 2 = 3 sec z sec z =
tg z = 2x 3 ctg z = 3 2x 9 + 4x 2
dx x 9 + 4x 2
1 Ln 3
9 + 4x 2 3 +c 2x 2x
si
1 = Ln 3 x 9 + 4x 2
dx
9 + 4x 2 - 3 2x
csc z =
+c
2x 9 + 4x 2
2x
z 3
50
Resolver
dx 1 - 4x 2
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
1 cos z dz dx = 2 1 1 - 4x 2 cos z 2
2 1 4x 1 - 4x 2 = - 4 4
dz
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
2 1 1 1 - 4x 2 = - x 2 x = sen z 2 2 1 x = sen z 2 1 x 2 = sen 2 z 4

si x = 1 1 sen z dx = cos z dz 2 2
1 1 - sen 2 z 4 4
dx 1 - 4x 2 dx 1 - 4x 2
= dz
=z +c
1 - x2 = 4
Reemplazando
1 - x2 = 4
1 - x2 = 4
1 1 - sen 2 z 4
1 2 cos z 4
dx 1 - 4x 2
= arc sen (2 x ) + c
1 1 - x 2 = cos z 4 2
si x = 1 sen z 2 z = arc sen (2x )
1 z
1 - 4x 2
2x
51
Resolver
dx 4x x 2 - 16 dx 4x x 2 - 16
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
=
4 sec z tg z dz 4 (4 sec z )(4 tg z )
x 2 - 16 = x 2 - 42
x 2 - 42
x = 4 sec z
1 dz 16
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
x = 4 sec z x 2 = 16 sec 2 z
x 2 - 16 =
x 2 - 16 =
16 sec 2 z - 16
16 (sec 2 z - 1) 16 (tg 2 z )
dx 4x x 2 - 16 dx 4x x 2 - 16
1 dz 16 1 (z ) + c 16
x 2 - 16 =
x 2 - 16 = 4 tg z x = 4 sec z sec z = x 4
4x
dx x 2 - 16
1 x arc sec + c 16 4
z = arc sec
x 4
x z 2
x2 - 4
52
Resolver
9 - x 2 dx x2 9 - x 2 dx 3 cos z (3 cos z dz ) = x2 9 sen 2 z
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
9 - x2 = 32 - x 2 32 - x 2
x = 3 sen z
cos 2 z dz sen 2 z
x = 3 sen z x 2 = 9 sen 2 z
si x = 3 sen z dx = 3 cos z dz
9 - x2 = 9 - x2 = 9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z 9 1 - sen 2 9 cos 2 z z
2 ctg z dz
Identidad trigonomtrica ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
ctg
2 z dz = csc 2 z - 1 dz 2 z - 1 dz = csc 2 z dz - 1dz
csc
9 - x 2 = 3 cos z
si x = 3 sen z sen z = x 3 x x sen z = z = arc sen 3 3
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c 2 csc z dz = - ctg z + c
2 csc z dz - 1dz = - ctg z - z + c
tg z =
x 9 - x2
ctg z =
9 x2 x
Reemplazando 9 - x2 - ctg z - z + c = - x
x - arc sen 3 + c - arc sen x + c 3
9 - x 2 dx 9 - x2 = - x x2
3 z
9 - x2
53
Resolver 2 x + 5 dx
x2 + a2
x = a tg z
2 2 x + 5 dx = 5 sec z 5 sec z dz
x2 + 5 = x2 + x = 5 tg z x 2 = 5 tg 2 z
( 5 )2
x = 5 tg z
3 5 sec z dz
Se resuelve la integral 5 sec 3 z dz por partes
u dv = u * v - v du
si x = 5 tg z dx = 5 sec 2 z dz x2 + 5 = x2 + 5 = 5 tg 2 z + 5 5 (tg 2 z + 1)
dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
5 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 5[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] 5[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 5sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
x 2 + 5 = 5 sec 2 z x2 + 5 = 5 sec z

5sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz = 5sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz
5sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz

5 sec 3 z dz = 5sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 5 sec 3 z dz = 5 sec z * tg z - 5 sec 3 z dz + 5 sec z dz


5 sec 3 z dz = 5 5 sec z * tg z + sec z dz 2 2
54
Tabla de integrales
5 sec 3 z dz = 5 5 sec z * tg z + Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2
x = 5 tg z
si x = 5 tg z tg z = x 5
5 5 2 x + 5 dx = sec z * tg z + Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2
5 x2 + 5 x 5 + Ln * 2 5 5 2
x2 +5 5
2 cos z = x
x 5
x 2 + 5 dx =
+c
tg z =
x2 - 4 2
5 sec z
x2 + 5 =
+c
x 2 + 5 dx =
5 x x2 + 5 5 + 2 Ln 2 5
x2 +5 + x 5
sec z =
x2 + 5 5
2 x + 5 dx =
1 5 x x 2 + 5 + Ln 2 2
x2 + 5 + x 5
+c
x 2 + 5 dx =
5 1 x x 2 + 5 + Ln 2 2
x2 +5 + x
5 Ln 2
5 +c
C1 = -
5 Ln 2
5 +c
x2 + 5
x2 +5 + x + C1
x 2 + 5 dx =
5 1 x x 2 + 5 + Ln 2 2
z
5
55
Resolver
dx x3 x 2 9 dx x3 x 2 9 (3 sec z tg z dz) 27 sec 3 z * 3 tg z
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
=
x2 -9 =
x 2 - 3 2 x = 3 sec z
1 1 dz 2 = cos z dz 2 z 27 27 sec
x = 3 sec z X2 = 9 sec2 z
X3 = 27 sec3 z
cos 2 z =
1 (1 + cos2z ) 2
x2 -9 =
x2 -9 = x2 -9 =
9 sec 2 z - 9
9 (sec 2 z - 1) 9 (tg 2 z )
1 1 1 2 cos z dz = (1 + cos 2 z ) dz 27 27 2 1 (1 + cos 2 z dz ) 54 1 1 dz + cos 2z dz 54 54

1 1 1 z + sen 2z + c 54 54 2
x 2 - 9 = 3 tg z si x = 3 sec z sec z = x 3
x z = arc sec 3 x 3 si sec z = cos z = 3 x
1 1 z+ sen 2z + c 54 108
si 3 tg z = x 2 - 9 tg z =
x2 - 9 3
sen 2 z = 2 sen z cos z

x
1 1 1 1 (2 sen z cos z ) z+ sen 2z + c = z+ 54 54 108 108
Reemplazando
2 1 x 1 x - 9 3 arc sec + * 54 x x 3 54 1 x 1 3 x2 -9 arc sec + +c 54 3 54 x2
dx x3
x2 - 9
z
3
1 x 1 = arc sec + 54 3 18 x2 -9
x2 -9 +c x2
56
Resolver dx x 2 + 25
dx 5 sec 2 z dz = x 2 + 25 25 sec 2 z
x2 + a2 x = a tg z x 2 + 25 = x 2 + 5 2 x = 5 tg z
x = 5 tg z x2 = 25 tg2 z
1 dz 5 1 1 dz = (z ) + c 5 5
Reemplazando
si x = 5 tg z dx = 5 sec 2 z dz x 2 + 25 = 25 tg 2 z + 25 x 2 + 25 = 25 (tg 2 z + 1) x 2 + 25 = 25 ( sec 2 z ) si x = 5 tg z tg z =

x z = arc tg 5
dx 1 = (z ) + c 5 x 2 + 25 dx 1 x arc tg + c = 5 5 x 2 + 25
x 5
x 2 + 25
x z
5
57
Resolver
x2 9 - x2
x2 9 - x2
dx
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
9 - x2 = 32 - x 2
x = 3 sen z
dx =
9 sen 2 z (3 cos z dz ) (3 cos z )
32 - x 2
2 9 sen z dz
2 2 9 sen z dz = 9 sen z dz
x = 3 sen z x 2 = 9 sen 2 z si x = 3 sen z dx = 3 cos z dz

