RESTRICTED INTRODUCTION To die for Emperor and Nation is the highest hope of a military man.

After a brave hard fight the blossoms are scattered on the fighting field. But if a person wants to take a life instead, still the fighting man will go to eternity for Emperor and country. One man's life or death is a matter of no importance. All that matters is the Empire. Admiral Yamamoto 1. It is nearly six decades since the end of the World War II. The men behind major success stories of the war in the Japanese perspective contribute to a lone Admiral in their imperial Navy. He was the architect behind the annihilation of Pearl harbour. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, one of the greatest Admirals in the world led the Japanese Fleet during Second World War and engaged in many naval battles in the central Pacific Region. Most of the time, It was his background knowledge contributed indirectly to his successes over the US fleet at Pearl harbour. 2. Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive early years of the Pacific War and so was responsible for major battles such as Pearl harbour and Midway. Japanese navy become the dominant force in the central Pacific Ocean during the initial stages of the Second World War. 3. Despite Midways adverse outcome, Yamamoto continued as Fleet Commander and

was one of the greatest Admirals in the history of Second World War. He died during an inspection tour of forward positions in the Solomon Island when his transport aircraft was ambushed by American P-38 lighting fighter planes. His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II. His sudden death in the passage of war was also a significant factor for the deterioration of the Japanese Naval effort in Pacific Ocean.

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RESTRICTED 4. His departure from the world is a great lost to the Japanese, since this single man

was a threat to the entire America. The great lessons of his courage, enthusiasm, leadership, will power and knowledge still remain to groom and guide the future leaders. AIM 5. The aim of this presentation is to study the leadership qualities of Admiral Isoroku

Yamamoto in relation to his naval career. EARLY LIFE

6.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was born as the sixth son of a school principal on 4 th

April 1884 at Nagoka, Japan. His father was Sadayoshi Takano, a lower-ranking samurai of Nagaoka-Han. "Isoroku" is an old Japanese term meaning "56", the name referred to his father's age at Isoroku's birth. 7. Isoroku studied in a village school until the age of ten and then joined a Government

school in Tokyo. In 1916, Isoroku was adopted into the Yamamoto family and took the Yamamoto name. It was a common practice for Japanese families lacking sons to adopt suitable young men in this fashion to carry on the family name. After completing higher education, he joined the Japanese Navy and was graduated from Japans Imperial Naval Academy in 1904 at the age of 20. 8. During this time he met his future wife Rekio. On 31 st August 1918, at age 30,

Yamamoto married to Reiko with whom he had four children, two sons and two daughters. Yamamoto has other interests other than his profession and he was a very simple man in his personal life. Although he engaged in intensive Buddhist meditation, he made no secret of his relationships with "ladies of the night." He enjoyed the company of lady called Geisha. His wife Reiko revealed to the Japanese public in 1954 that Yamamoto was closer to his favorite Geisha Kawai Chiyoko than to her, which stirred some controversy. After his death, his funeral procession passed by Kawai's quarters on the way to the cemetery, perhaps with hidden purpose. He reportedly liked to socialize with geisha and gamble, Yamamoto is

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RESTRICTED usually described in most sources as a teetotaler. Yamamotos wife did not like this style, and later his family life was disturbed due to the same reasons, which finally led to divorce.

NAVAL CAREER 9. After graduating from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1904, Yamamoto

served on the cruiser Nisshin during the Russo- Japanese war. He was wounded at the Battle of Tsushima, losing two fingers (the index and middle fingers) on his left hand. He was later nicknamed 80 sen by some of his favorite because of this disability. He returned to the Naval Staff College in 1914, emerging as a Lieutenant Commander in 13th December 1915. 10. Yamamoto was a supporter for peace who was fundamentally opposed to war with

the United States by admirable quality of his studies at Harwared University (19191921), his tour as an admiral's aide, and his two postings as a naval attach in Washington D.C. He was promoted to Captain in 1923. In 1924, at the age of 40, he changed his specialty from gunnery to naval aviation. Yamamoto returned to the united in 1925 for three years of attach duty in Washington, D.C. His first command was the cruiser Isuzu in 1928, followed by the Aircraft carrier Akagi. He was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral in 1929.Yamamoto was a strong proponent of naval aviation, and served as head of the Aeronautics Department before accepting a post as commander of the First Carrier Division in 1933 to 1934. 11. He was promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral in 1934. He becomes the Navy vice

