Dyeing, printing and pollution control UNIT II TWO MARKS Dyeing 1. Give a classification of colorants for textile? 2.

. Distinguish between i) a dye and pigment & ii) a readymade dye and an ingrain dye? 3. Indicate the fibres for which the following dyes have affinity: a. Reactive dyes b. Acid dyes c. vat dyes g. disperse dyes h. direct dyes? 4. Explain with suitable examples with following terms: Substantivity or affinity b. Exhaustion c. M:L ratio d. shade % 5. List the common dyeing assistants used stating functions? 6. What do you understand by zeta potential? 7. Explain the terms absorption and desorption? 8. Write down the liquor ratio commonly used in the following machines a. Jigger b. Kier c. Winch d. HTHP machines for yarn and fabric e). Soft overflow jet dyeing f). yarn package dyeing 9. What do you understand by the term dyeing? What are the physic chemical steps involved in it? 10. What classes of dye are suitable for dyeing cotton fabric?
11. What are the advantage & disadvantage of a beam dyeing machine

a.

12.

What are steps involved for mechanism of dyeing a. van der Waals

13. . Give the relative strength,dyes and suitable fibers for following bonds forces b. Hydrogen bonds c. salt linkage d. Covalent bonds? Direct dyes

14. Why are direct dyes also called as substantive? List any four properties of direct dyes? 15. How are direct dyes classified? 16. Explain clearly the effect of electrolyte in the direct dyeing on cotton? 17. Describe the process of application of direct dyes to cotton? 18. What are the various after treatment given to direct-dyed goods? Reactive dyes 19. Why are reactive dyes so called? Classify the reactive dyes with examples on the basis of application?

20. Classify reactive dyes according to their reaction mechanism. Briefly describe the bifunctional reactive dyes? 21. List any four properties of reactive dyes. What do you understand by cold brand and hot brand? 22. Why do reactive dyes react preferentially with cellulose than with water? 23. In reactive dyeing, Explain a) Why salt is added in two or more portion Why Glaubers salt is preferred in the case of dyes 24. Why is after-treatment necessary for the reactive dyed goods? 25. What are the advantages of reactive dyes over other dyes classes with respect to dyeing cellulosic material? 26. Write down the chemical structure of cold brand, hot brand, a vinyl sulphone and an HE-brand reactive dye? 12 MARKS 27. Discuss the factors that affect the performance of reactive dyeing? 28. Explain the effect of M : L ratio in reactive dyeing? 29. Explain the principle of dyeing cotton with vinyl sulphone and triazine type reactive goods? 30. Explain the application of reactive dyes by the pad steam process? 31. Write down the chemical structure of cold brand, hot brand, a vinyl sulphone and an HE-brand reactive dye? 32. Explain the pad batch technique of dyeing cotton fabric with vinyl sulphone reactive dyes with neat diagram 33. Explain dyeing of cotton fabric with hot brand reactive dyes with chemical reactions 34. Explain dyeing of cotton knitted fabric with cold brand reactive dyes using soft flow dyeing m/c 35. Explain the pad batch technique of dyeing cotton fabric with vinyl sulphone reactive dyes? Dyeing with Reactive Dyes (practical) 36. What kinds of dye-fibre bonds occur mainly between reactive dyes and cellulose fibres? 37. What steps are involved in the application of a reactive dye to a cellulose fibre? 38. In the first step of reactive dyeing, the reactive dye acts like a direct dye. Is this statement true or false? 39. Explain what happens in the second step of reactive dyeing? 40. What dyeing assistants are used in reactive dyeing? State their functions. 41. State the after-treatment that is done after reactive dyeing. State the recipe/conditions of such treatment. b)