9 - x2 = 9 - x2 = 9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z 9 1 - sen 2 z 9 cos 2 z
1 - cos 2z = sen 2 z 2
1 - cos 2z 9 sen 2 z dz = 9 dz 2
9 - x 2 = 3 cos z si x = 3 sen z sen z = x 3
9 9 (1 - cos 2z ) dz = ( 1 dz - cos 2z dz ) 2 2
9 9 dz - cos 2z dz 2 2
x z = arc sen 3 si 9 - x 2 = 3 cos z cos z = 9 - x2 3
9 91 z - sen 2z + c 2 22

9 91 9 9 z - sen 2z + c = z - (2 sen z * cos z ) + c 2 22 2 4
Reemplazando
z 9 - x2
9 9 9 9 z - (2 sen z * cos z ) + c = z - (sen z * cos z ) + c 2 4 2 2

9 9 9 x 9 x z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c = arc sen - * 2 2 2 3 2 3 9-x2 3
58
9 x 9 x arc sen - * 2 3 2 3
9-x2 3
+c =
2 9 x 9 x 9-x arc sen - 2 9 3 2
+c
2 9 x 9x 9-x arc sen - 2 9 3 2
9 x 1 2 + c = 2 arc sen 3 - 2 x 9 - x + c
x2 9 - x2
dx =
9 x 1 arc sen - x 9 - x 2 + c 2 3 2
59
Resolver
2 1 - t dt 2 1 t dt = cos z * (cos z dz )
a 2 - t 2 t = a sen z
1- t2
t = 1 sen z
2 cos z dz
t = sen z t 2 = sen 2 z
si t = sen z dt = cos z dz
1 + cos 2z = cos 2 z 2 1 + cos 2z 2 dz cos z dz = 2

1 1 1 (1 + cos 2z ) dz = 1 dz + cos 2z dz 2 2 2
1- t2 = 1- t2 =
1 - sen 2 z
cos 2 z
1 - t 2 = cos z
t = sen z z = arc sen t
1 11 z + sen 2z + c 2 22 1 1 z + (sen 2z) + c 2 4

1 z 1- t2

1 1 1 1 z + ( sen 2z ) + c = z + (2 sen z * cos z ) + c 2 4 2 4
Reemplazando
1 1 (2 sen z * cos z ) + c = z + 2 4 1 1 ( sen z * cos z ) + c = z + 2 2
1 1 (sen z * cos z ) + c z + 2 2 1 (arc sen (t )) + 1 t * 1 - t 2 + c 2 2
60
Resolver dx x2 4 + x2
dx x2 4 + x2 = 2 sec 2 z dz 4 tg 2 z (2 sec z )
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
4 + x 2 = 2 2 + x 2 x = 2 tg z x = 2 tg z x 2 = 4 tg 2 z si x = 2 tg z dx = 2 sec 2 z dz 4 + x 2 = 4 (1 + tg 2 z ) 4 + x 2 = 4 (sec 2 z) 4 + x 2 = 2 sec z

si x = 2 tg z tg z = x 2
1 sec z dz 4 tg 2 z
1 1 cos z dz 4 sen 2 z cos 2 z
1 cos z dz 4 sen 2 z
u = sen z du = cos z dz u2 = sen2 z

Reemplazando 1 cos z dz 1 du = 4 sen 2 z 4 u 2
sen z =
x 4 + x2
1 du 1 - 2 = u du 4 u2 4
1 1 u -1 + c = +c 4 (- 1) 4u
4 + x2
z
2
Reemplazando 1 1 +c= +c 4u 4(sen z )
1 1 +c= 4(sen z ) x 4 2 4+x

dx 4+ x2

+c = 4 + x2 +c 4x
x2
x 4 2 4+x
61
Resolver dx 3x 2 + 2 x + 4 Se debe completar el cuadrado dx dx = 2 + 2x + 4 2 + 2x + 4 3x 3x 3 3

1 dx 3 3x 2 1 4 +2 x+ 3 3 3 1 dx 3 2 1 4 x + 2x + 3 3 1 dx 3 2 1 1 1 4 x + 3 2x + 9 9 + 3
1 dx 3 2 1 1 1 4 x + 2x + + 3 9 9 3 1 dx 3 2 x + 1 1 + 12 9 9 3 1 dx 3 2 x + 1 + 11 9 3
x2 + a 2
x = a tg
2 2 2 x + 1 + 11 = x + 1 + 11 9 9 3 3 1 11 x + = tg 3 9
1 x + 3
11 2 tg 9
1 11 11 si x + = tg dx = sec 2 d 3 9 9
2 x + 1 + 11 = 11 tg 2 + 11 3 9 9 9 2 x + 1 + 11 = 11 (tg 2 + 1) 3 9 9 2 x + 1 + 11 = 11 (sec 2 3 9 9 )
1 11 tg tg = x + = 3 9
x+
1 3 11 9
1 x + 1 x + 1 3 x + 1 3 3 3 3= tg = = = 11 11 11 11 9 3 9 3x + 1 3x + 1 si tg = = arc tg 11 11 x+
Reemplazando
1 dx 3 2 x + 1 3 11 11 2 sec d 1 1 9 1 9 = = d = * 11 3 11 3 3 11 sec 2 + 9 9 9 11 3 d = 1 * 9 11 d = 11 d = 11 + c 11 3 3 *11 11 11 9
3x + 1 11 11 1 dx +c = arc tg = +c 2 11 11 3 11 11 1 x + + 9 3
62
# 48 Pg. 246 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
dx 1 - x2 dx 1 - x2 = cos z dz cos z
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
1 - x2 x = sen z x 2 = sen 2 z
Si x = sen z dx = cos z dz
x = 1 sen z
dz
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
1- x2 = 1- x 2 =
1 - sen 2 z cos 2 z
dz = z + c
Reemplazando
z + c = arc sen (x ) + c
1 - x 2 = cos z
si x = sen z z = arc sen (x )

tg z = x 1- x2
1 z
1- x 2
63
# 49 Pg. 246 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx = 1+ x2
dx 1+ x2
sec 2 z dz = dz 2z sec
dz = (z ) + c
Reemplazando
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
1 + x 2 x = 1 tg z
x = tg z x2 = tg2 z
dx 1+ x2
(z ) + c
si x = a tg z dx = sec 2 z dz
dx 1+ x2
= arc tg x + c
1 + x 2 = 1 + tg 2 z 1 + x 2 = sec 2 z si x = tg z z = arc tg x
1 + x2
x z 1
64
dx x x 2 -1 dx sec z tg z dz = (sec z ) tg z
x 2 a 2 x = a sec z
x x 2 -1 dz = z + c
x 2 - 1 x = 1 sec z
X2 = sec2 z Si x = sec z dx = sec z tg z dz
x 2 -1 = sec 2 z - 1
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
dz = z + c
x 2 -1 =
tg 2 z
Reemplazando dz = z + c = arc sec x + c
x 2 - 1 = tg z
si x = sec z cos =
dx = arc sec x + c 2 -1 x x
1 x
z = arc sec x
x z 1
x2 -1
65
dx 4 - x2 dx 4 - x2 = 2 cos z dz (2 cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
4 - x 2 x = 2 sen z
x = 2 sen z x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
dz = z + c
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
4 - x2 =
4 - 4 sen 2 z
Reemplazando
4 - x2 =
4 1 - sen 2
4 cos 2 z
dx 4 - x2 = arc sen
x +c 2
4 - x2 =
x +c 2
4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
si x = 2 sen z sen z = x 2
x 2
z = arc sen
x z
4 - x2
66
# 52 Pg. 246 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx = 9 + x2
dx 9 + x2
3 sec 2 z dz 1 = dz 2z 3 9 sec
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
1 1 dz = ( z ) + c 3 3
Reemplazando
9 + x 2 = 3 2 + x 2 x = 3 tg z
x = 3 tg z x2 = 9 tg2 z
dx 1+ x2
1 (z ) + c 3
si x = 3 tg z dx = 3 sec 2 z dz 9 + x 2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z 9 + x 2 = 9 (1 + tg 2 z)
9 + x 2 = 9 sec 2 z
dx 9 + x2
1 x arc tg + c 3 3
9 + x2
si
x = 3 tg z tg z =
x 3
x z 3
z = arc tg
x 3
67
dx 25 - 16x 2
5 cos z dz dx = 4 (5 cos z ) 25 - 16x 2
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
25 - 16x 2 = 5 2 - (4x )2 4x = 5 sen z
4x = 5 sen z (4x )2 = 25 sen 2 z si 4x = 5 sen z 4 dx = 5 cos z dz 5 dx = cos z dz 4
25 - (4x )2 =
25 - (4x )2 =
1 dz 4
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
1 4x +c dz = z + c = arc sen 4 5
dx 25 - 16x 2 1 4x arc sen +c 4 5
25 - 25 sen 2 z
25 1 - sen 2 z
25 - (4x )2 =
25 cos 2 z
25 - 16x 2 = 5 cos z
si 4x = 5 sen z sen z = z = arc sen

