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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING/ DEMULTIPLEXING TRAINER MODEL-COM128

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INTRODUCTION This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of 2 channels Frequency Division Multiplexing/demultiplexing using multiplier technique on a SINGLE P.C.B. SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. Power supply requirement Built in IC based power supply. On Board AF Modulating signals - Sine wave Frequency Range : 1Khz and 2KHz. Amplitude : 0 to 5 Vpp. On Board Main RF carrier signal generator. Frequency Range : 200 KHz to 1 MHz. Amplitude : 0 to 10 Vpp. On Board Sub-carrier signal generator. Frequencies Multiplexer Type Demultiplexer Type Standard Accessories : 16 KHz and 32 KHz. : Balanced modulators and Band pass filters. : Balanced Demodulators and Band pass filters. : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords. : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

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CHAPTER-1 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

If a Carrier is amplitude modulated by a band of frequencies, an upper and a lower sideband are produced. The upper sideband (USB) is made up of the sum of the carrier frequency and the individual frequencies present in the modulating signals: the lower sideband (LSB) is the made up of the difference between the carrier frequency and the individual frequencies present in the modulating signal (Figure 8-2) In amplitude modulation the carrier contains no intelligence: therefore, it is suppressed through some from of balanced modulator (Ring Modulator). Since the upper and lower sideband contain identical information, the transmission of only a single sideband is necessary to convey to the information. With FDM, a single sideband is transmitted without the carrier. This signal is described as single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC). An A-type (analog) channel bank performs frequency division multiplexing of twelvevoice band channel. Each voice band channel can carry either voice information or digital information from a modem. Each channel amplitude modulates a different carrier frequency. The lower sideband of each modulation process is extract and combines with the lower sidebands from the eleven other channels to form a group (Figure 8-3). A group has a bandwidth of 48 KHz (12 X 4 KHz) and occupies the frequency band from 60 to 108 KHz. Although each Voice channel is allocated a frequency range of 0 to 4 KHz, Signal Information is normally limited to a 300-to 3000 Hz pass and. Consequently, a group has a natural guard band of 1.3 KHz (Fig 8- 4) Between adjacent channel signals. If further multiplexing is desire, five groups may be similarly combining to produce a super group (SG). The bandwidth of an SG, which results from combining.

CHAPTER-2 CIRCUIT DETAILS FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING The Frequency Division Multiplexing/Demultiplexing System consists of following sections. 1. Modulating Audio Signal Generator - 1 2. Modulating Audio Signal Generator - 2 3. Sub Carrier Generator 4. Double Balanced Amplitude Modulator -1 5. Double Balanced Amplitude Modulator -2 6. Band Pass Filter - 12-16 KHz 7. Band Pass Filter - 28-32 KHz 8. Summing Amplifier 9. R.F. Carrier Oscillator 10. Main Final Amplitude Modulator 11. Main Balanced Demodulator (Product Detector) 12. Band Pass Filter - 12-16 KHz 13. Band Pass Filter - 28-32 KHz 14. Channel-1 Amplitude Demodulator 1 15. Channel-1 Amplitude Demodulator 2 16. Low pass Filter -1 17. Low pass Filter -2 18. Power supply. (1) Modulating Audio Signal Generator -1: IC 8038 waveform generator IC is used generate sine wave signal. 10K Pot is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz. Two 100K Presets are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. 1K Preset is used to adjust duty cycle. The sine wave output signal is available at pin 2 of 8038 and it is then amplified by IC 356. The amplified output is available output terminals. 22K Pot is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude vary from 0 to 10Vpp. 10K Pot is used to vary the frequency of output signal. (2) Modulating Audio Signal Generator -1 :This section is similar to above section 1. (3) Sub Carrier Generator section :Two Sub Carrier signals of Frequencies 16 KHz and 32 KHz are required for modulation of two modulating audio signals. Here IC 74HC04 is used to generate 1.28 MHz high frequency stable TTL signal. Then this signal is divided by 10by IC 4017 to get 128 KHz signal. Then it is divided by 8 and 4 top get 16KHz and 32KHz subcarriers. (4) Double Balanced Amplitude Modulator - 1: IC 1496 is used as Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier amplitude modulator. The modulating audio signal-1 is connected at pin 1 through buffer transistor Q1. This IC has two inputs as it works as balanced modulator. The second input can be connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor Q2. The RF Sub carrier signal is connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from Sub carrier generator section. The modulated outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this IC, which are then balanced amplified by Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6. The final balanced modulated output signal M-1 is available at output terminal. Bal-A preset is used to balance carrier signal while Bal-B preset is used to balance input audio signal. 1K presets is used to adjust output zero DC level. The output M-1 is DSB-SC output. It contains side bands at frequencies 16 + 4 KHz i.e 12-16 KHz (Lower Side Band) and 16-20 KHz (Upper Side Band), because input modulating frequency is maximum 4 KHz only and Carrier is 16 KHz. 6

