MEA322 Chapter 2 (Lecture 1) I Learn

CHAPTER 2
(9 hours)
HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS SYSTEMS

Lecture By: Ghazirah Binti Mustapha MSc (Aerodynamics) B. Eng (USM) Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering UiTM Pulau Pinang
PART 1
HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this class you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. Explain the principle of hydraulics. Describe the simple hydraulics systems. Explain the following hydraulics components/ systems:
Hydraulics Fluids Hydraulics Reservoir Hydraulic Filters Hydraulics pump Hydraulics Actuator Accumulator Seals
Ghazirah Binti Mustapha
What is a HYDRAULICS SYSTEM?
HS is a system which uses fluid flow and pressure to do

work.
(use hydraulic as a means of transmitting power)
HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
The theory behind HS equipment is
FLUID PRESSURE.
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
The static pressure exerted by a column of liquid is determined by the height of the column and is independent of its volume. Meaning that
Ghazirah Binti Mustapha 6
Neither the shape nor the volume of a container affects the pressure. Only the height of the container has any effects.
Pascals Law A confined hydraulic fluid exerts equal pressure at every point and in every direction in the fluids.
PSI = Pounds per Square Inch The pressure produced in a hydraulic cylinder acts at right angles to the cylinder walls = force of hydraulics
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

The product of the force times the distance moved of the small piston is equal to the product of the force times the distance moved of the large piston.
10
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Mechanical advantage may be obtained by using a piston with a small area to force fluid into a cylinder with a larger piston.
11
HYDRAULICS TERM
Area
areas of piston heads Unit (sq.in, sq.cm)
Force Amount of push, pull or twist on an object force in hydraulics (force per area)= pressure Unit (pounds per square inc, psi @ kilopascals, kPa)
12
HYDRAULICS TERM
Stroke
length measurement of distance a piston moves in a cylinder
Volume
Amount of fluid contained in a reservoirs or displaced by a pump or actuating cylinder Unit (liters, in3)
Fluid
substance that is liquid or gaseous in form
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE, FORCE AND AREA
The relationship between area, pressure, and force is represented by these subdivided circles
14
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE VOLUME AND AREA
The relationship between volume, area, and distance can also be represented by a segmented circle.
15
Aircraft and HS - requirements

The majority of aircraft in use today need hydraulic power for a number of tasks. Many of the functions to be performed affect the safe operation of the aircraft and must not operate incorrectly. The system must operate when
commanded, must not operate when not commanded and must not fail totally under single failure conditions.
REQUIREMENTS
The larger an aircraft is the greater the force required to: Move flight control surfaces Extend and retract landing gear Apply brakes Steer the aircraft on the ground
17
REQUIREMENTS
18
REQUIREMENTS
These requirements together with the type of aircraft determine the design of a hydraulic system. Different aircraft have different hydraulics power configurations. The type of hydraulics applied to aircraft is called power hydraulics because it involves the application of power through the medium of hydraulics. A small aircraft may only have one hydraulics system powering only the brakes Larger aircraft have up to four individual hydraulics system powering
List of functions importance for an AC.

Primary Flight Control 1. Elevators 2. Rudders 3. Ailerons 4. Canards Secondary Flights Control 1. Flaps 2. Slats 3. Spoilers 4. Airbrakes
Utility Systems 1. Undercarriage 2. Wheelbrakes 3. Nosewheel steering 4. Flight Refueling probe 5. Cargo doors 6. Loading ramp 7. Passenger stairs
Basic Hydraulics Systems

A hydraulics systems requires:
a source of hydraulics power (the pump) Pipes or hoses to carry the hydraulic fluid from one point to another a valve mechanism to control the flow and direction of hydraulic fluid a device for converting the fluid power to movement (actuator) and a reservoir to store the hydraulic fluids
21
BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

A basic hydraulic system consists of: a supply of hydraulic fluid (Oil) Reservoir store fluid a pump with check or non-return valves - source of hydraulic power an actuator and convert power to movement a selector valve.- control flow
22
OPEN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Potential energy Stored in water Kinetic energy in the water flow is converted to Mechanical energy as it turns the turbine
Kinetic energy in water flow
Open system Water is lost to the river
23
CLOSED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Fluid is enclosed in system Early aircraft hydraulic brake
Expanding tube
Has NO way of replenishing lost fluid As fluid heats up and expands brakes will apply (drag)
Fluid enclosed in brake housing
CLOSED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
24
SIMPLE HYDRAULICS SYSTEM ( TWO WAY )

