05feb4 Song

Workshop on Service Life of Concrete Structure -Concept and Design-
Service Life Prediction of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Chloride Attack and Carbonation
4 Feb. 2005 Sapporo, Japan
H.-W. Song
Professor School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Yonsei Univ., Seoul 120-749, KOREA
Concrete Materials, Mechanics & Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
Outline
Introduction Durability concept
Durability concept and strategy Performance-based durability design Scheme of service life prediction
Models for service life prediction

Early-age cracks in concrete Chloride diffusion-penetration model CO2 carbonation model Steel corrosion model
Electric corrosion cell model Oxygen diffusion model
Corrosion cracking model
Examples for Service life prediction Conclusion

Korean daily newspapers warning durability problems of concrete structures
Recently, severe deteriorations in concrete structures, such as bridges, buildings etc., has been criticized in major mass media in Korea : Korea is Republic of Concrete .
Japanese daily newspapers warning durability related safety problems of concrete structures
Recently, spalling of concrete from concrete structures, such as bridges, tunnels, etc., has become a big problem criticized in mass media in Japan.
Deterioration in Concrete Structures
Corrosion of PC strands due to poor consolidation
Old and New Durability Concepts

Old Codes: AASHTO, EC2,BS Simple deemed-to-satisfy rules (deterministic) Experience based rules of thumb Poor environmental classification Result No relation between performance and service life (implicit 50 years) New Codes: Performance-based design Degradation models Material parameters Detailing of environmental actions Statistical quantification (mean, standard deviation, distribution) Choice of service life Result Documented service life design, failure probability
Service Life of RC structures (ISO/WD 13823)

Time Environmental Actions (combination of rain, de-icing salts etc) Transfer mechanism Degradation Agents (moisture, Cl-, CO2, micro cracks etc) Degradation mechanism texp Resistance mechanism (R) Yes Service life ts td ULS : R S? collapse Damage or disfigurement mechanism (Slim) SLS : S Slim? malfunction Durable Structure Mass transport analysis Boundary conditions
tstart
ts
Durability limit state
Corrosion of reinforcement Concrete crack Deterioration of concrete Structural analysis
tS = tstart + texp
Service life = durability limit + safety limit tS = tstart + texposure

START
Size, shape, mix proportions, initial and boundary conditions
Hydration computation Temperature, Hydration level of Each component
Governing equations
Microstructure computation
Durability Analysis
Next iteration Increment time, continue
+ divJ i Qi = 0 t
Pore pressure Computation Pore pressures, RH and moisture distribution Chloride Transport and equilibrium Dissolved and Bound chloride concentration
Bi-model porosity Distribution, Interlayer porosity
no yes Conservation Laws satisfied? at each time step

Corrosion model Corrosion rate, Amount of O2 consumption
Ion equilibrium model Dissolved Oxygen Transport and equilibrium
Carbon dioxide Transport and equilibrium Gas and dissolved CO2 concentration
Serviceability/Safety Analysis
Output
Corrosion rate, crack, tension stiffening factor

Continuum Mechanics Deformation Compatibility, Momentum Conservation
Tension stiffening factor :

Structural analysis (FEM etc.)
Max. Load
Performance degradation
t = ft (
t / ft
tu ) t
Deterioration increase
Tension stiffening model
= 0 .4 = 1 .0 t
time Service-life decrease
Schematic description of service life design

tS = tstart + t exp tD : design service life R,S
R(t) Pf S(t)
Distribution of R(t)
P {failure} at tD = P {tS tD} Ptarget P {failure} at tD = P {R(tD) S(tD) <0} < Ptarget
Distribution of S(t)
Mean service life
Time
Target Probability of Failure P f
Service life density
Durability Failure of Concrete Structure

Durability Failure of Structure Reliability Index
Pf = P(R - S0)
Rm S m
2 2 R +S
Frequency
(RS )
P(R-S) Pf
(R-S)m Failure R-S<0

(R-S) R : Durability resistance S : Degradation agents
Safe R-S>0
Durability Design Strategy
Measures:
High quality and impermeable concrete - low chloride diffusivity (material) - sufficient concrete cover (design) - no early-aged cracks (construction)
Performance evaluation tool
verification of 100 years service life
min cover max. Dcl
Early-age cracks in concrete limit life span of concrete structures