(5) Double Balanced Amplitude Modulator - 2: This section is similar to above section 4. Here final balanced modulated output signal M-2 is available at output terminal. It contains side bands at frequencies 32 + 4 KHz i.e 28-32 KHz (Lower Side Band) and 32-36 KHz (Upper Side Band), because input-modulating frequency is maximum 4 KHz only and Carrier is 32 KHz. (6) Band Pass Filter - 12-16 KHz section:The Band pass active filter is made by two Opamps - IC 353. It passes signal between 12 to 16 KHz frequencies The DSB-SC output M-1 is applied as a input to this filter. As M-1 signal has side bands 12-16KHz & 1620KHz and filter has band pass of 12-16 KHz, Upper side band 16-20 KHz will be blocked by this filter and Lower Side band 12-16 KHz will be available at the output I1. (7) Band Pass Filter - 28-32 KHz section: The Band pass active filter is made by two Opamps - IC 353. It passes signal between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies The DSB-SC output M-2 is applied as a input to this filter. As M-2 signal has side bands 28-32 KHz & 32-36Khz and filter has band pass of 28-32 KHz, Upper side band 32-36KHz will be blocked by this filter and Lower Side band 28-32 KHz will be available at the output I2. (8) Summing Amplifier: This section is Opamps adder. It adds two signals I1 and I2 of Band Pass filter. The added output is available at Pin 6 of IC 356. (9) R.F. Carrier Oscillator section :Transistor Q1 (BC107B) is used generate RF sine wave signal. Pot P1 (15) is used to vary its frequency. The frequency range is 200KHz to 1 MHz. Transistor Q2 (BC177), Q3 (BC107), Q4 (BC177) & Q5 (BC107) are usedto amplified the RF oscillation signal of Q1. 22pf trimmer capacitor and 1K preset are adjusted for proper peaks of sine wave signal. The amplified sine wave output signal is available at emitters junction of Q4 and Q5. The Pot P2 is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude vary from 0 to 10Vpp. Here 455 KHz frequency is set for final modulation. (10) Main Final Amplitude Modulator: This section is similar to modulator -1 and modulator -2. Here one input is 455 Khz from main RF carrier Oscillator and other modulating input is final added output (Two band pass signals- 12-16 & 28-32 KHz). The output of this modulator is Frequency Division Multiplexed DSB-SC signal. It is complex signals having many side band and harmonics. This output is then given to "SIGMA" Frequency Division Demultiplexing Trainer Model COM128B for Demu- ltiplexing to recover original modulating input signals. (11) Main Balanced Demodulator (Product Detector) : This section is similar to Final Amplitude Modulator used in multiplexing section. Here one input is 455 KHz, which is from multiplexing section, and other modulating input is FDM DSB-SC signal, which also comes from multiplexing section. The output of this product detector is mix signal of two modulated band pass signals of frequency bands (12-16 & 28-32 KHz). (12) Band Pass Filter - 12-16 KHz section:The Band pass active filter is made by two Opamps - IC 353. It passes signal between 12 to 16 KHz frequencies The output is modulated signal between band 12-16 Khz. (13) Band Pass Filter - 28-32 KHz section: The Band pass active filter is made by two Opamps - IC 353. It passes signal between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies The output is modulated signal between band 28-32 KHz. 7

The Band pass active filter is made by two Opamps - IC 353. It passes signal between 28 to 32 KHz frequencies The DSB-SC output M-2 is applied as a input to this filter. As M-2 signal has side bands 28-32 KHz & 32-36Khz and filter has band pass of 28-32 KHz, Upper side band 32-36KHz will be blocked by this filter and Lower Side band 28-32 KHz will be available at the output I2. (14) Channel-1 Amplitude Demodulator - 1: This section is similar to used in multiplexing board. One input is from 28-32 KHz filter section. The other input signal is 32KHz synchronized carrier signal generated by PLL section. The output of demodulator is mixed signal of input audio-1 and audio-2. (15) Channel-2 Amplitude Demodulator - 2: This section is similar to used in multiplexing board. One input is from 12-16 KHz filter section. The other input signal is 16KHz synchronized carrier signal generated by PLL section. The output of demodulator is mixed signal of input audio-1 and audio-2. (16) Low Pass Filter -1:The low pass filter is made by Opamp - IC 353. It accepts output from Amplitude Demodulator-1. It passes signal below 4KHz. The output is recovered Audio signal-1. (17) Low Pass Filter -2:The low pass filter is made by Opamp - IC 353. It accepts output from Amplitude Demodulator-2. It passes signal below 4KHz. The output is recovered Audio signal-2. (18) Power supply section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate system. +15V, 250mA , -15V, 250mA , + 5V, 250mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V, These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half-wave rectifiers consisting of D1-D4 and D5-D8 and C1, C2, C3, C4. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW1 is main AC ON/OFF Switch. ******************

