5.

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

5.1 Curve Sketching

Information which is needed :

A. The x-intercepts and the y-intercepts B. Asymptotes

Definition: A straigth line that the curve approaches. Three kind of asymptotes (i) Vertical asymptote A line x = c is called a vertical asymptote if lim f ( x ) = xc (ii) Horizontal asymptote A line y = b is called a horizontal asymptote if xlim f ( x ) = b (iii) Oblique Asymptote A line y = ax + b is called oblique asymptote if f ( x) lim = a and lim f ( x ) ax = b x x x
2

Vertical asymptote

x=a is a vertical asymptote because

x=a is a vertical asymptote because

xa

and

xa

lim f ( x) =
xa

lim f ( x) =

lim+ f ( x) =

and

xa

lim+ f ( x) =
3

y= b

The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote because lim f ( x) = b

x +

Remark : It is possible for the graph of a function to intersect a horizontal asymptote, but it cannot intersect a vertical asymptote

y=f(x)

y = ax + b
The line y = ax + b is asymptote miring

It is possible for the graph of a function to intersect a oblique asymptote.

Example Find Asymptotes of

Solutions:

x 2 2x + 4 f ( x) = x2

(i) Vertical Asymptote : x = 2, because 2 x 2 2x + 4 x 2x + 4 lim = lim = and x 2 + x2 x2 x2

(ii) Horizontal Asymptote : 2 x 2 (1 2 + x42 ) x 2x + 4 x lim f ( x) = lim = lim 2 1 2 x x x x2 x ( x x2 )

= lim
x

(1 2 + x42 ) x ( )
1 x 2 x2

horizontal Asymptote doesnt exist

6

(iii) Asymptote miring

f ( x) x2 2x + 4 1 a = lim = lim . x x x x2 x
= lim
x

x2 2x + 4 = lim x x2 2x
(1 2 + x42 ) x
2 x

x 2 (1 2 + x42 ) x x (1 )
2 2 x

b = lim f ( x) ax

4 = lim =0 x x 2

x2 2x + 4 x2 + 2x x 2 2 x + 4 x( x 2) = lim = lim x x x2 x2

(1 ) x 2 2x + 4 = lim x x x2
x

= lim

=1

Oblique asymptote y = x
7

Problems Find asymptotes of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

f ( x) =

1 x 1

f ( x) = x +

1 x3

x2 + 2x f ( x) = 2 x 1

f ( x) =

2x x3

x2 + 2x f ( x) = 2 x +1

C. Intervals of Increase and Decrease

Definition Function f(x) is called increasing on the interval I if

f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 I

f(x2) f(x1)

x1

x2

Function f(x) is increasing on interval I

9

Decreasing on the interval I if

f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 I

f(x1) f(x2)

x1

x2

Function f is decreasing on interval I

10

Theorem : Let f is differentiable on interval I, then f(x) is increasing on the interval I if f '( x ) > 0 x I

f(x) is decreasing on the interval I if f '( x ) < 0 x I

Example Solution : Find the interval on which f(x) is increasing and decreasing, if
x 2 2x + 4 f ( x) = x2
2x 2 6x + 4 x 2 + 2x 4 = ( x 2) 2

( 2 x 2)( x 2) 1( x 2 2 x + 4) f ' ( x) = ( x 2) 2
x 2 4 x x( x 4) = = 2 ( x 2) ( x 2) 2
+++++++ 0 -----------2

--------4

++++++

f(x) is increasing on the interval ( ,0), and (4, + ) f(x) is decreasing on the interval (0,2) and (2,4).
11

D. Maximum and Minimum Values of A Function

Definition Let function f(x) is continuous on interval I and c I , f(c) is called absolute
max imum min imum

value of f if

f (c ) f ( x ) x I f (c ) f ( x )

f(c) is called local

max imum min imum

value of f if

f (c ) f ( x ) for x f (c ) f ( x )

sufficiently near c Maximum and Minimum values of f is called Extreme Value Extreme value occurs at a critical point of f
12

Max global Max local Min local a b c Max local Min global Min local e f

Extreme values of f on interval I=[a,f]

13

Critical points : The end of interval I Stationary point x = c at which f ' (c ) = 0 geometrically : Tangent line is horizontal at point (c,f(c)) Singular point x = c at which f ' (c ) does not exist

14

Theorem : First derivative test for local extreme

f ' ( x) > 0 f ' ( x) < 0 on (c, c + ) on (c , c) and If f ' ( x) < 0 f ' ( x) > 0
max imum value then f(c) is a local min imum

f(c) f(c) c f(c) is a local max value On the left of c f is increasing (f >0) and on the right of c f is decreasing (f<0) c f(c) is a local min value On the left of c f is decreasing (f <0) and on the right of c f is increasing (f>0)
15

Thorem Second derivative test for extreme value max imum f ' ' (c ) < 0 Let f ' ( c ) = 0 . If , then f(c) is local min imum f ' ' (c ) > 0 value of f
x 2 2x + 4 Example: Find extreme value of f ( x) = x2 x ( x 4) f ' ( x) = Solution : ( x 2) 2
+++++++ 0 -----------2 --------4 ++++++

By First derivative test :

There is local maximum at x = 0 with value f (0) = 2 There is local minimum at x = 4 with value f (4) = 6
16

Problems Find the interval on which the following function is increasing and decreasing 1.

f ( x) = 2 x 5 15 x 4 + 30 x 3 6

x 2 3x + 1 2. f ( x) = x3 x2 2x + 1 3. f ( x) = x2
4.