Temperature variation properties Temperature variation properties Shrinkage properties Shrinkage properties Strength and stiffness development Strength and stiffness development
properties properties
Thermal cracks Shrinkage cracks
Microcracks
Degradation of long-term Degradation of long-term durability performance durability performance Load Environment
Drying
Hardening Concrete
Service Life Prediction on Cracked Concrete

It is necessary to develop an analytical algorithm of steel corrosion, which considers pre-existing early-age crack and cover concrete quality, for accurate prediction of service life of cracked RC structures subjected to chloride attack or/and carbonation.
Scheme of Service Life Prediction

Exposure Condition Mixing Properties
Cement Aggregate Water Blend Cement C 2S C 3S C 3A C4AF
Geometric Boundary
Location of Structures
Weather Temperature Relative Humidity Crack in Cover
Length Shape Boundary
Finite Element Method
Early Age Behavior

Heat Generation Analysis Hygro Migration Analysis
Micro Structure Development
Crack model
crack
Deq
equivalent diffusion coefficient crack width
CO2 Carbonation model

CO2 CO2 CO2
Chloride diffusion-penetration model

pH = 9 pH = 12 CO2 Cl Cl Cl
-
pH distribution Ca(OH)2 & CaCO3 distribution Carbonation depth
Free chloride content
Total chloride content
critical C cl
Chloride content, pH
Corrosion cracking and service life of RC structure

Wcrit < Wrust
Loss of performance related to corrosion of steel
Corrosion initiation Corrosion cracking
Steel corrosion model

Corrosion product amount (rust) Corrosion current density (corrosion rate)
Time to corrosion
Time to corrosion cracking time
time
Initiation period
Propagation Acceleration Deterioration period period period
Governing equations for mass and energy conservation for service life prediction
i
( X i ) + divJ i ( X i , X i ) - Q ( X i ) = 0 t
Variables
Potential term
Xi
Temperature
Flux term
Sink term
Ji
[Kcal/Km3] - Constant
Qi
[Kcal/ m2s] [Kcal/m3s] - Multi component heat of hydration model of cement
c
- Constant
K H T
QH
T
Pore pressure
S P
[kg/Pam3]
( K l + K v ) P
[kg/ m2s]
Q hyd
- Path dependent moisture isotherms
- Random geometry of pores and Knudsen vapor diffusion

eq D cl C cl or D cl C cl
- Water combined due to hydration; bulk porosity change effect
( S ) [kg/ m3s] t
Chloride concentration
[mol.l/molm3]
[mol/ m2s]
Q cl
[mol/ m3s]
C cl
CO2 concentration
- Porosity change dependent
- Mass and Knudsen diffusion in sound and/or cracked surface - Temperature and porosity change dependent
eq D co 2 C co 2 or D co 2 C co 2
- Reactive chloride ion content due to binding capacity
(1 S ) K co + S
2
[mol.l/molm3]
[mol/ m2s]
Q co 2
[mol/ m3s]
C co 2
- Path dependent transport of mass - Porosity change dependent
- CO2 consumption due to carbonation process
(1 S ) K O + S[mol.l/molm3]
2
D oeq C o 2 or D o 2 C o 2 2
[mol/ m2s]
O2 concentration
Q O2
[mol/ m3s]
C o2
- Path dependent transport of mass - Porosity change dependent
- O2 consumption due to corrosion process
Equivalent diffusion coefficient for early-age cracks in concrete

Cracks in REV(Representative Elementary Volume) (Song, 2002)
Area of solid : As Area of capillary pore : Acp
Capillary flux Jcp
Crack flux Jcr

Gas (H2O, CO2, O2)
Average method
Flux of chloride ion Flux of CO2
Liquid (H2O, cl -, CO2, O2) Total area : Ao Area of crack : Acr

LVDT
Equivalent diffusivity
4
RCPT(Rapidly Chloride Penetration Test)

200
N orm a lize d c h loirde diffu sivity
Normalized CO2 diffusivity
W/C=45%
160 120 80 40 0
W/C=45%
WPT (Water Permeability Test)
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Crack width (mm)
Crack width (mm)
General durability test machine
Chloride diffusion-penetration model

Porosity Saturation
Sink term
Sink term modeling (Tang, 1996)
Dcl Deq cl
Free Chloride Contents
Governing equation of chloride transfer