Minister in 1936, where he criticized the escalation of war. Yamamoto personally opposed the invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the subsequent land war with China (1937). As Navy Minister, he apologized to United States Ambassador Joseph C. Grew for the bombing of the gunboat USS Panay in December 1937. These issues made him a target of assassination by pro-war militarists. 12. However, He was appointed as the Commander of the first fleet in 1938 and the 3 RESTRICTED

Commander in chief of the combined fleet in August 1941. Isoroku Yamamoto planned the

RESTRICTED preemptive attack against United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl harbour on 7th December 1941. The battle of Midway in 1942 brought about the destruction of the major portion of his own carrier force.

SUCCESSES AND FAILIURES THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR 13. The Pearl Harbor situated inlet of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, 10 km west of

Honolulu, and the site of one of the principal naval bases of the United States which was the main home port for the US Pacific Fleet. The possibility of a surprise attack on Pearl harbour was considered by the American authorities on a number of occasions in 1941. 14. The USA was repeatedly refusing to supply Japan with oil and other supplies. This

compelled Japanese high command to decide the attack on Pearl harbour. However, Yamamoto was against the idea of bringing America into war. Having spent many years in the USA he knew that Japanese industrial production could never rival that of the USA. The war in the Pacific Ocean began mainly with attack on 7th December 1941 with the Japanese unprovoked aerial and under water attack on Pearl harbour, the heart of the US naval power. Prior to the major engagement, Japanese launched attack in the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, and Thailand. 15. At about 0755 hours in the morning of Sunday 7 December 1941, Admiral Isoroku

Yamamotos plan for attacking pearl harbour was put in to effect. A Japanese task force of over 353 Fighters, Bombers launched from air craft Carries used for the attack. Yamamotos fleet launched the attack in three waves. The first attack wave of 180 Aircraft, were launched. Planes of the second wave revisited some of the ship already hit and also spread destruction in the navy yard, where they bombed the dry docked battle ship Pennsylvania and three other Destroyers. Couple of other dive bombers went after battle ship Nevada which had left birth and was trying to get to sea. , The last took place at about 1100 hrs in the morning .Almost all the important military areas and installations of island were bombed and strafed heavily and accurately. Aircraft successfully attacked the naval air 4 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED station and surrounding military installation losing less than 20 Aircraft in the attack, after inflicting over whelming damages on the naval vessels in the dockyard. Japanese have destroyed four battleships and damaged four others and more than 3000 men dead in US forces, in less than two hours. The Japanese had no opportunity to hit US Air Craft Carrier (USS Enterprises), all of which were at sea. However, Yamamoto inflicts the worst defeat on the US Navy in its entire naval history. 16. Comparatively, Japanese losses were very limited. They lost only three submarines

and 41 Air Crafts. USA was badly defeated due to determined leadership of Yamamoto. In retaliation to the attack, and the request of the President Franklin D Roosevelt, the congress of the United States declared war on Japan, on the following day stepping to the Second World War. STRATEGIC APPRAISAL 17. The purpose of the attack on Pearl Harbor was to neutralize American naval power

in the Pacific. The Japanese wanted license to do as they pleased in the Pacific and Asia, and thought they could get this by eliminating American influence. Specifically, Japan had been embroiled in a war with China which had come to a stalemate after many years of fighting. Japan thought by cutting China off from American (as well as British) aid, China would be weakened, and the stalemate could be broken. Japan also knew that American naval power could not be neutralized indefinitely, but thought that by dealing it a heavy blow at Pearl Harbor, the American Navy could be neutralized long enough for Japan to achieve its objectives in Asia and the Pacific. 18. In terms of its strategic objectives the attack on Pearl Harbour was, in the short to