A double acting actuator can operate in both directions A two-way selector valve has four ports Pressure can be directed to either side of the actuator. The other side of the piston is directed to return fluid to the reservoir.
25
SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM (BRAKE)

A Modern light aircraft and automotive brake system Overcomes problem with the expanding tube type Compensator port allows fluid to replenish the system and return to reservoir Same principle for both disc and drum brakes
26
COMPENSATOR PORT
Hydraulics Fluids
HF make possible the transmission of pressure and energy. Act as : Medium to transmit pressure and energy Lubricating medium to reduce friction between moving part
27
HYDRAULICS FLUID
Hydraulic Fluids must have the following properties be incompressible have good lubricating properties inhibit corrosion not chemically attack the seals used in the system and must not foam in operation
Major Characteristics of Hydraulic Fluids a low viscosity chemical stability a high flash point and a high fire point
28
Flash point and Fire point

Flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable (to set fire) mixture in air. Fire point, is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited (to cause burn)
29
Hydraulics Fluids
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
To be suitable as a means of transmitting hydraulic forces, fluids must have certain basic qualities. These are : Low viscosity Not affected by extreme temperature Oiliness (they will act as lubricants) Will not corrode metals (inhibit corrosion) Will not affect the seals (not chemically attack the seals used in the system) Non-toxic or burn to operators Fire resistant (high fire point) Stability (its properties will not change with time) Must not foam in operation
HYDRAULICS FLUID
There are three types of hydraulics fluid being used in aircraft : Vegetable base Mineral base Phosphate ester-base
VEGETABLE-BASE FLUID
VBF normally almost colourless (dyed
rubber seals and hoses. It is used in some braking systems but is not often
found in hydraulic power system.
blue) and must be used with pure
32
VEGETABLE-BASE FLUID
Mixture contain castor oil and alcohol based Dyed blue for identification Natural (pure) rubber seals are used System may be flushed with alcohol (Methylated Spirits) Common in older wheel braking systems
MINERAL - BASE FLUID

MBF is normally colored red, and must be used with (sinthetic rubber ) rubber seals and hoses. It is widely used in light aircraft braking system, hydraulic power systems and shock absorber struts.
34
MINERAL - BASE FLUID

Most widely used hydraulic fluid in general aviation aircraft today Use in systems where the fire hazard is comparatively low. A kerosene-type petroleum hydraulic fluid Dyed red for identification Seals required maybe synthetic rubber, leather or metal composition. Less corrosive and less damaging compare to other fluids System may be flushed with hydrocarbons
35
Phosphate Ester Based

PEBF is widely used on modern aircraft, mainly because of its fire resistance and extended operating-temperature range. It may be colored green or purple and must only be used with butyl rubber, ethylene propylene or Teflon seals and hoses. This fluid requires extreme care in handling as it is irritant to the skin and eyes.
SYNTHETIC - BASED FLUIDS

Skydrol is the most widely used hydraulic fluid in transport aircraft today A phosphate ester base of synthetic hydraulic fluids Dyed light purple for identification Butyl rubber seals and hoses may be used Correct seal material type is critical System may be flushed with trichlorethylene Corrosive to titanium alloys
37
HYDRAULICS FLUID
Type Vegetable Based Fluid MIL-H-7644 Mineral Based Fluid MIL-O-5606 Properties Mixture contain Castor Oil and Alcohol Consist of high quality petroleum oil (kerosene) Colour Blue or bluegreen Characteristics Consider Obsolete. Unlikely to be encountered in modern aircraft. Still be found in older brake system Good lubrication characteristics & less corrosive. Use in systems where the fire hazard is comparatively low. Use in small aircraft for operating brakes, flaps and landing gear. Used extensively by the military services Higher fire resistance
Red
MIL-O-83282
Synthethic hydrocarbon fluid (Braco 882)
Red
38
HYDRAULICS FLUID
Type Phosphate Esterbase fluids MIL-O-8446 (Skydrol-500B-4) Properties Synthetic Phosphate Ester fluid Colour Light Purple Characteristics Fire resistant. Good under higher pressure & temperature Seals, gasket and hoses are made of butyl, silicone rubber or teflon seals. System is flushed with trichloroethlylene.
Always read the aircraft maintenance manual (AMM) and read the instruction plate affixed to the reservoir before adding fluid.
39
Handling Hydraulics Fluids (Safety Precaution)