5
4x 5
4x 5
4x z
25 - 16x 2
68
dx = 4 x2 + 9
3 sec 2 z dz 3 dx 2 = = dz 2z 2 +9 18 9 sec 4x
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
1 1 dz = ( z ) + c 6 6
Reemplazando
4 x 2 + 9 = (2x )2 + 3 2 2x = 3 tg z
2x = 3 tg z (2x)2 = 9 tg2 z
dx 1 (z ) + c = 2 +9 6 4x
si 2x = 3 tg z 2 dx = 3 sec 2 z dz dx = 3 sec 2 z dz 2 9
dx = 2 +9 4x
1 2x arc tg +c 6 3
(2x )2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + (2x )2 + 9
= 9 (tg 2 z + 1)
4x 2 + 9 2x z 3
(2x )2 + 9
si
= 9 (sec 2 z) 2x 3
2x = 3 tg z tg z =
z = arc tg
2x 3
69

dx x 4x 2 - 9
3 sec z tg z dz dx = 2 3 x 4x 2 - 9 sec z * 3 tg z 2
1 1 dz = z + c 3 3
x 2 a 2 x = a sec z
4x 2 - 9 =
(2x )2 - 32
2x = 3 sec z
(2X)2 = 9 sec2 z Si 2x = 3sec z 2 dx = 3sec z tg z dz
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
3 sec z 2 3 dx = sec z tg z dz 2 x=
4x 2 - 9 =
4x 2 - 9 =
4x 2 - 9 =
1 1 dz = z + c 3 3
Reemplazando
1 1 1 2x +c dz = z + c = arc sec 3 3 3 3
9 sec 2 z - 9
9(sec 2 z - 1)
9 tg 2 z
4x 2 - 9 = 3 tg z
dx 1 2x = +c arc sec 3 3 2 -9 x 4x
si x =
3 2x sec z sec = 2 3
z = arc sec
2x 3
2x z 3
4x 2 - 9
70
x 2 dx 1- x6
x 2 dx 1- x6 1 cos z dz 3 = ( cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
1- x6 = 12 - x 3 2
x 3 = 1 sen z
1 dz 3
Reemplazando 1 1 1 3 dz = z + c = arc sen x + c 3 3 3
x 3 = sen z
si x 3 = sen z 3 x 2 dx = cos z dz
1 x 2 dx = cos z dz 3
1- x3
( )2
2
1 - (sen z )2
1 - sen 2 z
X z
1- x3 1- x3 1- x3
1- x6
2 2
cos 2 z
= cos z
si x 3 = sen z z = arc sen x 3
71
# 57 Pg. 246 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM x dx = 4 x +3

3 sec 2 z dz 3 2 = dz 2z 6 3 sec
x dx = x4 +3
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
3 3 (z ) + c dz = 6 6
Reemplazando
2 x4 + 3 = x2 + 2 = 3 tg z x
( 3 )2
x 2 = 3 tg z
x dx = x4 + 3
3 (z ) + c 6
si x 2 = 3 tg z 2 x dx = 3 sec 2 z dz x dx = 3 sec 2 z dz 2
x dx = 4 x +3
3 x2 3 arc tg 3 6
+c
2 x4 + 3 = x2 +
( 3 )2 = [ 3 tg z]2 + 3
x 4 + 3 = 3 tg 2 z + 3 x 4 + 3 = 3 (tg 2 z + 1) 3 x 4 + 3 = 3 sec 2 z
X2 z
3 + x4 si x 2 = 3 tg z tg z = x2 3 x2 * 3 3* 3 3 x2 3 = =
x2 3
z = arc tg
z = arc tg
z = arc tg
72
dx x x 4 -1
Se multiplica por 2x (2x ) dx = dx 2x dx = (2x ) x x 4 - 1 2x 2 x 4 - 1 x x 4 -1
x 2 x 4 -1 1 1 dz = z + c 2 2
1 2
2 x dx
1 sec z tg z dz = 2 (sec z ) tg z
x 2 a 2 x = a sec z x4 -1
x2
- 1 x 2 = 1 sec z
X2 = sec z Si x2 = sec z 2 x dx = sec z tg z dz

2 x 2 -1 = 2 x 2 -1 = x 4 - 1 = tg z
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
(sec z )2
tg 2 z
-1
Reemplazando 1 1 1 2 dz = z + c = arc sec x + c 2 2 2
dx 1 = arc sec x 2 + c 2 x x 4 -1
si x 2 = sec z cos =
1 x2
z = arc sec x 2
X2
x 4 -1
z 1
73
dx 4 - (x + 2)2 dx 4 - (x + 2 )2 = 2 cos z dz (2 cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
4 - (x + 2 )2 = 2 2 - (x + 2 )2 x + 2 = 2 sen z
dz = z + c
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
x + 2 = 2 sen z (x + 2)2 = 4 sen 2 z si x + 2 = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz

4 - (x + 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
Reemplazando
4 - (x + 2 )2 =
4 (1 - sen 2 z)
4 cos 2 z
dx 4 - (x + 2)2
x+2 +c 2
x+2 +c 2
si
4 - (x + 2 )2 =
4 - (x + 2 )2 = 2 cos z
x + 2 = 2 sen z sen z = x+2 2
= arc sen
z = arc sen
2
x+2 2
X+2 z
4 - (x + 2 )2
74
dx = x + e- x e
Se multiplica por ex e x dx dx e x dx e x dx = = = x e x * e x + e- x e 2x + e 0 e 2x + 1 e + e-x
e x dx sec 2 z dz = = dz 2 sec 2 z ex +1
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
dz = (z ) + c
Reemplazando
2 e x + 1 e x = 1 tg z
ex = tg z
=z+c x x e +e
dx
(ex)2 = tg2 z
si e x = tg z e x dx = sec 2 z dz
= arc tg e x + c x -x e +e
dx
2 e x + 1 = (tg z )2 + 1
2 e x + 1 = tg 2 z + 1
2 e x + 1 = sec 2 z
e 2x + 1
si
e x = tg z z = arc tg e x
ex z 1
75
sec x tg x dx = 9 + 4sec 2 x
dx
3 sec 2 z dz 3 2 = = dz 2 x 9 sec 2 z 18 9 + 4 sec
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
1 1 dz = (z ) + c 6 6
1 (z ) + c = 1 arc tg 2 sec x + c 6 6 3
9 + 4 sec 2 x = (3)2 + (2 sec x )2 2 sec x = 3 tg z