medium term, a unique and spectacular success which eclipsed the wildest dreams of its planners and has few parallels in the military history of any era. For the next six months, the United States Navy was unable to play any significant role in the Pacific War, and with the US Pacific Fleet out of the picture, Japan was free to conquer South-East Asia, the entire South West Pacific, and even extend its reach far into the Indian Ocean. 19. In the longer term, however, the Pearl Harbor attack was an unmitigated strategic

disaster for Japan. In the first place, the main Japanese target was the three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific, but these were not in Pearl harbour at the time of 5 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED the attack and escaped unharmed. With most of the USN battleships out of commission, the Navy had no choice but to put its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines, and these would prove to be the tools with which the USN first stopped and then reversed the Japanese advance. 20. Furthermore, although the Japanese forces inexplicably did not consider them an

important target, the base also had large fuel oil storage facilities and a successful bombing of them could not only have resulted in massive fires that could have devastated the base, but it would also have crippled much of the Pacific Fleet by robbing them of a major fuel supply and fueling center thousands of miles from the mainland. 21. Most significantly of all, the Pearl Harbor attack galvanized a divided and half-

hearted nation into action as nothing else could have done overnight, it made the whole of America utterly determined to defeat Japan, and it forever removed any question of a negotiated settlement short of unconditional surrender.

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Fig. 1 - Destruction to Pearl Harbour after Attack

2.

On completion of successful attack to Pearl harbour, the mind of the Yamamotos

was uncertain and hoping retaliate attack from the US and its clear from his saying ,"I fear we have awakened the sleeping giant, and filled him with a terrible resolve." - Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, 8 Dec 1941 BATTLE OF MIDWAY 23. The midway atoll was reported and claimed for the United States by Captain N. C.

Brooks of the Gambia in 1859. At that time, the treeless coral sand islands had no human

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RESTRICTED inhabitants, but bird life was abundant. Initially called Brooks Island, the atoll acquired the name Midway when it was formally annexed by the United States in 1867. 24. Between 4 and 6 June 1942, a great naval battle took place between the United

States Pacific Fleet and the Imperial Japanese Navy about 180 miles (288 km ) north-west of America's Midway Atoll. The two small islands that comprise Midway Atoll are located 1,120 miles (1,800 km) north-west of Hawaii and 2,250 miles (3,620 km) east of Japan. 25. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the Japanese

attacked and captured the American outposts of Guam and Wake Island. At the beginning of 1942, this Japanese aggression had left Midway Atoll as the westernmost American outpost in the central Pacific region. By May 1942, the atoll had become an important forward fuelling station for American submarines and an armed sentinel designed to protect the Hawaiian Islands against a repetition of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Land-based bombers and fighters were stationed on the Eastern Island airfield. US Marines provided defensive artillery and infantry. 26. In March 1942, Japan's Navy General Staff and the Imperial Navy's Combined Fleet

had conflicting strategic priorities in the Pacific region. The Navy General Staff wanted an immediate invasion of coastal areas of north-eastern and north-western Australia to deny the United States access to the Australian mainland as a springboard for a counter-attack on Japan's southern defensive perimeter, which Japanese military aggression had expanded to include New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. 27. Navy General Staff's plan to capture strategically important areas of the Australian

mainland was opposed by the Commander in Chief of Japan's Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who wanted the highest priority to be given to drawing the aircraft carriers of the United States Pacific Fleet to a decisive battle at Midway Atoll in the central Pacific where they could be destroyed by the Japanese Navy. Yamamoto had fixed 4 June 1942 as the date for this decisive battle. At this stage, Admiral Yamamoto did not disclose to his colleagues at Navy General Staff that his Midway plan was the first step in a more ambitious Combined Fleet plan to attack and invade Hawaii. 28. It was on 18th April 1942, eighteen b-25 bombers had flown off the deck of the 8 RESTRICTED

carrier Hornet, accompanied by Enterprise, at a distance of only 650 nautical miles. These

