Implementation of Cyclostationary Frequency Detection Technique.

GROUP MEMBER'S NAME(S)

Muhammad Ali Sahal Khan Muhammad Arsalan Khan Talha Sami Khan Syeda Areeba 2009-TE-001 2009-TE-015 2009-TE-021 2009-TE-063

Final Year Project Proposal Submitted to Department of Telecommunication Engineering

SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY ROAD, GULSHAN-E-IQBAL, KARACHI-75300, PAKISTAN TEL: (92-21) 34988000-2 FAX: (92-21) 34989527

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REGISTRATION FORM

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
TITLE OF PROJECT: Implementation of Cyclostationary Frequency Detection Technique. BATCH: 2009 S# Name Of Student
1. 2. 3. 4. Muhammad Ali Sahal Khan Muhammad Arsalan Khan Talha Sami Khan Syeda Areeba

Roll# 2009-TE-001 2009-TE-015 2009-TE-21 2009-TE-63

CGPA 3.35 2.9 3.2 3.0

SUBMISSION DATE: 7th Feb 2012 Telephone Number & Signature Email
0345-3197099 0321-9090173 0345-3085686 0342-2023953

Chapter 1

Motivation

Today, research in cognitive radio is aimed at developing efficient wireless communication strategies to make use of unused spectrum. The idea is to make smart wireless devices that can observe their RF environment and detect unused frequency bands in real time. That way, we can operate more of wireless devices in the same frequency bands that are already in use. It is desirable to develop devices that can learn from their observations and make their own decisions about when and how to transmit without disrupting any existing wireless connections. Based on observations and past experience the RF cognitive device must determine which possible actions from its current state is optimal and decides on its course of action. This is one of the main aspects that separate Cyclostationary spectrum from Cognitive radio (CR). A recent survey has shown another problem of the current spectrum assignment policy, i.e., spectrum under utilization. Analysis shows that most of the assigned spectrum is used rarely and sporadically as illustrated in Fig. In fact, studies have shown that at any given time 15%-85% of the spectrum is unused according to the geographic location. This shows that the under utilization of the radio spectrum is a bigger problem than its scarcity. To improve the efficiency of the spectrum utilization, dynamic spectrum access was proposed. With the dynamic spectrum allocation policy, different frequency bands can be assigned to different wireless networks only when they need it. The concept of secondary or unlicensed users was introduced which transmit in the licensed frequency bands without causing any interference to the users who own the license.

Chapter 2
2.1 Significance

Overview

Cyclostationary detection is a method for detecting the Primary users (PU) by exploiting the cyclostationary features in the modulated signals. In most cases, the received signals in cognitive radios are modulated signals, which in general exhibit built-in-periodicity within the training sequence or cyclic prefixes. This periodicity is generated by the primary transmitter so that the primary receiver can use it for parameter estimation, such as channel estimation, and pulse timing. The cyclic correlation function, also called cyclic spectrum function (CSF), is used for detecting signals with a particular modulation type in the presence of noise. This is because noise is usually wide sense stationary (WSS) without correlation, by contrast, modulated signals are cyclostationary with spectral correlation. Furthermore, since different modulated signals will exhibit different characteristics, cyclostationary detection can be used for distinguishing between different types of transmitted signals, noise, and interference in low SNR environments.

2.2 Description of project

Cyclostationary feature detection is a much optimized technique that can easily isolate the noise from the user signal. In cyclostationary feature detection technique, CR can distinguish between noise and user signal by analyzing its periodicity. In Cyclostationary feature detection, modulated signals (transmitted signal) which carry information are usually sine waves; pulse trains i.e. have some periodicity in it. These signals are named as Cyclostationary since the mean and the autocorrelation functions are periodic. Spectral correlation function (SCF) is used for analyzing the features of signals i.e.; whether exhibit periodicity or not. SCF can clearly distinguish between the noise energy and the modulated signal energy because the noise is widesense stationary which has no periodicity. At the first stage, BPF is used to measure the energy around the related band, and then FFT is computed of the signal received from band pass filter. Correlation block will correlate the signal and feature detection block will detect features like modulation type, number of signals and symbol rates. Cyclostationary detection can perform better than energy detection and matched filter detection because it has the ability to distinguish between noise and signal. The major advantage of cyclostationary feature detection over other detection techniques is that it performs very well for larger noise on channels. The major limitations of this method are that it requires long processing time and is complex in computation, so difficult to implement. Further, it cannot detect the type of communication, so it reduces the flexibility of cognitive radio.

2.3 Background
In 2002 the FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force published a report which clearly stated the case for spectrum policy reform on the basis of three principle arguments. First, it was argued that current spectrum policies are outdated and under strain from the dramatic increase in demand for spectrum-based services and devices. Second, it was acknowledged that technological advances are enabling alternative approaches to spectrum policy. As communications systems become increasingly sophisticated and the manner in which they are capable of using spectrum becomes more flexible, the policies which govern their operation may also become more flexible. Third, it was stated that the lack of availability of spectrum for new services or for expansion of existing ones was not a result of heavy utilization but rather extremely inefficient usage due to inflexible spectrum policies. This argument has been strengthened by recent studies illustrating the low levels of utilization of much of the allocated spectrum. The potential benefits of overcoming the issue of spectrum scarcity are considerable. By developing wireless systems capable of using spectrum more efficiently and introducing more flexible approaches to spectrum management, spectrum access for new and existing systems and services may be made readily available. Increased availability of spectrum would reduce entry and overhead costs for systems and services and further encourage the type of innovation already seen in unlicensed spectrum bands. In addition, increased exposure to competition and market forces may be used to ensure that the maximum benefit is derived from the spectrum resources available. It is important to note that a solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity may not be achieved by either spectrum policy reform or technological advances alone. Rather, approaches in which the two are developed sideby-side are required. Thus, the term Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) Network is used to describe wireless system designed to efficiently utilize radio spectrum through the exploitation of increasingly flexible spectrum management regimes.