2 secx = 3 tg z (2sec x)2 = 9 tg2 z
si 2 sec x = 3 tg z 2 sec x tg x dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
sec x tg x dx =
3 sec 2 z dz 2
9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z
4 sec 2 x + 9
2 secx z 3
9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 (1 + tg 2 z ) 9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 (sec 2 z )
si
2 secx = 3 tg z tg z =
2 secx 3
z = arc tg
2 secx 3
76
(x + 3) dx
1- x2
(x + 3) dx
1- x2
(x + 3) cos z dz = (x + 3) dz = ( cos z )
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
1 - x 2 x = 1 sen z
x = sen z x 2 = sen 2 z
(sen z + 3) dz = sen z dz + 3 dz = - cos z + 3z + c

Ordenando 3z-cos z +c Reemplazando
si x = sen z dx = cos z dz
1- x2 =
1- x 2 = 1- x 2 =
1 - (sen z )2
1 - sen 2 z cos 2 z
(x + 3) dz dz
1- x2
= 3z - cos z + c = 3 arc sen x 3 - 1 - x 2 + c
1 - x 2 = cos z
si x = sen z
z = arc sen x 3
X z
cos z = 1 - x 2
1- x2
77
(2x - 7 ) dx =
x2 + 9
(2x - 7 ) dx = (2x - 7 ) * 3sec 2 z dz = 3 (2x - 7 ) dz

x2 + 9 9 sec 2 z 9
a2 + x2
x = a tg z
1 1 1 (2x - 7 ) dz = 2x dz - 7 dz 3 3 3
Reemplazando el valor de x 7 7 1 1 2 2 x dz - 7 dz = 3 tg z dz - dz = 2 tg z dz - dz 3 3 3 3 3
x 2 + 9 = (x )2 + 3 2 x = 3 tg z
x = 3 tg z (x)2 = 9 tg2 z
7 2 tg z dz - dz = 3
(x )2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z +
dz = z + c
Tabla de integrales
tg z dz = Ln sec z + c
(x )2 + 9 (x )2 + 9
= 9 (tg 2 z + 1) = 9 (sec 2 z) x2 + 9 x2 + 9 sec z = 9 9 x2 + 9 3 x = 3 tg z tg z = z = arc tg x 3 x 3
7 7 2 tg z dz - dz = 2 Ln sec z z + c 3 3
Reemplazando
sec 2 z =
2 Ln sec z
7 z + c = 2 Ln 3
2
x2 + 9 7 x arctg + c 3 3 3
sec z =
2 x +9 2 Ln 2 2 (3)
si
7 x x2 + 9 7 x arctg + c = Ln arctg + c 9 3 3 3 3
Ln x 2 + 9 - Ln 9 -
7 x arctg + c 3 3
pero: Ln 9 + c = C1 Reemplazando x 7 Ln x 2 + 9 - arctg + C1 3 3
x2 + 9
x z 3
78
= 2 y + 10 y + 30
Se completa el cuadrado, se adiciona 25 y se le resta 25 dy dy dy = = 2 2 + 2(5) y + 25 + 30 - 25 2 y + 10 y + 30 y y + 10y + 25 + 30 25 dy dy = y 2 + 10y + 25 + 5 ( y + 5 )2 + 5 dy 5 5 sec 2 z dz = = dz 5 ( y + 5 )2 + 5 5 sec 2 z y 2 + a 2 y = a tg z
dy
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
( y + 5 )2 + 5 = ( y + 5 ) 2 + (
y + 5 = 5 tg z (y + 5) 2 = 5 tg 2 z
)2
y + 5 = 5 tg z
5 5 z+c dz = 5 5
si y + 5 = 5 tg z dy = 5 sec 2 z dz
Reemplazando
5 y +5 5 5 5 +c z+c= arc tg 5 5 5
(y + 5)2 + 5 = 5 tg 2 z + ( y + 5 )2 + 5 ( y + 5 )2 + 5
si
= 5 (tg 2 z + 1) = 5 (sec 2 z)
5 y +5 5 dy 5 +c = arc tg 2 5 5 y + 10 y + 30
y + 5 = 5 tg z tg z =
y+5 5
y+5 5
( y + 5 )2 + 5
z
5
Y+5
z = arc tg
= arc tg
5 (y + 5 ) 5 * 5
z = arc tg
5 (y + 5 ) 5 y+5 5 = arc tg 5 5
79
dx 20 + 8x - x 2
Se ordena
dx 20 + 8x - x 2 = dx - x 2 - 8x - 20 = dx x 2 - 2 (4 ) x - 20
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
6 2 - (x - 4)2 x - 4 = 6 sen z
x - 4 = 6 sen z (x - 4) 2 = 36 sen 2 z
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 16 y restando 16

dx - x 2 - 8x + 16 - 20 - 16 dx - x 2 8 x + 16 36 = dx - x 2 8 x + 16 20 16 dx - (x - 4 )2 - 36
si x - 4 = 6 sen z dx = 6 cos z dz
36 (x - 4 )2 =
36 - 36 sen 2 z
36 (x - 4 )2 = 36 (x - 4 )2 =
36 1 - sen 2 z 36 cos 2 z
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza 6 cos z dz dx = = dz 6 cos z 2 36 - (x - 4)
36 (x - 4)2 = 6 cos z
Tabla de integrales
dz
x -4 z = arc sen 6
x-4 6
= z + c
se reemplaza
cos z = 1 - x 2
x-4 +c dz = z + c = arc sen 6
x-4 = arc sen +c 2 6 20 + 8x - x

dx
z
36 - (x - 4 )2
X- 4
80
# 67 Pg. 247 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx = 2x 2 + 2x + 5 Se multiplica por 2 y se divide por 2 para intentar completar el cuadrado
dx 2x 2 + 2x + 5
(2) dx
(2)2x 2 + 2x + 5

2 dx 4x 2 + (2 )2x + 10
2 dx (2x )2 + (2 )(2 )(1)(x ) + 10
2 dx (2x )2 + 4x + 1 + 10 - 1
2 dx (2 x )2 + 4 x + 1 + 10 1
2 dx (2x )2 + 4x + 1 + 9
2 dx (2x + 1)2 + 9
2 dx = (2x + 1)2 + 3 2
a2 + x2
x = a tg z 2x + 1 = 3 tg z
reemplazando
2 dx 3 sec 2 z dz 1 = = dz 3 (2x + 1)2 + 32 9 sec 2 z
(2x + 1)2 + 3 2
2x+1 = 3 tg z 2x = 3 tg x - 1 (2x+1)2 = 9 tg2 z
Tabla de integrales
dz = z + c
si 2x + 1 = 3 tg z 2 dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
(2x + 1)2 + 9 =
1 1 dz = z + c 3 3
Reemplazando 1 1 2x + 1 z + c = arc tg +c 3 3 3
9 tg 2 z + 9
(2x + 1)2 + 9 (2x + 1)2 + 9

sec 2 z =
= 9 (tg 2 z + 1) = 9 (sec 2 z)
(2x + 1)2 + 10
9
2 x 2 + 2x + 5
si
2x + 1 = 3 tg z tg z =
2x+1 z 3
z = arc tg
2x + 1 3
2x + 1 3
81
= 2 x - 4x + 8
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4 (x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx 2 2 x 2 - 4x + 4 + 8 - 4 x - 4x + 8 x - 4x + 4 + 8 - 4 (x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx = 1 dx x dx + 2 + 4 (x - 2 )2 + 4 (x - 2 )2 + 4 x 2 - 4x + 4 + 4 (x - 2)
(x + 1) dx
a2 + x2
x = a tg z x - 2 = 2 tg z
(x - 2)2 + 2 2
x dx 1 dx + = 2 + 4 (x - 2 )2 + 4 (x - 2)
x-2 = 2 tg z x = 2 tg x + 2 (x- 2)2 = 4 tg2 z
(2 tg z + 2) 2 sec 2 z dz 2 + 2 sec z dz = 4 sec 2 z 4 sec 2 z
2 dz = 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 (2tgz + 2) dz dz = 2 tg z + 2 dz + dz 2 2 2 2 2
si x - 2 = 2 tg z dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
(x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + (x - 2)2 + 4 (x - 2)2 + 4