RESTRICTED bombers had hit Tokyo, Yokosuka, and score of other towns. They had not inflicted material damage that would have caused military harm, but they had severely shaken the Japanese morale and thought that they are in a position to attack even to the Emperor. Therefore, the Naval Chief decided to take the revenge by attacking the tiny central Pacific Island of Midway. Yamamoto's plan for the Midway Island was an extension of his efforts to knock the U.S. Pacific Fleet out of action long enough for Japan to fortify her defensive perimeter in the Pacific island chains. Yamamoto felt it necessary to seek an early, offensive decisive battle. 29. Indeed, the United States had for some time known that Japan was assembling a

large naval force in the central Pacific. Whether the Japanese were attempting to cut American supply lines to the Far East via the south Pacific islands, or to initiate an invasion of Australia, or to divert American forces before delivering a blow elsewhere, a second sea offensive was not long delayed. The US Carrier Yorktown therefore hurried to Pearl Harbor, where it was quickly put in shape before moving westward to Midway Island, to join other American vessels. 30. On 3rd June 1942, as per Yamamotos deception plan they initially struck Dutch harbour, a small harbour installation on northern side of Unalaska Island .Bad weather hampered this operation but they launched first air strike against important target. The US ship were out of the Dutch harbour after receiving intelligence report of impending Japanese attack, hence did not suffered damages to ship. 31. To guard against mischance, Yamamoto initiated two security measures. The first was an aerial reconnaissance mission over Pearl Harbor to ascertain if the American carriers were there. The second was a picket line of submarines to detect the movement of the American carriers toward Midway in time for First Mobile Force, First Fleet, and Second Fleet to combine against it. The plan was a compromise and hastily prepared, but appeared well thought out, well organized, and finely timed when viewed from a Japanese viewpoint. Against four carriers, two light carriers, 11 battleships, 16 cruisers and 46 destroyers likely to be in the area of the main battle, the Americans could field only three carriers, eight cruisers, and 15 destroyers. The

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RESTRICTED disparity appeared crushing. Only in numbers of available aircraft and submarines was there near parity between the two sides. 32. Unfortunately for Yamamoto, something extraordinary had happened. The worst

fear of any commander is for an enemy to learn his battle plan in advance, which was exactly what American cryptographers had done, thanks to breaking the Japanese naval code D (known to the U.S. as JN-25). As a result, Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Pacific Fleet commander, was able to avoid both of Yamamoto's security measures and position his outnumbered forces in the exact position to conduct a devastating ambush. By Nimitz's calculation, his three available carrier decks, plus Midway, gave him rough parity with Nagumo's First Mobile Force. 33. On 3rd June 1942, an American pilot sighted the Japanese fleet, and for two days the

planes of both sides attacked each other as well as enemy carriers. Although the Japanese at one point raided Midway from the air, they could not approach near enough by sea to carry through a naval shelling or to attempt a landing. In the course of the struggle, American planes sank four Japanese carriers, the Kaga, Akagi, Soryu and Hiryu, as well as the cruiser Mikuma. The United States lost the carrier, Yorktown, and the destroyer, Hammann. This second defensive victory, following so quickly after that in the Coral Sea, greatly improved the position of the United States in the Pacific. The Yamamoto aborted the invasion of Midway and withdrew. The defeat ended Yamamoto's six months of success and marked the high tide of Japanese expansion. 34. Yamamoto's plan for Midway Island has been the subject of much criticism. Many

commentators state it violated the principle of concentration of force, and was overly complex. Others point out similarly complex Allied operations that were successful, and note the extent to which the American intelligence coup derailed the operation before it began. 35. Yamamoto ordered a general retreat on June 5. On June 6-7 a secondary Japanese