42. Indicate the colour fastness properties of reactive dyes. 43. Give a list of reactive dyes brands available commercially. Which of these are mainly used in industry? 44. State the features of the M, H and HE brands of reactive dye. 45. What are the features of the ME and VS brands of reactive dye 46. Name the factor to which reactive dyes have poor colour fastness. 47. Classify reactive dyes by chemical structure and based application Dyeing with Vat Dyes 48. What are vat dyes? 49. State the sub-classes of vat dyes. How do they differ from each other? 50. How would you classify the vat dyes according to the chemical constitution? 51. What is vatting? Write down the properties of vatting? 52. Write down the quantities of caustic soda and sodium hydrosulphite required for the IK, IW, IN, and IN spl groups of vat dyes? 53. State the different methods of oxidation of vat dyed goods? 54. What fibres can be dyed with vat dyes? 55. How would you dissolve a vat dye? 56. What physical changes occur in a vat dye solution during dissolution of the dye? 57. What chemical changes occur in a vat dye during dissolution and dyeing? 58. What are the dyeing conditions for vat dyes? 59. What are the functions of the auxiliaries used in vat dyeing? 60. How can oxidation be brought about after the dyeing step using vat dyes? 61. State the classes of vat dye for which extra salt is required for exhaustion. 62. What changes are brought about in vat-dyed material by the soaping treatment'! 63. What kinds of dye-fibre bond occur mainly between vat dye and a cellulose fibers 64. Name some machines that are used in industry for the vat dyeing of cotton. 65. What are the colour fastness properties of vat dyes? 66. Write down the steps involved in the dyeing of cotton with vat dyes? 67. Which of the following industrial processes can be used for vat dyeing cotton fabric? a) Jigger dyeing b) Beam dyeing c) Pad-jig method dl Continuous dyclI1g 12 MARKS 68. Explain, with chemical equation, the various steps in vat dyeing? 69. Explain the chemistry and application of vat dyes to cotton?

70. Describe the process of application of vat dyeing on cotton using jigger / winch /soft flow machine with neat sketch 71. Describe the process of application of vat dyeing on cotton fabric Disperse dyes 72. Why are disperse dyes called so? List any four properties of disperse dyes? 73. How are disperse dyes classified? 74. Explain the theory of disperse dyeing? 75. List the auxiliaries used in disperse dyeing of polyester stating their function? 76. Write the mechanism of dyeing polyester with disperse dyeing? 77. What is the principle of carrier dyeing? 78. What is the principle of HTHP dyeing? 79. What is the principle of Thermosol dyeing? 80. State the factors to be considered while selecting a carrier for polyester dyeing? 81. Write down the precautions to be taken during carrier dyeing? 82. List the different machines used for dyeing polyester with disperse dyes? 83. List the different method used for dyeing polyester with disperse dyes? 84. Explain the reduction clearing treatment given to the polyester dyed goods? 85. What are the advantage and disadvantage of a beam dyeing machine? 86. What are the advantage and disadvantage of a jet dyeing machine? 87. State the steps involved in thermosol process? 88. What are the advantages of the thermosol process? 89. Why is heat setting necessary for polyester fabric dyeing? 90. Explain the dyeing of polyester cotton blended fabric disperse / vat dyes? 91. Explain the dyeing of polyester cellulose blended fabric with disperse / reactive dyes? 92. Explain the rapid inverse dyeing process for polyester cellulose blended fabric? Dyeing machinery 93. What are the various forms in which textile material dyed? 94. What are the essential requirements of a dyeing machine? 95. Explain the construction and working process of cabinet dyeing machine? 96. Why is yarn package dyeing preferred to hank dyeing? 97. Explain the construction and working process of a winch machine? 98. State the types of fabric generally dyed in (1) a jigger (2) a winch (3) a cabinet dyeing machine (4) a package dyeing machine?

99. What are the advantages of pad dyeing machinery over the other method? 100. 101. Unit - III 1. Differentiate between dyeing and printing 2. Write short notes on direct, discharge and resist style printing 3. What are the methods used in printing? 4. Write a note on advantage and disadvantage of table screen printing , flat bed ,rotary screen printing
m/c, transfer printing and chest printing m/c

Compare the colour fastness properties of the water-soluble dyes? Compare the colour fastness properties of the water-insoluble dyes?

5. Compare the roller and rotary screen printing? 6. What are the types of transfer printing? 7. What are the advantages of pigment printing? 8. Write short notes on flat bed printing m/c? 9. Define printing 10. What are the different types of squeezer in rotary screen printing m/c? 11. Write short notes on chest printing m/c? 12. What are the different methods used in transfer printing? 13. Write short notes on block printing
12 MARKS

14. Describe the process of application of pigment printing on cotton using rotary printing machine with
neat sketch

15. Explain the reactive or pigment printing of cotton fabric with roller printing m/c with neat diagram 16. Explain the reactive or pigment printing of cotton fabric with rotary printing m/c with neat diagram 17. Explain the reactive or pigment printing of cotton fabric with flatbed printing m/c with neat diagram 18. explain the any one transfer printing method with neat diagram 19. Explain the method working of roller printing m/c with neat diagram? 20. Explain the method working of rotary printing m/c with neat diagram? 21. Explain the method working of flatbed printing m/c with neat diagram? 22. Explain the method working of transfer printing m/c with neat diagram? 23. Explain the method working of chest printing m/c with neat diagram? 24. Explain the screen making process