Before you begin working with hydraulic systems and hydraulic fluids, you need to take the appropriate precautions so that you are protected from injury Hydraulic fluids can be under very high pressure (3000psi+) and, even when they are not, they can be harmful, especially the synthetic fluids such as Skydrol Causes pain on contact with eye tissue Read the MSDS if unfamiliar with any type of fluid Read page 345 (Aircraft Maintenance & Repair)
40
Handling Hydraulics Fluids

Mark Each airplane hydraulic systems Never service a systems with different type of fluid (instruction plate) Protect the containers and fluid (any dirt effects the systems) Never open the containers to the air longer than necessary
Handling Hydraulics Fluids

Do not mixed the fluids Do not expose fluids to high heat Avoid contact with eyes or skin Wear protective glove and face shield
HYDRAULICS RESERVOIRS
A tank or container to store sufficient hydraulic fluids Have the capability of containing extra fluid Store the unused fluids during certain operation Still have reserve fluids even when the operations used the maximum amounts (standpipes) Provide some means of checking the fluid level and of being replenish (quantity indicating method dipstick @ remote indicating system)
HYDRAULICS RESERVOIRS
There are two types of reservoirs: 1. Inline reservoirs 2. Integral reservoirs Both can be further classified as a. Unpressurized (vented) b. Pressurized (closed)
Reservoirs are either vented to the atmosphere or closed to the atmosphere and pressurised.
1. In-Line Reservoir
Separate components in the hydraulics system Has its own housing. Is a stand alone component and is connected with other components in a system by tubing or hose Can be pressurized or unpressurized
45
2. Integral reservoir
Combined with the hydraulic pump. Has no housing of its own but is merely a space set aside within some major component to hold a supply of operational fluid. Often found in small aircraft (due to compact arrangement needed)
46
a. Vented Reservoir
Aircraft that fly at lower altitudes have vented reservoirs They have some means of checking fluid quantity: Sight glass Dip stick Quantity transmitter The filler cap of a vented system may be opened while the system is operating Fluid level must be adjusted when the system is at rest
47
b. Pressurized Reservoir
High altitude aircraft have pressurised reservoirs (Low Atmospheric pressure) Assure a positive feed of fluid to the pump reduces foaming (Because fluid cannot be pulled, it can only be pushed) Three ways of pressurising a reservoir in flight: using variable displacement hydraulic pumps engine bleed air or by the use of hydraulic system pressure acting on a small piston in the reservoir. Means of checking fluid quantity: Sight glass Quantity transmitter & indicator
B727 Hydraulic Reservoir
48
HYDRAULIC FILTERS
A filter will remove particles down to 10 microns will provide fluid that is clean enough for almost any hydraulic system. Particles may enter the hydraulics fluid when it is being serviced or during wear of operating components. These contaminants will
i. ii. iii. iv.
damage the seals and cylinder wall causing internal leakage prevent component from seating properly.
Common used filters micronic and porous type. Other type: cuno filetr, differential pressure two stage.
HYDRAULIC FILTERS
50
1. Micronic Filter (Paper element)

A Micron-type filter uses a folded paper element to increase the effective area of the filtering medium. Bypass valve will open if filter clogs Paper element is not cleanable Located in the return line to the reservoir Can filter out particles as small as 3 m.
51
2. Micronic Filter (Wire Mesh)

Some filters use woven wire mesh around a central frame More durable than paper type Located in the return line Often used in the pressure system Usually not cleanable.
52
3. Micronic Filter (Magnetic-type element)

Attract the metal particles Can be used conjunction with the paper element.
53
4. Porous Metal Filter

Composed of metal particles Can trap particles as small as 5m.
Most filters located at pressure and return line
54
HYDRAULIC FILTER
55
Hydraulics Pump
Pumps
move fluids through the system
Provide fluid flow
Pressure is created when there is a restriction to

the flow Pumps may be driven by :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Hand Engines Electric motors Pneumatics motor Hydraulics Motor

