MSC Thesis CCC

Linear Seismic Analysis of the New Icelandic
Conference and Concert Centre

Rben Kumar Marques Anil Murargi
M.Sc Thesis in

Civil Engineering

Instructors

Associate Professor Rita Bento
Associate Professor Pedro Parreira
Assistant Professor Lus Guerreiro

September 2007

To my Family and Friends

i
Abstract
The government of Iceland and the City of Reykjavik intend to create a major complex in central
Reykjavik, the Conference and Concert Hall Centre, CCC. Many companies are involved in the
studies for this project, among all of them Rambll Denmark has made some seismic analyses
of this project.

Iceland is knowable as an active seismic area, being the most susceptible earthquake region in
the Northwest of Europe. For the CCC area, the reference peak ground acceleration, a
gR
, is
0.10g according to the Icelandic NAD for ENV1998-1-1:1994 issued 2003-07-15 for a reference
return period of 500 years.

For purpose of seismic design of the CCC, according with the EC8 [5], is categorized as being
non-regular both in plan and in elevation. Because of this irregularity a spatial multi modal
response spectrum analysis is performed to assess the seismic response of the structure during
an earthquake.

The CCC main building is separate in two buildings, the Conference Hall and the Concert Hall,
due to acoustic reasons according with to halls functionally. The building analysis is made
independently as two totally separated structures. The only part analyzed on this thesis is the
west of the building (Conference Hall).

A spatial model is built in a finite element software to perform the analysis. The Ramblls
Design Team used LUSAS but in this project the program SAP2000 is adopted. Meetings at
Rambll were useful to understand the philosophy of the structure and to discuss some
assumptions. All efforts in the initial phase of this thesis were concentrated on producing a good
SAP2000 model for the Conference Hall building.

The fundamental goal of this thesis is to run a multi modal response spectrum analysis with the
elastic response spectrum and compare the results obtained with a linear time history analysis.
This thesis is part of a complete version [16], where the dynamic Non Linear Analyses from [16]
are presented in [17].

Furthermore, it will be possible to conclude if the assumptions inherent in EC8 [5] for the
seismic design of buildings may or not lead to a conservative solution for an irregular structure,
in particular the CCC building, and if it is beholden on the designer to ascertain the magnitude
of such seismic effects.

KEYWORDS

Seismic Analysis, Reykjavik, Conference Hall, Linear, Response Spectrum, Time History

iii
Resumo
O governo Islands e a cidade de Reykjavik pretendem criar um importante plo de actividade
no centro de Reykjavik, o Conference and Concert Hall Centre, CCC. Muitas empresas esto
envolvidas no seu estudo, entre elas, a Rambll Denmark a qual realizou algumas anlises
ssmicas ao projecto.

A Islndia conhecida por ser uma zona ssmica activa, sendo mesmo a regio sismicamente
mais susceptvel do Norte da Europa. O valor da acelerao de pico do solo, a
gR
, na rea onde
o CCC ser implantado de 0.1g de acordo com a regulamentao islandesa para o
ENV1998-1-1:1994 de 2003-07-15 para um perodo de retorno de 500 anos.

Para efeitos de dimensionamento ssmico e de acordo com o EC8 [5], o CCC classificado
como sendo no regular quer em planta quer em altura. Devido sua irregularidade,
efectuada uma anlise espacial e a resposta da estrutura aco ssmica, obtida atravs de
uma anlise por espectro de resposta.

O edifcio principal do CCC est separado em dois edifcios, o Conference Hall e o Concert
Hall, devido a razes acsticas e devido funcionalidade das diferentes salas. Assim, as
anlises sismicas so feitas independente a cada um dos dois edifcios. Nesta tese, apenas
analisado o edifcio Oeste onde se encontra o Conference Hall.

O modelo espacial do edifcio construdo num software de elementos finitos de forma a
realizar as anlises ssmicas. A Rambll usou o LUSAS mas neste projecto o programa
adoptado o SAP2000. As reunies com a Rambll foram teis para entender a filosofia da
estrutura e discutir alguns pressupostos. Note-se que todos os esforos na fase inicial desta
tese estavam focados em realizar um bom modelo do Conference Hall em SAP2000.

O objectivo principal desta tese correr uma anlise por espectro de resposta e comparar os
resultados com os obtidos atravs de uma anlise dinmica linear, Linear Time History
Analysis. Esta tese parte de uma verso completa [16], onde as anlises dinmicas no
lineares de [16] esto apresentadas em [17].