sec 2 z =
(2 tg z + 2)(2
dz )
= 4 (tg 2 z + 1) = 4 (sec 2 z)
= x 2 - 4x + 8 4
2 2 1 1 tg z + dz + dz = tg z dz + dz + dz 2 2 2 2
(x - 2)2 + 4
4
tg z dz + dz =
Tabla de integrales
3 2
sec z =
x 2 - 4x + 8 4
si
x - 2 = 2 tg z tg z =
dz = z + c
x-2 2
z = arc tg
x-2 2
tg z dz + dz = Ln sec z +
Reemplazando
3 2
3 z+c 2
Ln sec z +
3 z + c = Ln 2
x 2 - 4x + 8 3 x 2 + arctg +c 4 2 2
82
2 x - 4x + 8 1 Ln 2 2 (2)
2 +
x2 x 2 - 4x + 8 x2 3 1 3 arc tg + c = Ln + arc tg +c 2 2 2 4 2 2
1 3 x2 Ln x 2 4 x + 8 - Ln 4 + arc tg +c 2 2 2
pero: Ln 4 + c = C1 Reemplazando
x 2 - 4x + 8
x-2 z 2
1 3 x2 Ln x 2 - 4x + 8 + arc tg + C1 2 2 2
83
dx 28 - 12x - x 2
Se ordena
dx 28 - 12x - x 2 = dx - x 2 + 12x - 28 = dx x 2 + 2 (6 ) x - 28
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
8 2 - (x + 6)2 x + 6 = 8 sen z
x + 6 = 8 sen z (x + 6) 2 = 64 sen 2 z

dx - x 2 + 12x + 36 - 28 - 36 dx - x 2 + 12 x + 36 64 = dx - x 2 + 12 x + 36 28 36 dx - (x + 6)2 - 64
si x + 6 = 8 sen z dx = 8 cos z dz
64 (x + 6 )2 =
64 - 64 sen 2 z
64 (x + 6 )2 =
64 1 - sen 2 z
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza dx
64 - (x + 6 )2 dx 64 - (x + 6 )2 = 8 cos z dz = dz 8 cos z
64 (x + 6 )2 =
64 cos 2 z
64 (x + 6)2 = 8 cos z
si x + 6 = 8 sen z sen z
x +6 z = arc sen 8
x+6 8
Tabla de integrales
dz
= z + c
se reemplaza
x +6 +c 8
dx 28 12 x - x 2
x+6 = arc sen +c 8
X+6 z
64 - (x + 6 )2
84
(x + 3) dx
5 - 4x - x 2
Se ordena
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
=
(x + 3) dx
(x + 3) dx
- x 2 + 4x - 5
5 - 4x - x 2
(x + 3) dx
x 2 + 2 (2 ) x - 5
3 2 - (x + 2 )2 x + 2 = 3 sen z
x + 2 = 3 sen z (x + 2) 2 = 9 sen 2 z x + 2 = 3 sen z x = 3 sen z - 2 si x + 2 = 3 sen z dx = 3 cos z dz
(x + 3) dx
- x 2 + 4x + 4 - 5 - 4
(x + 3) dx
- x 2 + 4 x + 4 5 4
(x + 3) dx
- x 2 + 4 x + 4 9
(x + 3)
dx
9 (x + 2 )2 = 9 (x + 2 )2 = 9 (x + 2 )2 =
- (x + 2 )2 - 9
9 - 9 sen 2 z 9 1 - sen 2 9 cos 2 z z
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza
(x + 3) dx 9 - (x + 2)2
(x + 3) dx 9 - (x + 2 )2
(x + 3) 3 cos z dz = (x + 3) dz
3 cos z
9 (x + 2 )2 = 3 cos z
si x + 2 = 3 sen z sen z = x+2 3
( x + 3) dz = x dz + 3 dz
Se reemplaza x = 3 sen z - 2
x dz + 3 dz = (3 sen z - 2) dz + 3 dz
(3 sen z - 2 ) dz + 3 dz = 3 sen z - 2 dz + 3 dz
x + 2 z = arc sen 3
cos z = 9 - (x + 2)2 3
3 sen z - 2 dz + 3 dz
Reduciendo terminos semejantes
3
z
9 ( x + 2 )2
3 sen z + dz
Tabla de integrales
dz
X+2
= z + c
sen
z dz = - cos z + c
se reemplaza
85
9 - ( x + 2 )2 3 sen z dz + dz = - 3 cos z + z + c = - 3 3 Simplificando
x + 2 + arc sen 3 + c
- 9 - ( x + 2 )2
x + 2 + arc sen +c 3
x + 6 9 - (x + 2 )2 + arc sen +c 8
(x + 3) dx
5 4x - x 2
=-
86
(2x + 3) dx
9x 2 - 12x + 8
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4 para intentar completar el cuadrado
(2x + 3) dx
9x 2 - 12x + 8
(2x + 3) dx (2x + 3) dx (2x + 3) dx = = (3x )2 2(3)(2 )x + 8 (3x )2 12 x + 4 + 8 4 (3x )2 12 x + 4 + 8 4

=
(2x + 3) dx
(3x )2 - 12x + 4 + 8 - 4
(2x + 3) dx
(3 x )2 12 x + 4 + 4
(2x + 3) dx = (3x - 2 )2 + 4

(2x + 3) dx = (3x - 2 )2 + 4
a2 + x2
x = a tg z 3x - 2 = 2 tg z
reemplazando
(2X + 3) 2 sec 2 z dz (2X + 3) dx = 3 = 2 +4 2z (3x - 2) 4sec

(2X + 3) 2
(3x - 2)2 + 2 2
3x- 2 = 2 tg z 3x = 2 tg x +2 (3x -2)2 = 4 tg2 z
x=
2 tg x + 2 3
dz 2 1 3 = (2 x + 3) dz = (2 x + 3) dz 4 12 6
1 1 1 1 1 (2 x + 3) dz = 2 x dz + 3 dz = x dz + dz 6 3 2 6 6 2 tg x + 2 Pero : x = 3 reemplazando 1 1 1 2 tg x + 2 1 dz + dz x dz + dz = 3 2 3 3 2
1 2 tg x 2 1 + dz + dz 3 3 3 2
si 3x - 2 = 2 tg z 3 dx = 2 sec 2 z dz 2 dx = sec 2 z dz 3
(3x - 2)2 + 4 = (3x - 2)2 + 4 (3x - 2)2 + 4