Hydraulics pump types :

There are two basic types of Hydraulics Pump:
1. 2.
Constant displacement pumps (positive) Variable displacement
57
Hydraulics pump types :

Constant displacement pumps (positive)
A constant displacement pump moves a specific volume of fluid each time its shaft turns (pump will deliver a given volume of fluid)
Hands Pump
Two basic types of hand piston pumps:
1. 2.
Single action Doubling action
59
Hand Pump (single action)

Constant displacement pump Pumps one stroke of the piston Motion 1: piston move left low pressure on cylinder fluid flow into cylinder Motion 2: move right piston force fluid out pressurization fluid Check valve to make sure the fluid flow in one direction
Hand Pump (Double action)

Constant displacement pump A doubling action pumps on both stroke Doubling action pump are more efficient
61
Hand Pump (Double action)

IN port at the center Passage allows fluid flow from chamber 1 to chamber 2 Motion 1: handle right piston left- force fluid at chamber 2 out at CV 3- chamber one increase volume- low pressure- fluid flow in chamber 1 Motion 2 handle left-piston right- fluid in chamber one forced out through CV4 fluid flow in chamber 2 A doubling action pumps on both stroke Doubling action pump are more efficient
62
Gear Type Pump

A constant displacement pump moves a specific
INLET
each time its shaft turns (pump will deliver a given volume of fluid) This type is one of the most generally used types
volume of fluid
OUTLET
63
Gear Type Pump

One gear driven by power source (electric motor, engine) Second gear meshed with driven gear As the gear rotate: Fluid enter the IN port Fluid trapped in the gear teeth (cannot flow between gear because closely meshed) Carried to the OUT port
GEAR PUMP
65
Gerotor Pump
A combination internalexternal gear pump Consists of :
gear rotor with wide and short height teeth 2. Spur driving gear 3. Pump cover 4. Crescent shaped opening for outlet and inlet **number of gear number
1.
66
Gerotor Pump
The six tooth spur type drive gear is turned by the engine and as it turns, it rotates a seven-tooth internal-gear rotor
67
Vane-type pump
Constant displacement pump Normally driven by electric motor Consists of sliding vane free to move radially in each slots As the rotor turns around a central steel spacer, the vanes remain in contact with the wall of the pump cavity The vanes form chamber that increase and decrease in volume as the rotor turns
Vane Pump Animation
69
Multiple-Piston pump
Also called Bent axis piston pump A fixed angle piston pump The pistons are caused to move in and out of the cylinder as rotation occurs The housing is angled so that the piston on one side of the cylinder block are at the bottom of their stroke while those on the other side are at the top. One side draw fluid the other one force the fluid out from the cylinder If the cylinder block is parallel to the axis of the drive shaft, no fluid will be delivered, because there will be no movement of the piston
70
Variable-Delivery pump
What is a Variable-displacement Pump? A variable displacement pump does not discharge a constant amount of fluid each revolution, but only the amount of
fluid the systems demands
71
Cam Type Piston Pump

Operation principle same as Multiple piston pumps However the drive shaft axis is parallel no bent The movement of the piston is caused by a cam or wobble plate
PRESSURE CONTROL DEVICES
Numerous devices Purpose control pressure in hydraulic fluid PCD such as :

1. 2. 3. 4.
Pressure switches Relief valves Pressure regulator Pressure reducing valves

HYDRAULICS ACTUATOR
Devices for converting hydraulic pressure to mechanical motion (work)
74
ACTUATORS
Actuator can be commanded by a electrical demand.
mechanical or
This demand moves a valve which allows the hydraulic fluid at pressure to enter the actuator and moves the ram (piston) in either direction A mechanical system can be commanded by direct rod, lever or cable connection from pilot control lever to the actuator (Actuating cylinder type) An electrical system can be commanded by means of a solenoid (switch) or motor which is operated by a pilot switch or by a computer output. (Servo actuator)
HYDRAULICS ACTUATOR
Actuators are classified as : 1. Linear 2. Rotary Common utilize actuator: 1. Actuating cylinder 2. Servo actuator
76
ACTUATING CYLINDER
Are used for direct and positive movement Such as:
1. 2.
Retract and extend landing gear Retract wing flaps or slats, spoilers
Types of actuating cylinder:

1. 2.
single-acting cylinder double acting cylinder
77
ACTUATING CYLINDER (Single Acting)

The piston is moved in one direction by hydraulic pressure When hydraulic pressure removes, piston returned by a spring Typically used in:
1. 2. 3.
Brakes Landing gear down locks Cowl struts
78
ACTUATING CYLINDER (Double acting-unbalanced)

Hydraulic Pressure can be applied to both sides Provide force in either direction Different effective Piston area Larger area on piston head-greatest force
Typically used in:
retractable landing gear 2. wing flaps 3. spoilers
1.
The actuating rod reduces area of one side of the piston less force
ACTUATING CYLINDER (Double acting-balanced)

Hydraulic Pressure can be applied to both sides Provide force in either direction Equal effective Piston Area Same amount of force in both directions Typically used for automatic pilot servo and nose wheel steering
Internal-Lock-type Actuator (ILTA)

to be locked in one of external locking. ILTA allows the hydraulically operated mechanism
position without the use
Some have a manual unlock mechanism for maintenance operation. Example; i. retract or extension for certain distance ii. Imagine : without lock when relieves the pressure, the piston will move to the neutral position steering
Typically used
gear
for aircraft door, landing

Internal-Lock-type Actuator (ILTA)
Piston is locked at the end of its movement Locked type: Ball type lock Finger type locked Cushion type: Starts its movement slowly Accelerates to full speed Cushioned at the end of its movement
82
1. 2. 1.
Typically used in:

Landing gear down lock 2. spoiler actuator
2. 3.
1.
Rotary Actuators
Simplest form of a rotary actuator is the rackand-pinion type Linear movement of the actuator is converted into rotary action
Rotary Actuators
737 Flap Power Unit
The piston type rotary hydraulics motor delivers continuous rotary force Similar in operation to the piston-type hydraulic pump. Used to drive Trimable horizontal stabilizers and flaps.
Rotary Actuators
The vane type rotary hydraulic motor deliver continuous rotary force Similar in operation to the vane type hydraulic pump
85
Accumulator
A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device. It is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non compressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external source. That external source can be a spring, a raised weight or a compressed gas. The main reasons that an accumulator is used in a hydraulic systems are so that the pump doesnt need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand, so that the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand and to smooth pulsations.
ACCUMULATOR
A chamber for storing hydraulic fluid under pressure Dampens pressure surges caused by the operation of an actuator Maintains a preset system pressure (in case leaking) Aid the system pump. How? 1. Supplement when several units are operating at the same time & demand beyond capacity. 2. Store power when pump fail to operate (limited)
87
Accumulator
Three types off accumulator: 1. Diaphragm Type 2. Bladder type 3. Piston type
88
SEALS
Purpose: To prevent leakage and ensure
effective operation
Seal minimize internal linkage and the loss of system pressure (preserve pressure)
because Hydraulics system require various tubing, fittings and seals
SEAL
Seal minimize internal linkage and the loss of system pressure (preserve pressure)
90
SEAL
Classified as : Packings 2. Gaskets
1.
91
SEALS (gasket)
Gasket are used when there is no relative movement between surface (such as: engine box) Seal between two stationary parts.
92
SEALS (Packings)
Provide seal between two parts of a unit that move relative to each other Packings are used when relative movement does exit (moving parts) Installed in most units that contain moving part such as actuating cylinder, valves and pumps.
93
SEALS
Typical shapes of Hydraulic Packing Rings: U-ring : Seals pressure in one direction only U-cup-Ring Seals in one direction only V rings (chevron seal) Seals in one direction only, open end of the V facing the pressure
SEALS
Pressure
Pressure
To prevent a flow from both directions, two sets of seals must be installed Open and facing the direction from which the pressure applied
95
O-RING SEAL
The most common type for sealing Effective in both directions Maybe used as either a gasket or a packing This type of seal fits into a groove in one of the surfaces being sealed Required no adjustment when installed
96
Installation Precautions (O-Ring Seal)

Always install a new one Use correct size Installed without defects such as cuts, nicks or other flaws. Lubricated with same type of hydraulic fluid used in system Do not installed in a twisted condition (will function incorrectly)
O-Ring Principle of Operation
Pressure
The O-Ring should be pinched between the two surfaces