( x + 1) 2 f ( x) = x

17

E. Concavity
y y

Concave up

Concave down

Definition Let f be differentiable on interval I a. f is called concave up on interval I if f '( x ) is increasing on interval I b. f is called concave down on interval I if f '( x ) is decreasing on interval I Theorem Second derivative test for concavity If f "( x ) > 0 , x I , then f is concave up on I. 1. Jika f "( x ) < 0, x I , then f is concave down on I . 2.

18

x 2 2x + 4 Example Find interval on which f ( x) = x2

Solution:

is concave up and concave down

x2 4x f ' ( x) = ( x 2) 2

(2 x 4)( x 2) 2 2( x 2)( x 2 4 x) f ' ' ( x) = ( x 2) 4

( x 2)((2 x 4)( x 2) 2( x 2 4 x)) = ( x 2) 4

8 2 x 2 8x + 8 2 x 2 + 8x = = 3 ( x 2) 3 ( x 2)
f is concave up on (2, ) f is concave down on (,2)
19

F. Inflection Point
Definition If f is continuous on an open interval containing x = b, and if f changes the direction of its concavity at x = b, then point (b,f(b)) on the graph of f is called an inflection point of f. x = b is an absist of inflection point if f "(b) = 0 or f " (b) does not exist

20

f(c)

f(c)

c (c,f(c)) is an inflection point

(c,f(c)) is an inflection point

21

f(c)

(c,f(c)) is not an inflection point

f is not continuous at c,

there is not an inflection point

22

Find inflection point of the following function

1. f ( x) = 2 x 3 1
f ' ( x) = 6 x 2 , f ' ' ( x ) = 12 x
------------ 0 +++++++

At x = 0 f changes the direction of its concavity and f is continuous at x = 0 then (0,f(0))=(0,-1) is an inflection point

2. f ( x ) = x 4
f ' ' ( x) = 12 x 2
+++++++ +++++++ 0 Because f does not changes the direction of its concavity then inflection point does not exist
23

x2 2x + 4 3. f ( x) = x2
8 f ' ' ( x) = ( x 2) 3
------------- 2 +++++++

Although at x = 2 f changes the direction of its concavity but f is not continuous at x = 2, then inflection point does not exist

24

Problems Find the interval concavity and inflection point of 1.

f ( x) = 2 x 5 15 x 4 + 30 x 3 6

x 2 3x + 1 2. f ( x) = x3 x2 2x + 1 3. f ( x) = x2
4. 5.

( x + 1) 2 f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x1 / 3

25

x 2 2x + 4 Example: Let f ( x ) = x2
a. Find interval on which f is increasing and decreasing, and extreme value of f b. Find interval concavity of f and inflection point c. Find asymptotes of f d. Sketch graph of f(x) a. f is increasing on (,0) , (4,+) f is decreasing on (0,2) and (2,4). f(0) = -2 is a local maximum value f(4) = 6 is a local minimum value b. f is concave up on ( 2, ) and f is concave down on (,2) inflection point does not exist c. Vertical asymptote x = 2, oblique asymptote y = x, horizontal asymptote does not exist
26

d. The graph of f(x)

++++++ ----- ----- ++++++ f 0 2 4 --------------------- +++++++++++ f ' ' 2

'

-2 y=x

27

Problems A. Sketch the graph of given function

2x 1. f ( x ) = 1 + x2
2. f ( x) = x +
1 x

x 4 x3 x2 + 1 3. f ( x) = 4 3

4. f ( x ) =

x x +1

x2 5. f ( x) = 2 x 4

28

B. Let f is a continuous function and f(-3)=f(0)=2. If graph of

y = f ' ( x ) is

a. Find interval on which f is increasing and decreasing b. Find interval concavity of f c. Sketch graph of function f(x).

29

5.5 Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems

Application of differentiation to solve applied optimization problems. Steps : 1. Find a formula for the quantity to be maximized or minimized 2. Express the quantity to be maximized or minimized as a function of one variable 3. Find the maximum or minimum value of this function

37

Example Let we have a 100 cm of wire . What dimensions of a rectangle which is built by this wire in order area maximum solution
Let y = length of rectangle , x = width of rectangle y x Area A = x y, Because 2x + 2y = 100
2

y = 50 - x

Thus A = L(x) = x(50-x) = 50 x x , 0 x 50 x = 25 L ' ( x ) = 50 2 x because L ' ' ( 25) = 2 < 0 then at x = 25 there is max value L(0) = 0, L(25) = 625, L(50) = 0 x = 25 and y = 25 In order area maximum then
38

Problems 1. Express the number 10 as a sum of two nonnegative numbers whose product is as large as possible 2. A rectangular field is to be bounded by a fence on three sides and a straight stream on the fourth side. Find the dimensions of the with maximum area that can be enclosed with 1000 feet of fence 3. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm

39