Early-age behavior Pore structure formation
C cl ( S C cl ) + S ( - D cl + q sC cl ) - Q cl = 0 t
Potential term Flux term Sink term Reactive chloride ion contents in materials
pore structures, moisture transport diffusion & permeability coefficient with crack
Flux term Sink term in coupled deterioration analysis

n+1 n C bound C bound cb Q cl = W pow 10 2 Q cl t n+1 t n
Where,
Equivalent diffusion coefficient of cl -
permeability coefficient
Q cl
cb
n C n + 1 C bound = bound W used 10 2 t n+1 t n
Decreasing of binding capacity
W used : consumption of cement components at carbonated area

Analysis results for chloride attack
Beam Analysis (H:6cm, L: 28cm)
W/C 55% sound surface Concrete Materials, Mechanics & Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
W/C 55% cracked surface (0.1mm)
W/C 55% sound surface
CO2 carbonation model

Porosity Saturation
Potential term
Density of CO2 :
gco =
2
Mco2 RT
Hco2 dco2 = Kco2 dco2
Dco2
Sound concrete
Kco2 =
Cracked concrete
Mco2 RT
Hco2 =
1 RT nH2O
Ideal gas equation
Deq
co2
Henry constant
Hco2 = Hco2 nH2O Mco2

Dgco2 =
g Dco
2
Flux term
Carbonation depth, Ca(OH)2 & CaOH3, pH distribution
Diffusion coefficient of gaseous CO2 in pores : Diffusion coefficient of dissolved CO2 in pores :
Governing equation of CO2 transfer
Ddco2 =
S4
(1 S )4 1 + lm / 2(rm tm )
d Dco2
(1 S ) g + S d + div J co 2 Q co 2 = 0 t
Potential term Flux term Sink term
{[
]}
Equivalent diffusion coefficient of CO2 in cracked concrete :

eq Dco2 = Dsound + Dcrack
Kco2 Ra
CO2 flux
J co2 = ( Dgco2 Kco2 + Ddco2 )dco2

Molecular diffusion theorem Knudsen diffusion theorem
Sink term
Qco2 =
CCaCO3 t
) = k [Ca ][CO ]
2+ 2 3
Ion equilibrium
H 2 O H + + OH
Ca(OH )2 Ca2+ + 2OH
Healthy area
Carbonation area
2 CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO3

2 H 2CO3 H + + HCO3 2 H + + CO3
Analysis results for carbonation

Cracked area 10% CO2 A
18
Coating for 1-D diffusion

Carbonation dpeth (mm)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0
EXP (55%) EXP(65%) EXP(45%)
Analysis(55%) Analysis(65%) Analysis(45%)
Deq Dsound
Sound area 2mm A
10mm
Time step : 0.1days to 28 days 0.5days to 120 days
Crack width
20
40
60
80
100
W/C 55% , CO2 10%, 1800days after

13 0.20 0.16 0.12 11 0.08 10 PH CO2 (mol/l) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.04 0.00
Exposed period (days)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Ca(OH)2 (kg/m3) CaCO3(mol/l)
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
12
cover depth(cm)
cover depth(cm)
(a) pH and CO2 concentration distribution Concrete Materials, Mechanics & Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
(b) Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 distribution
Steel corrosion model

Corrosion cracking
Electric corrosion Electric corrosion cell model cell model cell model
Reinforcing steel corrosion
Concrete at atmospheric zone corrosion cell Electric

High tide Increasing of icorr Sufficient oxygen
Abrasion and Chemical Attack

Reinforcing steel
Freeze-thaw damage Temperature gradients Humidity gradients
Concrete at splash and tidal zone
Oxygen supplying condition Insufficient oxygen Low tide Decreasing of icorr Oxygen concentration polarization Limit Current Density
Oxygen diffusion model Oxygen diffusion model Oxygen diffusion model
Concrete
Alkali aggregate reaction, Chemical decomposition of hydrated cement
Submerged concrete
Computational flow of steel corrosion model
Moisture transport Hydration heat analysis

Early-age behavior analysis Salt attack analysis Carbonation analysis

Micro structure Pore pressure Pore saturation
Free chloride content pH in concrete Porosity and saturation
Corrosion Analysis Models

Electric corrosion cell Model Tafel method analysis (Splash zone) Prediction of life time in RC structures Oxygen diffusion Model Formulation of O2 diffusion (Submerged zone)
Consideration of early age cracks for steel corrosion model

Crack Effect Chloride Ion Penetration Analysis
Equivalent Diffusion Coefficient
eq D cl = ( D crack
Ra
Oxygen Diffusion Analysis