Desta forma ser possvel concluir se os pressupostos do EC8 [5] para o dimensionamento
ssmico de edifcios levaro obteno de solues conservativas para estruturas irregulares,
em particular para o CCC e se caber ao projectista determinar a magnitude desses efeitos
ssmicos.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Anlises Ssmicas, Reykjavik, Conference Hall, Linear, Espectro de Resposta, Time History
LINEAR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE NEW ICELANDIC CCC

v

Symbols

gR
a Reference peak ground acceleration on type A ground
g
a Design ground acceleration in the horizontal direction on type A ground
vg
a Design ground acceleration in the vertical direction
cm
E Modulus of elasticity
EI Flexural rigidity
ck
f Characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube at 29 days
ctm
f Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
cm
f Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
yk
f Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
yd
f Design yield strength of reinforcement
f Frequency
y
f Yield strength of reinforcement and structural steel
u
f Ultimate tensile strength of structural steel
kj
G Characteristic value of permanent action
w
k Factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with wall
R
k Regularity factor for non-regular structure
w
k Prevailing failure mode for wall systems
D
k Ductility class
ki
Q Characteristic value of variable action
q Behaviour factor
SYMBOLS

vi

o
q Basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the type of the structural
system and on its regularity in elevation
( )
e
S T Elastic horizontal ground acceleration response spectrum also called elastic
response spectrum. At T=0, the spectral acceleration given by this spectrum
equals the design ground acceleration on type A ground multiplied by the soil
factor S
( )
ve
S T Elastic vertical ground acceleration response spectrum
( )
d
S T Design acceleration spectrum
S Soil factor
B
T Lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
C
T Upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
D
T Value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of
the spectrum
T Vibration period of a linear single degree of freedom;
Lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum
uk
Characteristic strain of reinforcement
Viscous damping ratio (in percent)
Damping correction factor with a reference value of =1 for 5% viscous
damping
i
Importance factor
m
Partial safety factor
Ei
Combination coefficients for variable action i
2i
Combination coefficient for quasi-permanent value of variable action i
Dynamic magnification factor

vii

Contents

Abstract i
Resumo iii
Symbols v
Contents vii
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xvii
List of Equations xix

PREFACE xxi
Acknowledgements xxiv

CHAPTER 1 1
Introduction of the Project 1

1.1 Project Technical Specification 2
1.2 Projects Background 3
1.3 The Projects Goals 3
1.4 Research Studies 4
1.4.1 The Conference requirements 4
1.4.2 The Concert requirements 4
1.5 Three Hall, Three Buildings under one shell 5
1.5.1 Location 6
1.5.2 Concert Hall 8
1.5.3 Conference Hall 8
1.5.4 Rehearsal Hall 9
1.5.5 Areas 10
1.5.6 Building Exterior Materials 10
CONTENTS

viii

CHAPTER 2 13
Earthquake Hazard Mapping and Zoning of Reykjavik 13

2.1 The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) 14
2.2 The Reykjanes Seismic Zone (SISZ) 14
2.3 The North Iceland Seismic Zone (NISZ) 15
2.4 A Tentative Earthquake Catalogue 15
2.5 Attenuation of Earthquake Motion 16
2.6 Seismic Zoning of the Reykjavik Area 16

CHAPTER 3 19
Description and Modelling of the Building 19

3.1 Description of the Building 19
3.1.1 Foundations 20
3.1.2 Basement 20
3.1.3 Ground Level 21
3.1.4 The Halls 21
3.1.5 South Facade 22
3.1.6 West Facade 22
3.1.7 North Facade 23
3.1.8 East Facade 24
3.1.9 Inside the Concert Hall 24
3.1.10 Inside the Rehearsal Hall 25
3.2 Modelling of the Building 26
3.2.1 Background Information of the Modelling 26
3.2.2 From Tekla Viewer to AutoCAD 26
3.2.3 From AutoCAD to SAP2000 29
3.2.3.1 Assumptions done in AutoCAD 30
3.2.3.2 Assumptions done in SAP2000 33
3.2.4 Materials 36
3.2.5 Roof 37
3.2.6 Facades 38
3.2.6.1 North Facades 38
3.2.6.2 West Facades 40
3.2.6.3 South Facades 41
3.2.7 Loads 42
3.2.7.1 Dead Load 42
3.2.7.2 Imposed Load 43
CONTENTS

ix

CHAPTER 4 45
Seismic Analysis 45

4.1 General Overview of Different Methods of Analysis 46
4.1.1 Equivalent Static Analysis 46
4.1.2 Response Spectrum Analysis 47
4.1.3 Linear Dynamic Analysis 47
4.1.4 Non Linear Static Analysis 48
4.1.5 Non Linear Dynamic Analysis 48
4.2 The West Building Seismic Analysis 49
4.2.1 Modal Analysis 49
4.2.2 Assumptions 49
4.2.2.1 Importance Class 49
4.2.2.2 Earthquake Type 50
4.2.2.3 Ground Type 50
4.2.2.4 Design Acceleration 50
4.2.2.5 Damping 50
4.2.2.6 Behaviour Factor for Horizontal Seismic Actions 51
4.2.3 Action Definition for Multi Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 52
4.2.3.1 Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum 52
4.2.3.2 Design Spectrum 53
4.2.3.3 Vertical Response Spectrum 53
4.2.3.4 Response Spectra 54
4.2.4 Action Definition for Linear Time History Analysis 54
4.2.5 Action Definition Non Linear Time History Analysis 56

