Dr.

Nema Salem Fall 2010

Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

Introduction
Examples of devices using microprocessors (P)
Pocket calculators Digital watches Smart telephones Compact disk Home security devices Realistic video games Toys Personal computers

Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

Single bus structure of Micro-computer

Input Interface(s) Output Interface(s)

ROM (Read Only Memory) (start-up program) RAM (Random Access Memory) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) - high capacity, refresh needed SRAM (Static RAM) - low power, fast, easy to interface

Memory

Processor

CPU

Instructions and data

Bus (set of wires)

P + associated logic circuitry
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What is Computer?

A computer is a machine that performs computational tasks using stored instructions.

Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

A computer consist of
1) Central processing unit (CPU); 2) Secondary Random access memory

(RAM); 3) Input-output Devices (Peripherals)

They are communicated (interfaced) to

each other through a set of electric wires called bus.

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CPU mainly has the microprocessor which has:

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): Executes

arithmetic (addition, multiplication,...) and logical (AND, OR,...) operations. Control unit: Generates a sequence of control signals telling the ALU how to operate; reads and executes microprograms stored in a read only memory (ROM). Registers: Fast, small memory for temporary storage during mathematical operations.
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Primary RAM stores

Program: A sequence of instructions to be

executed by the computer

Data

Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

Binary System
Digital computers use the binary number system.

Binary number system: Has two digits: 0 and 1.

Reasons to choose the binary system: 1. Simplicity: A computer is an idiot which blindly follows mechanical rules; we cannot assume any prior knowledge on his part.
2. Universality: In addition to arithmetic operations, a computer which speaks a binary language can perform any tasks that are expressed using the formal logic.
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Adding two numbers High-level language (C) c = a + b; Assembly language LDA 004 ADD 005 STA 006 Machine language 0010 0000 0000 0100 0001 0000 0000 0101 0011 0000 0000 0110
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Example

Boolean or logic operations

1. 2.

OR. This is written + (e.g. X+Y where X and Y are Boolean variables) and often called the logical sum. OR is called binary operator. AND. Called logical product and written as a centered dot (like product in regular algebra). AND is called binary operator. NOT. This is a unary operator (One argument), NOT(A) is written A with a bar over it or use ' instead of a bar as it is easier to type. Exclusive OR (XOR). Written as + with circle around it . It is also a binary operator. True if exactly one input is true (i.e. true XOR true = false). 11
Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

3.

4.

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Course Outlines
History of Microprocessors Computer Number Systems, Binary, and HEX (Review) Evolution of the 16-bit Microprocessor,

Part I: Programmer to 8088p

Its programming model, Its basic architecture, Its memory and data format Its addressing modes
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Its Instruction sets; Some Assembly Programs

Part II: Design of 8088p-System

Its Pin outs; Bus cycles, and bus timing Interfacing to Memory (RAM and EPROM) Interfacing to I/O peripherals programming and implementation of interfaces to microprocessor systems using assembly language.
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References
1. The INTEL Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium ProProcessor, Pentium II, III, 4 (7th edition), by Barry Brey, Prentice Hall
1. "The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors:

Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications (4th edition)" by W. Triebel and A. Singh, PrenticeHall, 2003
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References
3. "The 8088 Microprocessor: Programming,

Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications by W. Triebel and A. Singh, 4. The 8086/8088 Microprocessor: Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing; Barry Brey; 1987

Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010

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Course Policy
Assignments
Quizzes Midterm Exam Final Written & Practical Exam Labs

Project

10% 10% 20% 40% 10% 5%

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Attendance
Dr. Nema Salem Fall 2010