Equivalent Diffusion Coefficient
L1 L4
+ D cl )
d Chloride Ion Penetration Analysis D crack = D O Chloride Ion Penetration Analysis L2

L3
1 L4 d [{( L1 - 0 . 5 L 4 )( D gO 2 K O 2 + D dO 2 )} + 0 . 5 L 4 D O
D crack = 2099 w 2 + 96 w D cl
D eq =
Chloride Thresholds Free Chloride Contents Splash Zone O2 : Sufficient Electric corrosion cell model
[V] Passive Condition
Corrosion Analysis Algorithm
Exposure Conditions
Flux of Dissolved O2
Submersed Structure O2 : Sufficient O2 : Insufficient Oxygen diffusion model

EO2 log i0 of O2 logiL logicorr
EO2 Ecorr EFe
Free Chloride Contents Changing Anode Tafel Slope Increasing Corrosion Current Density
Consumption Dissolved O2 O2 Supply is Insufficient Generation of Concentration Slope
log icorr
Passive Layer is Destroyed
Ecorr EFe
Concentration Overcharge
log i0 of Fe log ia for Fe Oxidation log |ic| for O2 Restoration
log ia for Fe Oxidation log |ic| for O2 Restoration
icorr is Limit Current Density
Electric corrosion cell model
[V]
EO2
Exchange current density of O2 1 2 2 Increasing of current density (passive layer is destroying) 3
Corrosion Potential SHE+ Activation Overcharge

(Standard Hydrogen Electrode)
Anode : Cathode :
Decreasing of current density (passive layer exist) Tafel slope of anode
Ecorr = EFe + a
Ecorr = EO2 + c
EFe
Exchange current density of Fe
Corrosion Current Density : [A]
icorr = ia = ic
Log icorr
Chloride Thresholds
Condition of Steel Total Chloride Thresholds
Passive
Passive Layer is Destroying
No Passive Layer
1.2 kg/m3 (KCI, JCI specification) Corrosion Start
2.4 kg/m3 (Hausmann, 1969)
Free Chloride Thresholds No Passive Layers
1.2 (1 fixed ) cement weight 2.4 [cl ]e = (1 fixed ) cement weight [cl ]i =
Corrosion stage vs corrosion current density

[V] Exchange current density of O2 1 2 2 Increasing of current density (passive layer is destroying) 3
Stage 1 Passive Condition
EO2
Cl -< 1.2 kg/m3

Anode Tafel Slope = Cathode Tafel Slope = 2 Stage 2 Passive Layer is Destroying 1.2 kg/m3 (KCI) < Cl - < 2.4 kg/m3 Anode Tafel Slope 0 . 059 [ cl ]e [ cl ]i = [ cl ] [ cl ]i
Decreasing of current density (passive layer exist) Tafel slope of anode
EFe
Exchange current density of Fe
Stage 3 No Passive Layer Cl - = 2.4 kg/m3 (Hausmann, 1969) Not increase icorr
log icorr [A]

Condition of the passive layers Exist
Corrosion current density (A/m2)
log icorr = log iOFe

log icorr = 0.998 0.06 pH 0.059 log iO2 + log iOFe
Being destroyed
-
+ 0.059
0 . 059 [ cl ]e [ cl ]i [ cl ] [ cl ]i
[ cl ] : free chloride content(% wt of cement) at the stage [ cl ]i : free chloride content(% wt of cement) for the stage of corrosion initiation [ cl ]e : free chloride content(% wt of cement) for the stage of no passive layers
No exist
log icorr = 8.458 0.508 pH + 0.5 log iO2 + 0.5 log iOFe
Consideration of early age cracks for oxygen diffusion model
Cl
O2
(1 S ) gO2 + S dO2 + div( JO2 ) QO2 = 0 t

Capacity Flux Sink
{[
]}
Reinforcement Crack Width
Submerged structures
[V]
EO2
Oxygen concentration polarization
Modified 1-D Anisotropic Crack Model
log icorr
gO 2 =
[A]
M O2 RT
H O 2 dO 2 = K O 2 dO 2
Equivalent Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient

L1 L4 L2 L3
J O2 = ( DgO2 K O2 + DdO2 ) dO2

M O 2 icorr z O2 F A bar V elem
EFe
Deq
D gO2 =
DdO2 =
g DO
(1- S ) 4 1+ l m / 2 ( rm -t m )
d DO2
Oxygen diffusion control
log icorr
Q O 2 = S
d Dcrack = DO2
eq d 1 DO2 = L4 [{(L1 - 0.5L4 )(DgO2 KO2 + DdO2 )}+ 0.5L4DO2
Oxygen Diffusion Model