sec 2 z =
4 tg 2 z + 4
= 4 (tg 2 z + 1) = 4 (sec 2 z)
1 2 1 2 1 tg x dz + dz + dz 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 tg x dz + dz + dz 9 9 2
(3x - 2)2 + 4
4
sec z =
(3x - 2)2 + 4
2
si
3x - 2 = 2 tg z tg z =
3x - 2 2
Sumando trminos semejantes
z = arc tg
3x - 2 2
87
13 2 tg x dz + dz 9 18
Tabla de integrales
2 13 Ln sec z + z + c 9 18
Reemplazando 2 13 3x - 2 Ln sec z + arc tg +c 9 18 2
dz = z + c
9 x 2 - 12x + 8
3x-2 z 2
pero: cosz =
2 9x2 -12x+ 8
secz =
9x2 -12x+ 8 2
2 Ln 9
9x 2 - 12x + 8 13 3x - 2 + arc tg +c 2 18 2
2 + 13 3x - 2 arc tg +c 18 2
2 9x - 12x + 8 2 Ln 2 (2) 9 (2)
1 9 x 2 12 x + 8 13 3x - 2 Ln + arc tg +c 9 4 18 2
1 1 13 3x - 2 Ln 9x 2 - 12x + 8 - Ln 4 + arc tg +c 9 9 18 2
Pero: 1 Ln 4 + c = C1 9
REEMPLAZANDO
1 13 3x - 2 Ln 9x 2 - 12x + 8 + arc tg + C1 9 18 2
88
(x + 2) dx
4x - x 2
Se factoriza el signo y se ordena
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
2 2 - (x - 2 )
2
- (x
(x + 2) dx
2
- 4x
x - 2 = 2 sen z
x - 2 = 2 sen z (x - 2) 2 = 4 sen 2 z x - 2 = 2 sen z x = 2 sen z + 2 si x - 2 = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz
(x + 2) dx
- x 2 4x + 4 - 4
(x + 2) dx
- x 2 4 x + 4 4
(x + 2) dx - [ (x - 2)2 - 4]
Se ordena, se reemplaza y se simplifica
4 (x - 2 ) =
2
4 - 4 sen 2 z 4 1 - sen 2 z 4 cos 2 z
4 (x - 2 ) =
2
(x + 2) dx 4 - (x - 2 ) 2
(x + 2) dx 4 - (x - 2)2
4 (x 2 ) =
2 2
)
x-2 2
4 (x - 2 ) = 2 cos z
(x + 2)(2 cos z dz ) = (x + 2) dz
2 cos z
x -2 z = arc sen 2
(x + 2) dz = x dz + 2 dz
Se reemplaza x = 2 sen z + 2
x dz + 2 dz = (2 sen z + 2 ) dz + 2 dz
cos z =
4x - x 2 2
2 sen z dz + 2 dz
2 sen z dz + 4 dz
+ 2 dz
Reduciendo trminos semejantes
2
z
4x x 2
X-2
Tabla de integrales
dz
= z + c
sen
z dz = - cos z + c
se reemplaza
2 4x - x 2 sen z dz + 4 dz = - 2 cos z + 4z + c = - 2 2 x -2 + 4 arc sen 2 + c
89
Simplificando
x -2 - 2 cos z + 4z + c = - 4x - x 2 + 4 arc sen +c 2
(x + 2) dx
4x - x 2
=-
x -2 4 x x 2 + 4 arc sen +c 2
90
# 73 Pg. 248 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx x2 -1
x2 1 =
1
dx
(sec z tg z dz) sec z dz = tg z tg 2 z
sec z tg z dz = cos z ctg z dz = cos z

Simplificando 1 dz = csc z dz sen z
cos z dz senz
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z x 2 - 1 x = 1 sec z
x = sec z X2 = sec2 z
si x = sec z dx = sec z tg z dz x 2 - 1 = sec 2 z - 1 x 2 - 1 = tg 2 z
Tabla de integrales
csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c

Reemplazando
x = sec z
si sec z = x cos z =
sen z =
1 x
x x2 -1
csc z dz = Ln
x x2 -1 x -1 x2 -1
1 x2 -1
+c
x 2 -1 csc z = x
tg z = x 2 - 1 ctg z =
1 x2 -1
csc z dz = Ln
+c
csc z dz =
(x - 1)2 + c = 1 Ln (x - 1)(x 1) + c 1 Ln 2 2 2 x2 1 2 x 1
(x - 1)(x 1) + c 1 Ln (x 1)(x + 1) 2 (x 1) + c 1 Ln (x + 1) 2
x z
1
x 2 -1
csc z dz =
csc z dz =
91
dy 25 - 16 y 2
=
a 2 - y 2 y = a sen z 25 - 16 y 2 = 5 2 - (4y )2 4y = 5 sen z (4y )2 = 25 sen 2 z dz
5 cos z dz dy = 4 25 cos 2 z 25 - 16y 2

Simplificando 5 1 1 dz = sec z dz 100 cos z 20 Tabla de integrales
Si 4y = 5 sen z 4 dy = 5 cos z dz
dy =
5 cos z dz 4
Reemplazando
25 - (4y )2 = 25 - 25 sen 2 z 25 - (4y )2 = 25 (1 - sen 2 z ) 25 - (4y )2 = 25 (cos 2 z )
1 1 Ln sec z + tg z + c sec z dz = 20 20
si 4y = 5 sen z sen z =
4y 5
1 1 Ln sec z dz = 20 20
5 25 - 16y 2 5 + 4y 25 - 16y 2
4y 25 - 16y 2
+c
si cos z =
tg z =
25 - 16y 2 5
4y 25 - 16y 2
sec z =
5 25 - 16y 2
1 1 Ln sec z dz = 20 20
+c
(5 + 4y )2 1 1 Ln sec z dz = 20 20(2) 2 25 16 y
+c=
(5 + 4y)(5 + 4 y ) + c 1 Ln 40 25 16y 2
5 z
25 - 16y 2
4y
(5 + 4y)(5 + 4 y ) + c = 1 Ln 5 + 4y + c 1 Ln (5 4 y )(5 + 4 y ) 40 40 5 - 4y
dy 25 - 16y 2 = 5 + 4y 1 Ln +c 40 5 - 4y
92
dx x 2 + 6x + 8
dx x 2 + 6x + 8
Se completa el cuadrado, se adiciona 9 y se le resta 9

= dx x 2 + 2(3) x + 9 + 8 - 9 = dx x 2 + 6x + 9 + 8 9
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z (x + 3)2 - 1 x + 3 = 1 sec z
x 2 + 6x + 9 1 sec z tg z dz dx sec z 1 = = dz = sec z dz tg z tg z (x + 3)2 - 1 tg 2 z 1 1 cos z 1 ctg z dz = dz = dz = csc z dz cos z cos z sen z sen z
dx
dx (x + 3)2 1
x + 3 = sec z (X+3)2 = sec2 z

si x + 3 = sec z dx = sec z tg z dz (x + 3)2 - 1 = sec 2 z - 1
(x + 3)2 - 1 =
tg 2 z
x + 3 = sec z
Tabla de integrales
si sec z = x + 3 cos z =

sen z =
Reemplazando
1 x+3
x 2 + 6x + 8 csc z = x+3
x+3 x 2 + 6x + 8
tg z = x 2 + 6 x + 8 ctg z = +c
1 x 2 + 6x + 8
Ln
x+3 x 2 + 6x + 8
1 x 2 + 6x + 8
Ln
x + 3 1 x 2 + 6x + 8
+ c = Ln
x+2 x 2 + 6x + 8
+c =
( x + 2 )2 1 Ln +c 2 2 2 x + 6x + 8
X+3
x 2 + 6x + 8
(x + 2)(x + 2) + c = 1 Ln (x + 2)(x + 2) = 1 Ln x + 2 + c 1 Ln 2 (x + 2)(x + 4) 2 x + 4 2 2 x 2 + 6x + 8
dx x 2 + 6x + 8
z
1
1 x+2 Ln +c 2 x+4
93
# 84 Pg. 247 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx = 4x - x 2 Se factoriza el signo y se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4.
dx 4x - x 2 = dx dx dx = = x 2 4 x + 4 4 x 2 4 x + 4 4 x 2 2(2 )x
dx ( x 2 )2 - 4 dx 4 ( x 2 )2
dx 4 ( x 2 )2
a2 - x2
x = a sen z
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 2 2 - (x - 2 )2 x - 2 = 2 sen z
Si x- 2 = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz (x- 2)2 = 4 sen2 z
reemplazando
dx 4 ( x 2 )2 = 2 cos z dz 1 1 1 = dz = sec z dz 2 4 cos 2 z 2 cos z
Tabla de integrales
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z 4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (1 - sen 2 z ) 4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (cos 2 z )
x-2 2
1 1 sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2 reemplazando 1 1 sec z dz = Ln 2 2 2 4x - x 2 + x-2 4x - x 2 +c
si cos z =
tg z =
4x - x 2 sec z = 2
x-2 4x - x 2
2 4x - x 2
1 1 2+ x-2 +c sec z dz = Ln 2 2 4x - x 2
1 x2 +c= Ln 2(2 ) 4x - x 2 2 4x - x x 1 x2 + c = Ln +c 2 4 4x - x 2
1 Ln 2
2 x-2 z
4x - x 2
1 x (x ) 1 x Ln + c = Ln +c (x )(4 - x ) 4 4 4-x
dx 4x - x 2
1 x Ln +c 4 4-x
94
# 8 Pg. 272 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM dx 32 4 - x2 32 a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z