force took Kiska and Attu in the Aleutians, but those were no recompense for the defeat at Midway, from which the Japanese navy would never recover. Their battleships were intact, but the Coral Sea and Midway had shown carriers to be the true capital ships of the war, and four of those were gone. 10 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED 36. On April 14th 1943 US naval intelligence intercepted and decrypted a message

detailing that Yamamoto would be making an inspection of his forces on the Solomon Islands in order to boost morale. The message was forwarded to Admiral Nimitz who gave the order to launch an attack to kill Admiral Yamamoto and strike a critical blow to the Japanese. 37. Four days later as the two Betty bombers carrying Yamamoto and his aides flew past

the coast of the island of Bougainville they were attacked by sixteen P-38 Lightinings led by Major John Mitchell of the 339th Fighter Squadron. Four of the P-38's attacked the two bombers whilst the rest of the squadron engaged the Japanese escort planes of six Zeros. Both bombers were shot down; Yamamoto's crashed into the jungle of Bougainville and the other into the sea. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was later discovered still strapped to his seat with his ceremonial sword in his grasp, he was cremated and his ashes returned to Japan for a state funeral.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES WILL POWER 38. The leader must have determination to accomplish his task successfully in the face

of the enemy, any terrain and weather. In peace and war, a leader must be able to overcome the difficulties to achieve his aim. This requires physical and mental stamina. Yamamotos will power led him to success in whatever task he undertook. He was wounded due to bombshell attack in Russo- Japanese war but was never demoralized. He planned the surprise attack on Pearl harbour, inflicting the worst damage on the US Navy history and he was responsible for many Japanese Naval successes. It is not by spectacular achievements that man can be transformed, but by will. He loved his profession and always tried his level best to achieve ultimate aim of having Imperial navy combined with super air power for his country. Having this aim in mind, He equipped Japanese navy with aircraft carriers which was unprecedented in the world history. KNOWLEDGE

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RESTRICTED 39. The knowledge will strengthen the confidence of the leader. The more you know

will give you more respect. Knowledge makes confidence leaders as well as confident subordinates. Yamamoto has sound knowledge in naval warfare and read many book of Admiral Mahan. He was elected to the naval academy and was honoured distinguished graduation when he was just 22 years. As a young officer, during the midshipman period he gained the experiences in Russo- Japanese war. Having visited and studied at the US Naval War College and Harvard University, he was reluctant to enter into war with the United States. He was aware of the overwhelming industrial capacity of the United States compared to that of Japan, and felt that only a knockout blow would remove the US threat to Japan. The exposure he had as naval attach in the USA made him well matured diplomat which also gave the confidence to fight against the USA afterwards. His background knowledge gave him a great ideology about aircraft carriers. The subordinate of Yamamoto believed and respected him for his professional ability. Yamamoto was able to launch one of the worlds modern and strongest naval fleet by the end of 1930. COURAGE 40. This courage will mainly emphasis the both physical and mental condition to over

come fear of danger or hardships. Many examples can be summed up from his naval carrier. The Yamamoto was injured having lost his middle and index finger of his left hand, but did not consider it as major barrier to his naval carrier. He strongly opposed the extremist ideas of Japan and he was in threat from the nationalist of the country. Japanese victory in Pearl harbour is the best example to identify the remarkable courage of Yamamoto. Having known about the American Naval power, he did not thought to step down in front of American Naval power. With his great courage, he led his subordinate to fight without any fear. After the defeat of midway battle at Pacific Ocean with considerable loss of men and material, the moral of Japanese forces was low and his life also in danger of being attacked by US as revenge to the Pearl harbour attack. But he had physical and mental courage to do a visit to Solomons Island leaving his life threat aside, to boost the moral of his forces. MANAGEMENT ABILITY 41. Yamamoto is generally regarded as one of the most prominent leaders in the

Imperial Japanese Navy for making significant changes to the organization of the Japanese Navy. Yamamoto is considered to be a resourceful and brave leader with the management 12 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED skills, mainly optimum utilization and careful coordination of available resources. During the well planned attack in Pearl harbour, it is evident that the utilization of ships and Aircraft according to their capabilities resulted sinking of major war ships and, destroying of 188 aircrafts lost more than 3000 service members.