Potential term
[V]
Density of O2 :
go =
2
Mo2 RT
Ho2 do2 = Ko2 do2

Ideal gas equation
O2 O2
O2
EO2
Oxygen concentration polarization
Ko2 =
log icorr
Mo2 RT
Ho2 =
1 RT nH2O
Henry constant
Ho2 = Ho2 nH2O Mo2

Dog
(1 S )4 1 + lm / 2(rm tm )
2
EFe
[A] Oxygen diffusion control Ishida(1999)
Flux term
Diffusion coefficient of gaseous O2 in pores : Diffusion coefficient of dissolved O2 in pores :
Dgo2 =
Ddo2 =
S4
d Do2
Governing equation of oxygen diffusion
Equivalent coefficient of O2 in cracked concrete

O2 flux
total JO2 = -
(1 S ) gO2 + S dO2 t
Potential term
{[
] }+ div( J
O2
) QO2 = 0
1 d [{(L1 - 0.5L4 )(DgO2 KO2 + DdO2 )}+ 0.5L4 DO ]dO2 L1

Molecular diffusion theorem Knudsen diffusion theorem
Flux term Sink term
Sink term
The rate of O2 consumption
QO2 = S
Faradays law
M O2 icorr Abar zO2 F Velem
Corrosion rate in concrete
Rcorr = S
M Fe icorr z Fe F
Loss of performance due to steel corrosion
Loss of performance related to corrosion of steel
Corrosion cracking Corrosion initiation
Time to corrosion cracking Time to corrosion
Initiation period
Propagation period cceleration periodDeterioration period A
Analysis results for steel corrosion tendency

Splash zone structure
1.E-02 45% 8.E-03
2 icorr (A/m )
Submerged zone structure

6.E-03 65% 55% 45%
55% 65%
6.E-03
4.E-03
icorr (A/m2)
4.E-03
2.E-03
2.E-03
0.E+00 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.E+00 0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
Year
Visualization of steel analysis
Corrosion cracking model

Deformation of steel
Thickness of corrosion product induced corrosion cracking
ds = B{2p(1r ) K2(1 2 r ) 1}qe

Critical corrosion amounts
Wcrit = D
7.0
st rust {[d 0 + d s ]} st st
critical corrosoin amount 2 (mg/cm )
6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0
Yokozeki this study Morikawa
Critical corrosion amount (mg/cm2) cover ( cm ) Yokozeki (1997) Morikawa (1987)

2 4 6 8 10
2 1.1 2.3 1.4
3 1.8 3.1 2.0
5 3.1 3.7 3.2
cover (mm)
This study
fck = 320 kgf/cm2, steel diameter : 16mm
Example for service life prediction of RC which does not considered the concept of service life
Underground RC tunnel Cover depth = 5 cm Tunnel inside=atmospheric zone CO2 Marine atmosphere Splash zone CO2 CO2 Sea water
Submerged zone Chloride in sea water

CO2 = 670 ppm Chloride concentration = 0.35~0.50 mol/ Relative humidity = 70~100 % Temperature = 20
Ground water Sea water
Mix proportions
Water/Cement Ratio (%) Ordinary Portland Cement (kg/m3) C3A C3S Cement Composition C4AF C2S Mono Sulfate Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) Sand Aggregate (kg/m3) 45 365 10.4 47.2 9.4 27 3.9 1102 735 55 291 10.4 47.2 9.4 27 3.9 1078 812
Environmental conditions
W/C pH External chloride concentration (mol/L) 0.35 Relative humidity (%) 70 Temperature
45, 55
9~11
20
45, 55
10~11
0.5
100
20
Analysis at Splash Zone (cover = 5cm)

W/C=45% W/C=45% Corrosion initiation W/C=45% Critical Wcorr at 5cm cover
Critical Cl - = 1.2 kg/m3
W/C=55%
W/C=55%
W/C=55%
fck = 240 kgf/cm2 , steel diameter : 32mm
Analysis at Submerged Zone (cover = 5cm)

W/C=45% W/C=45% W/C=45% Corrosion does not propagate Decreasing of icorr for insufficient oxygen
W/C=55%
W/C=55%
W/C=55%
Reduction of crack effect by poor quality of concrete
Quality of cover concrete (W/C =45% vs. W/C =55%)