dx 4 - x2 32 = 2 cos z dz 8 cos 3 z
32 32 4 - x2 = (2)2 - x 2 32 (2)2 - x 2 x = 2 sen z
1 1 dz 4 cos 2 z
1 = sec 2 z dz 4
x = 2 sen z
x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
si x = 2 sen z dx = 2 cos z dz 32 32 4 - x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z 32 32 4 - x2 = (4)1 - sen 2 z
1 1 2 sec z dz = tg z + c 4 4
Reemplazando 1 1 (tg z) + c = ( 4 4
4 - x2
4 - x2 4 - x2 4 - x2
32
32
= (4) cos 2 z
32
= [(4)]3 2 * cos 3 z = 64 cos 3 z = 8 cos 3 z

x 2
x 4 - x2
) +c
32
dx 4 - x2 32
x 4 4 - x2
+c
32
tg z = x
x 4 - x2
z
4 - x2
95
25 - x 2 dx x 25 - x 2 dx 5 cos z (5 cos z dz ) = x 5 sen z
a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
5 2 - x 2 x = 5 sen z x 2 = 25 sen 2 z
5 cos 2 z dz sen z
25 - x 2 = 25 - 25 sen 2 z
Identidad trigonometrica cos2 z = 1 - sen2 z
25 - x 2 = 25 - x 2 =
25 1 - sen 2 z 25 cos 2 z
1 - sen 2 z dz 2 5 cos 2 z dz = 5 1 dz - 5 sen z dz = 5 sen z sen z sen z sen z

5 csc z dz - 5 sen z dz
25 - x 2 = 5 cos z
si x = 5 sen z sen z = 5 x x 5
Tabla de integrales

sen z dz = - cos z + c
csc z =
tg z =
x 25 - x 2
5 csc z dz - 5 sen z dz = 5 Ln csc z - ctg z - 5 (- cos z ) + c 5 Ln csc z - ctg z + 5 cos z + c ctg z =

Reemplazando
25 x 2 x 25 x 2 5
5 Ln
5 x
25 - x 2 25 - x 2 + (5) +c x 5
cos z =
5 Ln
5 - 25 - x 2 x
+ 25 x 2 + c
5 - 25 - x 2 25 - x 2 dx = 5 Ln x x
5
+ 25 x 2 + c
z
25 - x 2
96
x 2 + 4 dx
2 2 2 3 x + 4 dx = 2 sec z 2 sec z dz = 4 sec z dz

4 sec 3 z dz =
a2 + x2
x2 + 4 =
x = a tg z
x 2 + 22 x = 2 tg z
x = 2 tg z
x 2 = 4 tg 2 z si x = 2 tg z dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
x2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4 4 (tg 2 z + 1 )
u dv = u * v - v du
dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
x2 + 4 =
u dv = u * v - v du
4 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 4[sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
4 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
x 2 + 4 = 4 sec 2 z
x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z

4 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz 4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - 4 sec 3 z dz + 4 sec z dz


97
Tabla de integrales
4 sec 3 z dz = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x = 2 tg z
si x = 2 tg z tg z =
cos z = 2 a2 + x2
x 2
x 2 + 4 dx = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x2 + 4 x 2 x + 4 dx = 2 * 2 2
+ 2 Ln
x2 + 4 x + 2 2
+c x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z
x2 + 4 2
x 2 x + 4 dx = 2
x2 + 4 + 2 Ln 4 x 2 + 4 + 2 Ln
x2 + 4 + x 2 x2 + 4 + x 2
+c
sec z =
x 2 + 4 dx =
1 x 2
+c
x 2 + 4 dx =
1 x 2
x2 + 4
+ 2 Ln
a2 + x2 + x
- 2 Ln 2 + c
x2 + 4
C1 = - 2 Ln 2 + c
x z
2
2 x + 4 dx =
x x 2 + 4 + 2 Ln 2
x2 + 4 + x
+ C1
98

2 x - 4 dx =
2 2 x - 4 dx = 2 tg z (2 sec z tg z dz ) = 4 sec z tg z dz
4 tg 2 z sec z dz =
x2 - a2
x = a sec z
x 2 - 22
x = 2 sec z
x = 2 sec z
x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1
4 tg 2 z sec z dz = 4 sec 2 z 1 sec z dz 4 sec 2 z sec z dz - 4 sec z dz
x 2 - 22 = 4 sec 2 z - 4
x 2 - 22 =
4 (sec 2 z - 1)
4 sec3 z dz - 4 sec z dz =
Integral inicial
x 2 - 4 = 4 tg 2 z
u dv = u * v - v du
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
dv = sec2 z
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
u dv = u * v - v du
4 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 4 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] 4 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz

4 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz 4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1
99
4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 4 sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - 4 sec 3 z dz + 4 sec z dz


Tabla de integrales
Regresando a la integral inicial despus de resolver 4 sec 3 z dz por partes.
x = 2 sec z
si x = 2 sec z sec z = 2 x x 2
4 sec3 z dz - 4 sec z dz = 4 sec 3 z dz - (4 sec z dz ) = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 sec z dz - (4 sec z dz )

2 sec z * tg z + 2 sec z dz - 4 sec z dz
cos z =
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
x2 4 2
Se reducen trminos semejantes

2 sec z * tg z - 2 sec z dz
tg z =
aplicando la tabla de integrales
2 sec z * tg z - 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
Reemplazando 2 x - 4 dz = 2 sec z * tg z - 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x x2 - 4 x x2 - 4 2 - 2 Ln + +c x - 4 dz = 2 * 2 2 2 2 x x2 - 4 x + x2 - 4 2 +c x - 4 dz = 2 - 2 Ln 4 2
x z
2
x2 4
100
2 x - 4 dz =
1 x + x2 - 4 x x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln +c 2 2
2 x - 4 dz =
Pero:
x x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4 + 2 Ln 2 + c 2
C1 = 2 Ln 2 + c
2 x 4 dx =
x x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4 2
+ C1
101
x 2 dx 4 x2
52
4 sen 2 z (2 cos z dz )
a2 - x2
= = 8 sen 2 z dz 32 cos 4 z
52
x = a sen z
x 2 dx 4 x2
52
32 cos 5 z
1 1 sen 2 z dz 4 cos 2 z cos 2 z

1 2 2 tg z sec z dz = 4
52 22 - x 2 x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
x = 2 sen z
4 - x2
4 - x2
4 - x2
52
52
= 4 - 4 sen 2 z
52
52
Solucin por cambio de variable u = tg z du = sec2 z dz

