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19) Activity based costing = relate the relevant expenses to the value added activities performed 20) MRP I and MRP II = MRP I is the scientific way of planning the material usage and ordering at various levels of production. MRP II is an extended model of MRP to overcome the shortcomings of MRP I 21) Cross docking = practice in logistics of unloading materials from an incoming rail car and loading these materials in outbound rail cars, with little or no storage in between 22) EOQ = Economic Order Quantity is that inventory level which minimizes the total cost of inventory 23) Bill of material = contains description of the material, quality specification, quantity and time required 24) Palletisation in material handling = reduces the time required to load and unload the goods from the vehicles and warehouse space 25) Internal performance measure in logistics = comparing the activities and processes with the previous operations and goods 26) Drivers in reverse logistics = primary reasons for installing the reverse logistics system i.e. customer returns of new products, customer returns of used products, customer returns of reusable products 27) Product related factors in transportation costs = distance, volume, density, stowability, handling, liability, market factors 28 ) Basic functions of warehousing = warehouse is a place to store the inventory. Functions are receive, store, mixing, remove, deliver the material, keep the records perfectly, packaging, good housekeeping, verification of stocks at regular interval 29) ABC classification in Inventory control = it states 10% of items hold 70% of value i.e. in every company, a big percentage of investment in inventory is concentrated on a relatively few high-value items 30) Relevance of distance and volume to transportation cost = distance has a major influence on transportation cost as it directly contributes to variable cost such as labor, fuel and maintenance. In volume, the transport cost of weight decreases as load volume increases because the fixed and administrative costs are spread over 31) Internal and external logistics information system = internal provides information of the logistical activities within the organization, and external provides adequate and relevant information to the customers 32) DRP = Distribution Resource Planning is a logistical extension of MRP and considers multiple distribution centres 33) Pipeline in modal transport = major forms of transportation medium throughout the world to transport liquid materials like petrol or gaseous materials like natural gas 34) Pipeline as a form of inventory = represents the stock that is either moving or awaiting movement in transportation of vehicles. It can be defined as the materials moving forward but not yet received at the destination