YAMAMOTO VS ADMIRAL CHESTER WILLIAM NIMITZ 42. Chester Nimitz (1885-1966), American naval officer. During World War I (1914-

1918) he was chief of staff to the commander of the submarine force of the Atlantic Fleet. In 1938, after advancing through the ranks, Nimitz was appointed rear admiral. In December 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the United States into World War II, Nimitz was appointed commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, with the rank of four-star admiral. As commander of the Pacific Ocean Zone, he directed both the Navy and the Marines. The both opponents admirals met each other in midway operation. 43. Admiral Nimitz bold tactics and strategy were largely responsible for stopping the

Japanese advance at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) and the victorious Battle of Midway (June 1942). He was promoted to the position of Admiral of the Fleet in 1944. Nimitz was the official U.S. representative who signed the Japanese surrender in 1945. He becomes a chief of naval operations till to the date of retirement from December 1945. 44. Admiral Yamamoto was very keen on developing the Aircraft carriers. He describe

the ability of swam of small air craft to defeat the huge battleship as much advantageous and economical. Admiral Nimitz was mainly focused towards submarine force and efforts were made to develop subsurface fighting capability. He achieved greater result by employing submarine force in Midway battle. It was Admiral Yamamoto who turned the new page in naval warfare with the introduction of carrier borne Air attack and enjoying victory in Pearl harbour attack. Admiral Nimitz further proved that the success of attack with combination of Aircraft carriers and Submarine in Midway battle. 45. The pearl harbour attack proves the way how he manages to gain desired result by

managing available resources and number of operations. Admiral Nimitz also possessed similar ability to manage a set piece of battle and height of the pacific war. He restored the 13 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED morale by building an aggressive combat team. His bold tactics and strategy were largely responsible for stopping the Japanese advance in Pacific. 46. The President Roosevelt and his government had confident on the Admiral Nimitz

and selected to relieve Admiral Kimmal at Pearl harbour forgetting other 28 flag officers senior to him. When General Hideki Tojo was appointed Prime Minister in Japan on October 18 1941, many political observers thought that Yamamoto's career was essentially over as Tojo had been Yamamoto's old opponent from the time when the latter served as Japan's deputy navy minister. However, Yamamoto found himself left alone in his position as Full admiral despite his open conflicts with General Tojo. Two of the main reasons for Yamamoto's political survival were his immense popularity within the navy fleet as well as his close relations with the royal family. Emperor Hirohito, like Yamamoto, shared a deep respect for the West. 47. The Island hoping and air dominance were the two main tactics used by Admiral

Yamamoto to expand Japanese naval control over the Central Pacific within a short period.Nimitz also helped to develop the strategy of island hopping, in which each island that was captured became the base from which to attack the next target. Islands that were Japanese strongholds were skipped; this strategy saved both lives and time. Ultimately, The continuous offensive launched help to regained the control of all the areas under Japans control by 1945.Admiral Nimitz forced through his aim more successfully until the surrender of Japan.

LESSONS LEARNT 48. The selection of the aim, out of the option available will be most difficult and need

to have knowledge and experience. The commander should have freedom to choose the action to fulfilling the aim within the political frame work. Yamamoto decided that his aim should be capable enough to confine the US Pacific Fleet into the bay at least for six 14 RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED months. Having understood the capabilities of US, planned to launch surprise attack on Pearl harbour. He achieved the surprise and security of the forces. Despite the failure to destroy US carrier fleet in Pearl Harbour attack, Yamamoto decided an ambitious plan to defeat the US pacific Fleet in a decisive battle at Midway Islands and the lack of attention for security led the battle into disaster. 49. Admiral Yamamoto chooses the Midway Island as strategic target as he knew that