If there is no pinch. The O-Ring will not seal
99
Pressure on a properly fitted ring attempts to drive it into the opening between the two surfaces
100
> 15000 psi, O-Ring Seal should not be used alone Too high pressure, seal can become over pinched between the moving part & Stationary part destroy the part Backup seal- usually made of Teflon
Purpose of Back-up seal
Prevent high pressure from pinching the seal the moving part & stationary part (cylinder wall & piston) Additional strength to seal Back-up ring should be place on the side away from pressure
Color code (O-Ring)

Colour Blue Dot or strip Green Dash Red Yellow

Use Air or MIL-H-5606 Skydrol hydraulic fluid Fuel system Oil System
Color Code on the O-Ring seal identifies the type of system in which it used Care should be taken installing a new seal Always check the part number Never choose a seal by comparison seals can look alike but may not be Double check by conforming colour code
O-Ring removal and installation (precautions)

Extreme care must be used to prevent the ring being nicked or damaged Use O-ring installation tools Always lubricate the O-Ring before installation
104
Chevron seal (V-Ring)
Installation care same as O-Ring High sufficient pressure in one direction one set sufficient 2 direction require more than one set
This type of seal work effectively in one direction pressure

PRESSURE CONTROL DEVICES
Numerous devices Purpose control pressure in hydraulic fluid PCD such as :

1. 2. 3. 4.
Pressure switches Relief valves Pressure regulator Pressure reducing valves

Pressure Switches

Electrically operated Electrically control/driven the pumps to maintain system pressure within set limits Pressure correct value, pump stop operation drop, pump operate again Other purpose : to control operation of warning and protective devices warning light when insufficient pressure turn off pump avoid exhausting reservoir Eg: Bourdon tube
Relief Valves

Purpose ; to limit the maximum pressure can be developed in a hydraulic system Safety valve Pressure relief valves are used as backups to the main pressure regulator Increased pressure unseats the ball allowing pressure to escape (open valve) Adjusting screw increases or decreases the spring pressure on the ball thus adjusting the pressure at which the ball unseats
108
Pressure Regulator
Maintains system pressure within a

specific range
pump when it is not needed for operating a unit in the system Also called unloading valve unload the pump when the pressure is not required (continuous pressure can increase the possibility of failure)
Relieve the pressure on the pressure
Balanced type Pressure Regulator

Keep a balance of pressure between the pump and the accumulator Keeps the pump unloaded when there is no demand Kicked in and kicked out position!!
Pressure Reducer
A pressure reducer is used to lower the pressure in specific portion of the hydraulics system To prevent over loading some structures Relieve thermal expansion Pressure reduction is dependent on the size of the bleed hole,
and
the area of the piston relief valve setting
The piston ball remains off its seat just enough to maintain the reduced pressure
111
Pressure Reducer
Has 3 ports: connect with
1. 2. 3.
System pressure System return line Reduced pressure port
Another type of pressure reducer debooster valve Larger area pressure drop!!

MEA322 Chapter 2 (Lecture 1) I Learn

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

MEA322 Chapter 2 (Lecture 1) I Learn

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CHAPTER 2

HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS SYSTEMS

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

What is a HYDRAULICS SYSTEM?

HS is a system which uses fluid flow and pressure to do

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE, FORCE AND AREA

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE VOLUME AND AREA

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Aircraft and HS - requirements

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

List of functions importance for an AC.

Basic Hydraulics Systems

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

OPEN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Kinetic energy in water flow

Open system Water is lost to the river

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

CLOSED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Fluid enclosed in brake housing

CLOSED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

SIMPLE HYDRAULICS SYSTEM ( TWO WAY )

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

SIMPLE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM (BRAKE)

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Flash point and Fire point

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

blue) and must be used with pure

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

MINERAL - BASE FLUID

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

MINERAL - BASE FLUID

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Phosphate Ester Based

SYNTHETIC - BASED FLUIDS

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Synthethic hydrocarbon fluid (Braco 882)

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Handling Hydraulics Fluids (Safety Precaution)

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Handling Hydraulics Fluids

Handling Hydraulics Fluids

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha

Ghazirah Binti Mustapha