Splash zone Splash zone Splash zone
Submerged zone
Submerged zone
Submerged zone
Corrosion rate with different pH

1.0E-01 pH=12 8.0E-02 pH=11 pH=10 pH=9
icorr (A/m2)
6.0E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
High corrosion
0.0E+00 0 20 40 60 80
Year
High pH(=12) Does not increase to high corrosion rate
100
Criteria for Corrosion (Broomfield, 1997)

Condition Passive Condition Low to Moderate Corrosion Moderate to High Corrosion High Corrosion Concrete Materials, Mechanics & Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ. Corrosion Current Density
Icorr < 0.001 A/m2 0.001 < Icorr < 0.005 A/m2 0.005 < Icorr < 0.01 A/m2 Icorr > 0.01 A/m2
Comparison of different prediction methods

1
Chloride content (% of concrete weight)
Life365
0.8
Experiment Fick Law This study
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Cover depth(mm)
Ficks law Penetration mechanism D28 Time effect Diffusion Life 365 Diffusion This study Diffusion-penetration
D28 =110(12.06+2.40W / C)
Fixed Dcl 1X10-12 m2/s
D28 =110(12.06+2.40W / C)
m
Dcl
Temperatur e effect Humidity effect
t D(t) = Dref ref t U 1 1 U 1 1 D(T ) = Dref exp D(T ) = Dref exp T R ref T R Tref T
tref D(t ) = Dref t
(1 h)4 D(h) = Dref 1+ (1 h )4 c
Durability strategy using different mix proportion

Unit weight (kg/m3) W/C (%) 45 55 W 164 160 Binder C 365 291 Slag S 735 812 G 1102 1078 B X (%) Admixture SP AE -
Items Mixing OPC 45% OPC 55%
Change of mix proportion for design chloride diffusion coefficient using Slag with lower W/C W/B 40% Slag 30% 40 160 280 120 785 972 0.75 0.013
Envir. W/C
Splash zone 45 10.9 6.03 55 5.5 5.5
Submerged zone 45 6.8 55 3.5 -
Increasing of cover depth Increasing of pH in pore solution Increasing of cover concrete quality
Tw/o crack T w/ crack
Decreasing of Dcl Decreasing of W/C Decreasing of external cl concentration
Increased service life of RC structures
Service life analysis for RC at splash zone (1)

W/C =40%, Slag 30% No crack
Critical chloride content Critical Cl - content = 1.2 kg/m3 (KCI, JCI) Corrosion does not occur !!
W/C =40%, Slag 30% Crack width = 0.1mm W/C =40%, Slag 30% Crack width = 0.3mm
Service life
Service life
Service life analysis for RC at splash zone (2)
1.34
Cracking time
Corrosion initiation Corrosion cracking
Corrosion cracking
Corrosion initiation with 0.3mm crack = service life for chloride attack
Corrosion initiation with 0.1mm crack = service life for chloride attack
Service life analysis for RC at submerged zone (1)

W/C =40%, Slag 30% No crack
Critical chloride content Critical Cl content = 1.2 kg/m3 (KCI, JCI) Corrosion does not occur !!
W/C =40%, Slag 30% Crack width = 0.1mm
W/C =40%, Slag 30% Crack width = 0.3mm
Service life
Service life
Service life analysis for RC at submerged zone (2)
1.34
Decreasing of icorr for insufficient oxygen
Corrosion does not propagate
Corrosion cracking dose not occur!!
Corrosion initiation with 0.3mm crack =service life for chloride attack Corrosion initiation with 0.1mm crack =service life for chloride attack
Summary for service life
W/C
Splash zone 45 10.9 6.03 55 5.5 5.5
Submerged zone 45 6.8 55 3.5 -
T w/o crack T w/ crack

W/B
W/B=40%, Slag=30% Over 100 yrs -
W/B=40%, Slag=30% Over 100 yrs -
T w/o crack T w/ crack
Need to control cracking in early age !!
Crack width
Splash zone 0.1mm 65 yrs 0.3mm 2.5 yrs
Submerged zone 0.1mm 59.8 yrs 0.3mm 1.5 yrs
Tservice
Carbonation analysis of liner concrete at tunnel

