What is Philosophy?

The ancient definition is the traditional concept of philosophy which comes from the Greek terms philos meaning love and sophia means wisdom or knowledge . Therefore, philosophy is ordinarily and etymologically construed as the love for wisdom or knowledge. Aristotle viewed philosophy as thinking which aims at maximum connected truth about all available experiences. The medieval-scholastics definition considers philosophy as the science of the ultimate causes of things These causes are the objects of philosophical inquiry, and the associated goal is to know these causes with certitude. In modern contemporary times, philosophy is understood as the study of the nature of being and thinking, and more specifically, of the human experience. The science of all things.(Santiago,2002) Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek word (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".(Wikipedia.org) Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presupposition of any field of inquiry. Psychologically, philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or a calling to answer, or to ask, or even to comment upon certain peculiar problems The Fields of Philosophy Philosophy is classified into practical and speculative. Practical philosophy includes; Logic as the science and art of correct thinking; Ethics which is the study of standards of right and wrong and Axiology defined as the nature, types criteria and status of human values. While Speculative philosophy includes; Epistemology, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Rational Psychology, Social Philosophy, Philosophy of man, Theodicy and Political Philosophy. Definitions of Logic: Several meanings of logic were defined by different types of authors. Generally, Logic is understood as the science and art of correct thinking (Cruz, 1995).

Logic as an art, it guides man s reasoning so he can proceed with order and ease and without error in the constructive activity of making definitions of terms, propositions and inferences.( Gualdo, 2000) According to Resnik, 1970, Logic is considered a science for 3 major reasons: (1) as body of certain and proven knowledge, (2) this body of knowledge is obtained and arranged in a systematic manner, (3) it is objective and possesses general principles of argumentation and proof, which can be formulated precisely and communicated to others . Logic as a speculative science, is concerned primarily with what is correct reasoning and why it is correct. (McCall, 1971) Logic is the science and art of correct thinking (Bachelor, 1966). Logic- derived from the greek word logos which means spoken word. Speech or reason . It was introduced by Zero, a Greek philosopher, through his use of the term logike which means discourse of thinking or treatises on thought. Logic The Philosophical Discipline of Correct Thinking (Eddie R. Babor) p.13 Logic (Greek logos, word, speech, reason ), science dealing with the principles of valid reasoning and argument. The study of logic is the effort to determine the conditions under which one is justified in passing from given statements, called premises, to a conclusion that is claimed to follow from them. Logical validity is a relationship between the premises and the conclusion such that if the premises are true then the conclusion is true. The validity of an argument should be distinguished from the truth of the conclusion. If one or more of the premises is false, the conclusion of a valid argument may be false. For example, All mammals are quadrupeds animals; but all people are mammals; therefore, all people are quadrupeds animals is a valid argument with a false conclusion. On the other hand, an invalid argument may by chance have a true conclusion. Some animals are bipeds; but all people are animals; therefore, all people are bipeds happens to have a true conclusion, but the argument is not valid. Logical validity depends on the form of the argument, not on its content. If the argument were valid, some other term could be substituted for all occurrences of any one of those used and validity would not be affected. By substituting four-footed for two-footed, it can be seen that the premises could both be true and the conclusion false. Thus, the argument is invalid, even though it has a true conclusion. Aristotelian Logic What is now known as classical or traditional logic was first formulated by Aristotle, who developed rules for correct syllogistic reasoning. A syllogism is an argument made up of statements in one of four forms: All A's are B's (universal affirmative), No A's are B's (universal negative), Some A's are B's (particular affirmative), or Some A's are not B's (particular negative). The letters stand for common nouns, such as dog, four-footed

animal, living thing, which are called the terms of the syllogism. A well-formed syllogism consists of two premises and a conclusion (Microsoft Encarta 2009.)

Closely related to logic is semantics, or the philosophy of language, which concerns the meaning of words and sentences; epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, which concerns the conditions under which assertions are true; and the psychology of reasoning, which concerns the mental processes involved in reasoning. Some treatises on logic include these subjects, but usually attention is restricted to the logical relations between statements. (Microsoft Encarta 2009.)

Divisions of Logic: Mental Act Simple Apprehension Judgment Reasoning Mental product Idea Enunciation Argument External sign Term Proposition Syllogism Logical Issue Predicability Predication Inference

Simple Apprehension An act whereby understands the essence or general meaning of a thing without affirming of denying anything about it (McCall, 1971) Process of Simple Apprehension includes the following: Faculty, which refers to the functions that start from senses-imagination-intellect, next is the sensation where sense is aroused, and come up with the sense image where image is produced then the imagination functions. Afterwards, here is the phantasm that states the product of image, then Intellect functions. Abstraction now follows which discards and eliminates the common characteristics of the object and defines the significant characteristic of it then the Idea is now produced. The Term will then be spoken or written and ends up with the predicability, where a term is extended to another term which must not have affirmation nor negation.

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