2.4 Problem Statement

Spectrum awareness is currently one of the most challenging problems in cognitive radio (CR) design. Detection and classification of very low SNR signals with relaxed information on the signal parameters being detected is critical for proper CR functionality as it enables the CR to react and adapt to the changes in its radio environment. Here we will use Cyclostationary Frequency Detection technique for detecting and analyzing the signal.

2.5 Assumptions and Limitations

The noise is assumed to be white noise also we are assuming 128 point FFT to be used in this method. The major limitations of this method are that it requires long processing time and is complex in computation, hence difficult to implement.

Chapter 3

Methodology

The section addresses the optimization of major communication parameters, considering terrain profile for an experimental scenario. The scenario is formulated so that a complete infrastructure for drive testing facilities can be examined and optimized.

3.1 Design phase

In this phase, individual parts of the system are designed and the project is broken down into individual sections: y y y y Implementation on Simulator Implementation on FPGA Comparison With Energy detection Designing of Card

3.2 Implementation phase:

After the testing of individual sections of the system, we will integrate all the units together to give the system a single platform to give its actual shape and to work as a single body. This is the most important step because compatibility will be a major issue in this step. After all the sections are integrated together we will proceed to the testing phase.

3.3 Testing phase:

In this phase the performance of the system is analyzed. In case some errors do occur in the system they are rectified to make the system more efficient and reliable.

Chapter 4
4.1 Time Analysis
4.1.1 Time period Working

Project Planning

March, April & May .. Structure Designing, Preparation of Mid-Presentation June...Designing a schematic July...................................................Software Programming & Controlling August .... Implementation September & October .... Testing & Analyzing November....... Report Writing & Preparation of Final Presentation

4.2 Cost Analysis

As we have to buy FPGA kit and design a model for this technique this will cost us about Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 40,000

Chapter 5
5.1 NI Multisim

Software and Hardware

NI Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multisim was originally created by a company named Electronics Workbench, which is now a division of National Instruments. Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features to the Printed Circuit Board layout software in the suite, NI Ultiboard.

5.2 Matlab\Simulink
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran.

5.3 Verilog
In the semiconductor and electronic design industry, Verilog is a hardware description language (HDL) used to model electronic systems. Verilog HDL, not to be confused with VHDL (a competing language), is most commonly used in the design, verification, and implementation of digital logic chips at the register-transfer level of abstraction. It is also used in the verification of analog and mixed-signal circuits.

5.4 FPGAs
The field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device that can be programmed after manufacturing. Instead of being restricted to any predetermined hardware function, an FPGA allows you to program product features and functions, adapt to new standards, and reconfigure hardware for specific applications even after the product has been installed in the fieldhence the name "field-programmable". You can use an FPGA to implement any logical function that an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) could perform, but the ability to update the functionality after shipping offers advantages for many applications.

Chapter 6

Diagrammatical Representation of System

6.1 Block diagram of overall system

Chapter 7

Application of the Project

Cyclostationary signals appear in various applications, but here we will deal with problems where Cyclostationarity is exploited for signal extraction, modeling, and system identification. The tools common to all applications are cyclic (cross-)correlations, cyclic (cross-)spectra, or multivariate stationary correlations and spectra which result from the multichannel equivalent stationary processes. Because these tools are time-invariant, the resulting approaches follow the lines of similar methods developed for applications involving stationary signals. As a general rule for problems entailing CS signals, one can either map the scalar CS signal model to a multichannel stationary process, or work in the time-invariant domain of cyclic statistics and follow techniques similar to those developed for stationary signals and time-invariant systems. CS signal analysis exploits two extra features not available with scalar stationary signal processing, namely: y y ability to separate signals on the basis of their cycles and diversity offered by means of cycle.

Chapter 8

Conclusion

In this project, we will present Cyclostationary detection for spectrum sensing. Furthermore, estimation and spectral autocorrelation function techniques will also be a target to analyze. A theoretical and simulation analysis suggests that cyclostationary spectrum detection is optimal for signal detection having low signal-to-noise (SNR) values. For 10% false alarm probability, 90% detection probability of BPSK signals with SNR of -8dB or greater has been achieved.

Chapter 9

References

[1] Spectrum sensing methods in cognitive radio by Siddharth Jain and Ravi Baid Jain, National Institute Of Technology, 2011 [2] Cyclostationary spectrum detection in Cognitive radios by Jian Chen, Andrew Gibson and Junaid Zafar, Xidian University, China [3] Cognitive wireless networks: concepts, methodologies and visions inspiring by Frank H. P. Fitzek, Marcos D. Katz