8 No crack crack width = 0.1 mm Carbonation depth (cm) 6 crack width = 0.2 mm
14 13 12
cover depth
4
pH
11 10
9
0 0 20 40 Year 60 80 100
No crack crack width = 0.1 mm crack width = 0.2 mm 0 2 4 6 8 10
8 Cover depth (cm)
(a) Carbonation depth simulation
(b) Distribution of pH at 100 years
Ca(OH)2
Carbonation depth
W/C=45% No crack
CaCO3
(c) Distribution of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 Concrete Materials, Mechanics & Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
(d) Contour of carbonation depth at 100 years
Chloride attack in carbonated concrete (1)

Chloride distribution at carbonated area (Tuutti, 1982)
0.30
W/C 37% - 28days W/C 37% - 180days, RH 65% W/C 37% - fully carbonated
Carbonation initiation Carbonation propagation

cl concentration
0.25 0.20
Cl CO2 CO2 Cl Cl -
CO2 Cl CO2 CO2 Cl

-
distribution
Fixed chloride ion (Friedel) Chloride ion in pore
0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.001

2.5
surface
cl concentration
inside
cl concentration
surface
inside
surface
inside
Porosity
distribution
surface
inside
Pore radius(10-6m)
Chloride content (CaCl 2 /cement, %)
0.01
0.1
10
2.0
distribution
surface
inside
cl concentration
surface
inside
1.0
Front of carbonation
0.5
Carbonation depth
surface
Carbonation front z
inside
distribution
Decreasing of porosity
1.5
surface
inside
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cover depth (mm)
distribution
0.0
cl concentration
surface
inside
surface
inside
Chloride attack in carbonated concrete (2)

2.4
3 Chloride content (kg/m )
2.4
2.4
Chloride content (kg/m3)
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0 20
Only chloride attack

free chloride total chloride
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0
Coupled deterioration analysis
Only chloride attack

2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Year
Year
Cover depth(cm)
2.4
2.4 Chloride content (kg/m )

2.4
Chloride content (kg/m3 )
2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0
free chloride bound chloride total chloride
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0
5 years
45 years
100 years
10
Cover depth(cm)
4 6 Cover depth(cm)
10
10
Cover depth(cm)
Service life prediction of RC structures -an example of Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in Korea
L=8.2 km
Design life: 100 years.

Concrete pier and pylon
Cable stayed bridge Cable stayed bridge
l tunne ersed Im m
Nominal end of service life: corrosion initiation Level of Reliability: 90% ( = 1.3)
Concrete pier and pylon
Environmental conditions
Type of zones Submerged Splash Atmospheric Tunnel inside Chloride concentration (mol/) 0.51 0.51 0.19 CO2 concentration (ppm) 670 Temperature ( ) 15.3 15.3 15.3 20.0 Relative humidity (%) 100 82.6 65.3 65.3
Possible mix proportions

Area B1 Bridge Structures B2 B3 B4 T1 Submerged Tunnel T2 T3 T4 W/B 0.350 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.350 0.350 0.375 0.375 W (kg/m3) 140 142 142 143 140 140 142 142 Binder (kg/m3) OPC 160 184 152 143 180 160 170 152 SLAG 160 184 152 143 180 160 170 152 SF 11.4 FA 80 76 72 40 80 38 76 S (kg/m3) 751 797 765 782 764 751 778 765 G (kg/m3) 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 1020 SP : 0.65~2.0% AE : 0.014~0.023% Admixture
Specific gravity Coarse aggregate : 2.64 Cement : 3.16 Fly ash : 2.19 Air content : 4.0%
Sand : 2.58 Slag : 2.89 Silica fume : 2.21
Analysis result at atmospheric zone(1)

[ Atmospheric B1 ]
5.0
5.0
[ Atmospheric B2 ]
5.0
[ Atmospheric B3 ]
Chloride content (kg/m )
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1.2
Critical Cl - content
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover = 50mm

1.5
1.5
1.5
0.9 0.6 0.3
0.9 0.6 0.3 0
1.2
1.2
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
Service life
0 0 50 100 150 200 250
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Analysis result at atmospheric (2)

[ Atmospheric B4 ]
5.0
5.0
[ Atmospheric T1 ]
5.0
[ Atmospheric T3 ]
3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4.0
Chloride content (kg/m 3)
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1.2
1.2
1.2
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)

1.5

1.5
Concrete cover (mm) Concrete cover = 75mm

1.5
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 0 50 100 150 200
Chloride content (kg/m 3 )
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 0 50 100 150
Service life
Service life
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Analysis result at submerged zone (1)