1 1 2 2 2 tg z sec z dz = (u ) du 4 4
= 41 - sen 2 z
= 2 2 cos 2 z
52
52
Tabla de integrales
4 - x2 4 - x2
52 52
= 2 5 cos 5 z = 32 cos 5 z
x 2
n u du =
u n +1 n +1
+ c n -1
1 1 u3 2 +c (u ) du = 4 4 3
z = arc sen
x
x 2
Reemplazando u = tg z u3 = tg3 z 1 u3 1 1 + c = u 3 + c = tg 3 z + c 4 3 12 12
1 (tg z )3 + c = 1 x 12 12 2 4-x 3 +c=
tg z =
4 - x2
(x )3 1 12 4x x 2
+c
z
4 - x2
x 2 dx x3 +c = 52 32 4 - x2 12 4 x x 2
102

dx x2 9 - x2 a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
dx x2 9 - x2
3 cos z dz 9 sen 2 z (3 cos z )
3 2 - x 2 x = 3 sen z
x = 3 sen z
x 2 = 9 sen 2 z
1 1 dz 9 sen 2 z
9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z
1 2 csc z dz 9
Tabla de integrales
9 - x2 = 9 - x2 =
9 1 - sen 2 z 9 cos 2 z
)
x 3
9 - x 2 = 3 cos z
1 1 2 csc z dz = - ctg z + c 9 9
Reemplazando
tg z =
x 9 - x2 ctg z =
1 1 9 - x2 - (ctg z) + c = - ( ) +c x 9 9
9 x2 x
dx x2 9 - x2
= -
9 - x2 +c 9x
x z
9- x2
103
x 2 dx x 2 - 16
x 2 dx x 2 - 16
=
x 2 - a 2 x = a sec z
(16 sec 2 z)4 sec z tg z

(4 tg z )
x 2 - 16 =
dz x 2 - 42
x 2 - 42
x = 4 sec z
16 sec 3 z dz =
x = 4 sec z
x 2 = 16 sec 2 z si x = 4 sec z dx = 4 sec z tg z dz
x 2 - 16 = 16 sec 2 z - 16
Se resuelve la integral 16 sec 3 z dz por partes
u dv = u * v - v du
x 2 - 16 =
dv = sec2 z
16 (sec 2 z - 1) 16 (tg 2 z )
2 dv = sec z dz
v = tg z
x 2 - 16 =
x 2 - 16 = 4 tg z
16 sec 2 z * sec z dz = 16 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] 16 [sec z * tg z - (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 16 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
] ]

16 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
= 16 sec z * tg z - sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz
16 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz 16 sec 3 z dz = 16 sec 3 z dz =
] ]
16 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz
16 sec z * tg z - 16 sec 3 z dz + 16 sec z dz


104
Tabla de integrales
16 sec 3 z dz = 8 sec z * tg z + 8 Ln sec z + tg z + c x 2 dx x 2 - 16 x 2 dx = 8 sec z * tg z + 8 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x = 4 sec z
si x = 4 sec z sec z = cos z = 4 x x 4
2 x x x - 16 = 8 * + 8 Ln 4 + 4 4 x 2 - 16 x 2 dx
tg z =
x 2 - 16 +c 4
x 2 - 16 4
2 x + x 2 - 16 x x - 16 =8 + 8 Ln +c 16 4 2 - 16 x 2 x x - 16 2 = + 8 Ln x + x - 16 - 8 Ln 4 + c 2 2 - 16 x x 2 dx
x z 4
x 2 - 16
Pero: C1 = - 8 Ln 4 + c
2 x x - 16 2 = + 8 Ln x + x - 16 + c1 2 x 2 - 16 x 2 dx
105
# 19 Pg. 272 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM x 3 a 2 - x 2 dx

x
3 a 2 - x 2 dx = a 3 sen 3 z (a cos z )(a cos z dz )

a 2 - x 2 x = a sen z
a 5 sen 3 z cos 2 z dz = a 5 sen 2 z sen z cos 2 z dz
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica Sen z = 1 cos z

2 2
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
x 3 = a 3 sen 3 z
Si x = asen z dx = a cos z dz
a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 1 - sen 2 z a 2 cos 2 z
a 5 1 - cos 2 z sen z cos 2 z dz = a 1 cos 2 z cos 2 zsenzdz
a2 - x2 =
Solucin por cambio de variable u = cos z du = - sen z dz

a 5 1 u 2 u 2 du dz = - a 5 u 2 du + a 5 u 4 du
a2 - x2 =
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
Tabla de integrales
n du =
u n +1 n +1
+ c n -1
a z
x a
x
cos z =
a2 -x2 a
a 5u 3 a 5 u 5 + +c 3 5
a2 x2
Reemplazando u = cos z u3 = cos3 z u5 = cos5 z a 5 cos 3 z a 5 cos 5 z a 5u 3 a 5 u 5

3 + 5 +c= 3 + 5
a 5 (cos z )3 a 5 (cos z )5 a5 a 2 - x2 + = 3 5 3 a
a5 a 2 - x 2 + 5 a
2 2 5 a -x a +c= 3 a3
2 2 5 a x a + 5 a5
5
+c
2 32 1 52 3 a 2 - x 2 dx = - a a 2 x 2 + a 2 - x 2 +c
3 5
106

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INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS

Erving Quintero Gil Ing. Electromecnico Bucaramanga Colombia 2008

RESUMEN METODO DE SUSTITUCIN TRIGONOMETRICA

Reemplazando a2 + x2 = a2 + (a2 tg2 z ) a2 + x2 = {a2 + a2 tg2 z} a2 + x2 = { a2 (1 + tg2 z )} a2 + x2 = a2 (sec2 z ) x2 - a2 x = a sec z x2 = a2 sec2 z

Reemplazando a2 - x2 = a2 - (a2 sen2 z ) a2 - x2 = {a2 - a2 sen2 z} a2 - x2 = { a2 (1 - sen2 z )} a2 - x2 = a2 (cos2 z )

Reemplazando x2 - a2 = (a2 sec2 z ) a2 x2 - a2 = { a2 sec2 z - a2 } x2 - a2 = { a2 (sec2 z -1 )} x2 - a2 = a2 (tg2 z )

2 sec u du = tg u + c 2 csc u du = - ctg u + c

tg u du = Ln sec u ctg u du = Ln sen u

csc u du = Ln csc u - ctg u

1 x arc sec + c donde a > 0 a a

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

Simplificando dx dz 1 1 1 dz = sec z dz = = a cos z a cos z a a2 - x2 Tabla de integrales

(a + x )2 (a + x )(a + x ) + c 1 1 1 Ln Ln +c= sec z dz = 2 2a a a (2) a2 x2 2 a x2 Cancelando trminos semejantes

(a + x )(a + x ) + c = 1 Ln a + x + c 1 Ln (a x )(a + x ) 2a 2a a-x

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c

1 1 csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a a

Cancelando trminos semejantes

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

Cancelando trminos semejantes Pero c1 = - Ln a + c

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

1 x arc sec + c donde a > 0 a a

x2 -a2 dx = a sec z tg z dz 1 = dz (a sec z ) a tg z a

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz

Se resuelve por partes u = sec z du = sec z tg z dz

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

Ordenando como una ecuacin cualquiera y simplificando los trminos semejantes

Dividiendo la ecuacin por 2

Propiedad de los logaritmos

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz

Se resuelve por partes u = sec z du = sec z tg z dz

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec z dz

Ordenando como una ecuacin cualquiera y simplificando los trminos semejantes

Dividiendo la ecuacin por 2

aplicando la tabla de integrales a2 a2 sec z * tg z Ln sec z + tg z + c 2 2 Reemplazando

Propiedad de los logaritmos

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral 2 2 a - x dx

2 - x 2 dx = a cos z * (a cos z dz ) = a 2 cos 2 z dz

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica

a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z a 2 1 - sen 2 a 2 cos 2 z z

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonomtrica

sen 2 z = 2 sen z cos z

Reemplazando a2 a2 x a2 - x2 x arc sec + * 2 2 a a a

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c

1 1 csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a a

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral

Identidad trigonometrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

a 2 tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 sec 2 z - 1 (sec z dz )

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec 2 z * sec z dz

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tgz - tg 2 z * sec z dz

a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 2 z - 1 * sec z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz

a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - sec 3 z dz + sec z dz a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec z dz

a 2 sec 3 z dz + a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 sec z dz 2a 2 sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 sec z dz

Se reemplaza en la integral inicial y se sigue resolviendo la integral

a2 a2 2 sec z * tg z + sec z dz - a sec z dz 2 2

Reduciendo trminos semejantes

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicacin de la siguiente integral