EXPERIMENTS Procedure: 1. Connect 1KHz sine wave and 2KHz sinewave signals to balance modulators.. 2. Connect CRO channel-1 at 1KHz sinewave audio signal and adjust its amplitude to 1Vpp_Waveform (W1) 3. Connect CRO channel-1 at 2KHz sinewave audio signal and adjust its amplitude to 1Vpp_Waveform (W2) 4. 5. 6. Connect CRO Channel 1 at 16 KHz Sub carrier in Sub-carrier generator and Observe it. _______Waveform (W3) Connect CRO Channel 1 at 32 KHz Sub carrier in Sub-carrier generator and Observe it. _______Waveform (W4) Now once again connect CRO channel-1 at 1KHz sinewave audio signal. Connect CRO Channel 2 at Modulated output at balanced modulator-1 section. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The DSB-SC Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. _______Waveform (W5) Also observe Band pass filter o/p I1. _______Waveform (W6) Now once again connect CRO channel-1 at 2KHz sinewave audio signal. Connect CRO Channel 2 at Modulated output at balanced modulator-2 section. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The DSB-SC Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. _______Waveform (W7) Also observe Band pass filter o/p I2. _______Waveform (W8) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at added output of Summing Amplifier and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W9) Connect CRO Channel 2 at Main RF carrier of RF Oscillator section. Trigger CRO by Channel -2. Set output frequency of RF oscillator to 455KHz and amplitude to 10 Vpp. _______Waveform (W10) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Connect CRO Channel 2 at Modulated output of Final Modulator section. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The FDM DSB-SC wave will be observed. _______Waveform (W11) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Main demodulator section in demultiplexing board and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W12) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Band Pass Filter 28-32 Khz in demultiplexing board and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W13) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-2 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Band Pass Filter 16-32 Khz in demultiplexing board and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W14) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Channel-1 demodulator section in demultiplexing board and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W15) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-2 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Channel-2 demodulator section in demultiplexing board and observe o/p. _______Waveform (W16) 9

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Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-1 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Low Pass Filter-1 in demultiplexing board and observe recovered o/p. _______Waveform (W17) Connect CRO channel-1 at Sinewave-2 output. Trigger CRO by channel-1. Connect CRO Channel 2 at output of Low Pass Filter-2 in demultiplexing board and observe recovered o/p. _______Waveform (W18)

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Conclusion: The Frequency Division Multiplexing/demultiplexing process and signals observed.

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TEST POINT WAVEFORMS W1. Modulating Sinewave signal-1: - (Sine-1 at O/P terminal of Audio signal generator-1) fm=2Khz, 1Vpp

H = 1ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W2. Modulating Sinewave signal-2: - (Sine-2 at O/P terminal of Audio signal generator-2) fm=1Khz, 1Vpp

H = 0.5ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-2

W3. Sub carrier Signal 16 Khz: - (in Sub Carrier Generator section)

H = 1us V = 5.0 V Trig = CRO-1

W4. Sub carrier Signal 32 Khz: - (in Sub Carrier Generator section)

H = 5 us V = 2 V Trig = CRO-1

H = 10 us V = 2 V Trig = CRO-1

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W5. Channel-1 Modulated Signal M-1: - (at O/P terminal of Modulator-1)

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W6. Channel-2 Modulated Signal M-2: - (at O/P terminal of Modulator-2)

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-2

W7. Channel-1 Modulated Filtered Signal I-1: - (at O/P terminal of Bandpass Filter-1)

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

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W8. Channel-2 Modulated Filtered Signal I-2: - (at O/P terminal of Bandpass Filter-2)

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W9. Summing Amplifier Output Signal

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W10. 455 KHz Carrier Signal:- (At output of RF Oscillator) +5V H = 1us V = 5.0 V Trig = CRO-1

W11. FDM SC Signal:- (At output of Main Modulator)

H = 1us V = 5.0 V Trig = CRO-1

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W12. Demodulated signal at output of main demodulator

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W13. Filtered signal at output BPF 28-32 KHz

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W14. Filtered signal at output BPF 12-16 KHz

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W15. Demodulated signal at output of Channel-1 demodulator

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

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W16. Demodulated signal at output of Channel-1 demodulator

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W17. Recovered Sinewave signal-1: - (at O/P LPF-1)

H = 1 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

W18. Recovered Sinewave signal-2: - (at O/P LPF-2)

H = 0.5 ms V = 0.5 V Trig = CRO-1

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