[ Submerged zone B1 ]
12.0
12.0
12.0
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
10.0
10.0
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1.2
Concrete cover (mm)
Cover depth(mm)

1.5 1.2
Concrete cover (mm)
1.5
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3
Critical Cl content
3
1.5
3
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 0 50 100 150 200
0.9 0.6 0.3
Service life
0 0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 0 50 100 150 200
Service life
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Analysis result at submerged zone (2)

12.0
12.0
[ Submerged zone T1 ]
12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
[ Submerged zone T3 ]
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
10.0
10.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
0 20 40
60 80 100 120
Concrete cover (mm) Concrete cover = 75mm

1.5
1.5
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover(mm)

1.5
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Analysis result at splash zone

[ Splash zone B1 ]
12.0
[ Splash zone B2 ]
12.0
12.0
[ Splash zone B3 ]
12.0
[ Splash zone B4 ]
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Chloride content (kg/m 3)
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1.2
Critical Cl content
20
40
60
80
100
120
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Chloride content (kg/m 3 )
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
Critical Cl content
-
Chloride content (kg/m3 )
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0 0 50 100 150 200
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3
1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Service life
Service life
0 0 50 100 150 200
Service life
0 50 100 150 200
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Exposed time (year)
Summary of chloride attack analysis results

Area Structures Bridge (Piers & Pylons) Atmospheric Zone Immersed tunnel (inside) Mix Type A-B-1 A-B-2 A-B-3 A-B-4 A-T-1 A-T-2 A-T-3 A-T-4 S-B-1 S-B-2 S-B-3 S-B-4 S-T-1 S-T-2 S-T-3 S-T-4 T-B-1 T-B-2 T-B-3 T-B-4 Service Life (year) 212 162 168 132 167 212 178 168 188 165 184 171 152 188 143 184 180 175 193 176
Caissons (external) Submerged Zone Immersed tunnel (outside)
Tidal and Splash Zone
Pylons, Piers & Caissons
Satisfy the required service life for chloride attack

Analysis result for carbonation (1)

[ Carbonation at tunnel inside T1 ]
100

100
Carbonation depth (mm)
80

100
Cover depth = 75 mm
80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100
60
40
20
0 0 20 40 60 80
Exposed time (year)

13 30 25 12 Ca(OH)2 (kg/m3) 20 pH 11 15 10 10 pH Ca(OH)2 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 5 0
9 0 10 12 13
Exposed time (year)

10 8 6
11 4 10 pH Ca(OH)2 0 20 30 40 50 60 2
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Ca(OH) 2 (kg/m )
pH
Analysis result for carbonation (2)

100

100
80 60 40 20 0 0 20
Cover depth = 75 mm
80 60 40 20 0
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Exposed time (year)

13 30 25
Exposed time (year)

13 pH 10 8 6
Ca(OH)2 (kg/m3)
12 20
pH
pH
11
15 10
11 4 10 2 0 0 20 40 60
10
pH Ca(OH)2 0 20 40 60
5 0
Concrete cover (mm)
Concrete cover (mm)
Ca(OH)2 (kg/m3)
12
Ca(OH)2
Summary of carbonation analysis results

Mix T1 T2 T3 T4 Carbonation depth after 100 yrs (mm) 9.2 25 10 33 Service life for carbonation (yr) Over 300 Over 250 Over 300 Over 250
100 T1
80
Cover depth = 75mm
T2 T3 T4
60 40
Satisfy the required service life for carbonation
20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Exposed time (year)
Conclusion
Concepts for durability design and strategy along with performance based service life prediction in current RC design codes are presented. A scheme of coupled deterioration analysis using chloride penetration model and a carbonation model which consider the early-age behaviour and timespace dependent diffusivity of concrete as well as cracks inside concrete are proposed. In order to predict the service life of cracked concrete structures by both chloride attacks and carbonation, a microscopic steel corrosion model is also proposed and implemented into a finite element analysis program. - electric corrosion cell model : cl -, pH - oxygen diffusion model : supplied O2 The service life of RC structures become shortens significantly with increased crack width, increased W/C, and decreased pH of pore water (i.e. carbonation). Optimum concrete mix proportions which make RC structures to possess the design service life can be obtained using this performance tool.
Thank you for your kind attention!

song@yonsei.ac.kr

05feb4 Song

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