Multiplexing The process in which multiple channels are combined for transmission over a common transmission path.

Or It is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. Multiplexing also known as muxing

Multiple Access Techniques The connection of a user to two or more switching centers by separate access lines using a single message routing indicator or telephone number, or a channel access method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity. ... Multiplexing schemes by which multiple users that are geographically dispersed gain access to a shared telecommunications facility or channel

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The current techniques that can accomplish this include Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) FDMA is a channel access method used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels. Multiple Access systems coordinate access between multiple users. In FDM, multiple channels are combined onto a single aggregate signal for transmission. The channels are separated in the aggregate by their FREQUENCY. There are always some unused frequency spaces between channels, known as "guard bands". These guard bands reduce the effects of "bleed over" between adjacent channels, a condition more commonly referred to as "crosstalk". Traffic channels: Different frequency bands are allocated to different users, for example, AMPS and TACS

Disadvantage: Crosstalk which causes interference on the other frequency and may disrupt the transmission

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Traffic channels: Different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell interference Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA Advanced equalization may be necessary for high data rates if the channel is "frequency selective" and creates Intersymbol interference

Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more complicated than in CDMA Frequency/slot allocation complexity Pulsating power envelop: Interference with other devices Digital signaling is used exclusively.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. Traffic channels: Different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000 Advantages of CDMA Voice quality Privacy System capacity Flexibility WLL Architecture WLL is a Wireless Network that connects the Subscriber with PSTN using Radio waves instead of cable network. WLL using radio frequency signals as a substitute for conventional wires for all or part of the connection between the subscriber and the telephone exchange. It is useful for those subscribers who are located in pockets where immediate telephone connections cannot be provided due to lack of underground cable network but radio coverage is available. Advantages of WLL Investment Maintenance Expansion Fault Management Features available with WLL WLL provides features of a normal telephone like: 1. Dynamic STD/ISD locking. 2. Call waiting / Call transfer 3. Calling line identification 4. Call forwarding 5. Data / Fax transmission (upto 14.4.kbps). 6. Morning alarm / Hotline

7. STD/ISD call details along with the bill Difference of WLL from cellular mobile phones Cellular mobile phones provide access to the telephone network even when the subscriber is moving fast vehicle in a vehicle in the entire area of the cellular network. This is done by dividing the service area into manageable cells so that calls will be transferred from one cell to the other even when the vehicle is on the move rapidly. However, in WLL, calls can be made from fixed locations where coverage is available. The fringe areas of the WLL service may experience a weaker radio signal during the heavy calling periods. An outdoor type aerial will be provided in the premises of such type of subscribers, so that the equipment fixed in their premises will continue to get strong radio signals for establishing communication. There are two types of services that will be provided (1) Fixed WLL (2) WLL with portability Fixed WLL service It is a service provided using a telephone instrument. The Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) will be wall mounted and provided with an indoor type or outdoor type aerial depending on the strength of the radio signal. A short cable will be connected from the outdoor aerial to the wall set. The conventional telephone instrument will be connected to the wall set through a short telephone cable. The wall set will be powered by an a.c. supply available in the subscribers premises, like any other a.c. gadget. Interfaces Um interface Um interface carries all signaling & services between MS and BTS over radio links. Abis interface Abis interface carries signaling & services between BTS and BSC. A1 interface A1 interface carries call control signaling between MSC and BSC. A2 interface A2 interface provides 64kbit/s PCM speech channels between MSC and BSC. A3 interface A3 interface has two functions: Signaling and traffic. A3 signaling is used to control and allocate the transmission channels for user traffic. A7 interface A7 interface carries signaling between source BSC and target BSC.

A8 interface A8 interface carries user traffic between BSC and PCF. A9 interface A9 interface carries signaling between BSC and PCF. A10 interface A10 interface carries user traffic between PCF and PDSN. A11 interface A11 interface caries signaling between PCF and PDSN.

The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) performs almost identical functions to that of a normal switching node in a fixed network. In addition, it provides the functionality needed to handle mobile subscribers including registration, authentication, location updating etc. Mobile Station (MS) The Mobile Station (MS) consists of the Mobile Equipment (ME) and the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The Mobile Equipment (ME), commonly referred to as a terminal or handset, comes in two varieties: fixed and portable. A fixed MS is usually installed in a vehicle while portable MSs are normally carried by subscribers. Due to size limitations and power requirements, fixed MSs were originally predominant though this situation has changed dramatically in recent years as the portable MS is by now almost ubiquitous and even regarded as a fashion accessory. The ME is uniquely identified by its International

Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, which is primarily used for security purposes. A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a smart card that is inserted into the ME to provide personal mobility. Each SIM card contains an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number that uniquely identifies the subscriber to the network thereby allowing access to subscribed services. To prevent unauthorised access, the SIM card can be protected using a Personal Identification Number (PIN). Only emergency calls can be made from a terminal without a SIM card. While the SIM card currently facilitates a number of services including the standard Short Message Service (SMS), advances in smart card technologies will ensure that the SIM card becomes a cornerstone for any new services deployed in the future. The Base Station (BS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) It is the interface for the MS to the network. It handles all communications with the MS via the air interface (technically referred to as the Um interface in the GSM specifications). Essentially, the transmitting power of a BTS defines the cell size i.e. its coverage area. In large urban areas, the number of BTSs deployed is large so the corresponding cell size is small. In contrast, there is usually a far smaller number deployed in rural areas so the cell size can be quite large. Base Station Controller (BSC). The Base Station Controller (BSC) manages the radio resources for multiple BTSs, the number of which varies but could be up to several hundred. As well as the allocation and release of radio channels, the BSC is responsible for handover management when the MS roams into an area covered by another BSC. Similar to all other interfaces in GSM, the interface between the BSC and a BTS is standardised and is referred to as the Abis interface. The Home Location Register (HLR) contains all the administrative information for each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network. This includes both the IMSI number and actual phone number as well as details of a subscribers permitted supplementary services e.g. call forwarding. The current location i.e. which Visitor Location Register (VLR) the subscriber is currently registered with, is also stored in the HLR as, without this, the MSC could not route any calls to the subscriber. Logically, there is one HLR for each GSM network, although it can be implemented as a distributed database.

BTS: Base Station, which creates a single cell BSC: Base Station Controller, which controls roaming and channel allocations amongst various BSTs and is also referred to as a Radio Network Controller (RNC).

MSC: Mobile Switching Center, which performs the telephony switching functions and is usually connected to an SS7 network. PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node, maintains IP communications between all MNs and the Packet Data Network (PDN), which in this diagram is the Internet.