Japanese occupation in Midway Island would draw out the American carriers. The eight Aircraft carriers and nearly 250 ships added advantage position to the Japanese fleet. Yamamotos plan comprises with deception and diversionary attack to trap the Americans. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the American was well aware of the plan, thanks to breaking the Japanese naval crypto code. The worst fear of any commander is for an enemy to learn his battle plan in advance, which was exactly what American had done. As a result, Admiral Chester Nimitz was able to avoid both of Yamamoto's security measures and position his outnumbered forces in the exact position to conduct a devastating ambush. Admiral Yamamoto could have avoided the massive defeat over the Midway Island, if he had given due consideration to communication security. 50. There are many evidences to prove that the Yamamoto was concentrating the

combat power decisively whenever required. They had identified, Pearl harbour as the centre of gravity of the US in Pacific Ocean. After a thorough analysis, the Yamamoto identifies and took prompt actions to integrate the use of Air craft carriers and surface ships effectively to engage them continuously in the operation. 51. Intelligence will greatly effect to the success of war. It should mainly addresses to

four elements when, where, How, and why. The shortage of real intelligence regarding the location of Air craft carriers to the Japanese resulted out of damaged to US Air craft carriers in Pearl harbour attack. If Japanese able to locate and destroy the Air craft carriers which were out at sea, during the Pearl harbour attack, Japanese was in a position to control the Pacific Ocean. If the Commander in Chief of Japan's Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, had achieved his aim of destroying the United States Pacific Fleet at Midway, Japan's powerful aircraft carriers and battleships would have been able to strike Hawaii and

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RESTRICTED Australia. Furthermore, Both Hawaii and the Australian mainland would have been exposed to a very real threat of Japanese invasion. 52. The attack to the Yamamoto is evident that all intelligence was in US hand. How

was it possible for a flight of P-38 Lightnings from a base in Guadalcanal to achieve such a distance without aim and clear instructions? For the twin engine Lightnings, Ballale was almost two hours flying time from Guadalcanal. They wouldn't be able to hang around very long waiting for their target. so the P-38's would have had to leave knowing the Admiral Yamamoto took off! How could they have known? Hence, Intelligence mainly keeps the force alive and away from the enemy. CONCLUSION 53. Admiral Yamamoto through out his younger period, learning from his father and

mother were contributed shaping his stronger character. Yamamoto in the spirit of the Samurai always displayed high level of honour, loyalty and dedication. His education in US during the teenage years made him stronger in vision and knowledge from which he could enhance his states. It enables him to influence the development and advancement of carrier based operations. After induction of Carrier fleet in Pearl Harbour attack, It is understood that no one could maintain the ability to dominate the sea without a Carrier Force. 54. Admiral Yamamoto also realized that a decisive battle would be needed to win the

war for Japan, and after Doolittles Raid on Tokyo, advanced the attack plans for Midway. He established a massive force which consisted of over 130 Japanese ships to combat the United States naval operations in the Pacific. However, after the loss of the battle, Yamamoto told his council that he didnt want anyone blaming the loss on the submarine force or the navy, because the loss was Yamamotos fault, and his alone. 55. While during the Solomon Islands campaign, Admiral Isoroku Yamamotos Betty

bomber was ambushed by a squadron of P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft over Bougainville. These aircraft were sent after intercepting a Japanese coded transmission which revealed that Yamamoto would be on an inspection tour of forward air bases. All aboard the two Betty bombers were killed.

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RESTRICTED 56. Admiral Yamamotos death was a tragic blow to Japanese morale. Many

commanders felt that they had lost Japans greatest naval figure in the Pacific War. Yamamoto's remains were cremated at Buin and his ashes were returned to Japan on his last flagship, the battleship 'Musashi'. Yamamoto was posthumously promoted to the highest rank of Fleet Admiral.

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