CHAPTER 5 57
Seismic Analysis Results 57

5.1 Eigenmode Analysis 56
5.1.1 Effective Modal Masses 66
5.2 Linear Analysis 70
5.2.1 Deformation 71
5.2.2 Bending Moment 78
5.2.2.1 Shell Elements 78
5.2.2.2 Frame Elements 81
5.2.3 Shear Force 83

CONTENTS

x

5.2.3.1 Shell Elements 83
5.2.3.2 Frame Elements 85
5.2.4 Linear Analyses Conclusion 87

CHAPTER 6 91
Conclusions 91

6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Developed Work 91
6.3 Further Work 93

APPENDIX 95

A.0 AutoCAD Drawings 95
A.1 Dead Load Mapping 99
A.2 Imposed Load Mapping 102
A.3 Linear Analysis Output 105

REFERENCES 139

xi

List of Figures

CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.1: Plan of the Building 5
Figure 1.2: The CCC location on the Reykjavik city 6
Figure 1.3: Views from the city of Reykjavik around CCC 7
Figure 1.4: CCC Lateral view Concert Halls cut view 8
Figure 1.5: Preview image from the Concert Hall 8
Figure 1.6: CCC Lateral view Conference Halls cut view 9
Figure 1.7: CCC Lateral view Rehearsal Halls cut view 9
Figure 1.8: Symbols of Icelandic Nature 10
Figure 1.9: Icelandic Basalt The Icon of CCC facade idea 11
Figure 1.10: Glass Facade Steel Hexagonal open-grille called quasi bricks 11
CHAPTER 2
Figure 2.1: Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge 13
Figure 2.2: Most seismic critical areas 15
Figure 2.3: Iso-acceleration curves (%g) for 500 year peak accelerations 17
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3.1: Teklas web viewer screenshot of CCC 19
Figure 3.2: CCC Bottom slab 20
Figure 3.3: The Basement 20
Figure 3.4: View from the Level 1 and all the columns that supports the Level 2 slab 21
Figure 3.5: Overview of the Level 1, level 2 slab (grey) and the wall of the halls 21
Figure 3.6: Conference Hall on left, Rehearsal Hall on the middle and Concert Hall on the right 22
LIST OF FIGURES

xii
Figure 3.7: South of the Concert Hall building 22
Figure 3.8: West and South Facade of the Conference Hall building 23
Figure 3.9: CCC North Facade 23
Figure 3.10: Earth Facade of the Concert Hall building 24
Figure 3.11: View from the inside of the Concert Hall 24
Figure 3.12: Truss from the Concert Hall building 25
Figure 3.13: View from the inside Rehearsal Hall 25
Figure 3.14: 1
st
Grid Level BASEMENT K1 26
Figure 3.15: 2
nd
Figure 3.16: 3
rd
Figure 3.17: 4
th
Grid Level LEVEL 1 26
Figure 3.18: 5
th
Figure 3.19: 6
th
Figure 3.20: 7
th
Figure 3.21: 8
th
Figure 3.22: 9
th
Figure 3.23: 10
th
Grid Level - LEVEL 4 27
Figure 3.24: 11
th
Figure 3.25: 12
th
Figure 3.26: 13
th
Figure 3.27: 14
th
Grid Level ROOF LEVEL 28
Figure 3.28: SAP2000 import option windows - layers 29
Figure 3.29: 1
st
Grid Level. z=0m 29
Figure 3.30: 2
nd
Grid Level, z=1.36m 29
Figure 3.31: 3
rd
Figure 3.32: 4
th
Figure 3.33: 5
th
Figure 3.34: 6
th
Figure 3.35: 7
th
Figure 3.36: 8
th
Figure 3.37: 9
th
Figure 3.38: 10
th
Grid Level - Roof, z=28.13m 30
Figure 3.39: SAP2000 unit option window 32
LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

Figure 3.40: Original and simplified section 33
Figure 3.41: SAP2000 detail of the joint restraints 33
Figure 3.42: The balconies view from the Rehearsal Hall 33
Figure 3.43: Original (Tekla Viewer) and simplified model (SAP2000) of the small auditorium 34
Figure 3.44: Values used in the hollow slabs 34
Figure 3.45: SAP2000 area section option window 34
Figure 3.46: Screenshot from SAP2000 before and after using the option Insertion Point 35
Figure 3.47: SAP2000 screenshot showing the joint restraints (red) and the shared wall (blue). 35
Figure 3.48: SAP2000 Auto Mesh option window 35
Figure 3.49: Screenshot from SAP2000 showing some examples of incompatible elements
created by Auto Mesh option 36
Figure 3.50: SAP2000 divide elements option window 36
Figure 3.51: Tekla viewer screenshot of the above mentioned span roof 37
Figure 3.52: SAP2000 screenshot of the modelled span roof. 37
Figure 3.53: Architectural elevation North view 38
Figure 3.54: Supports for facade 4 38
Figure 3.55: Supports for facade 8a 39
Figure 3.56: Supports for facade 8b 39
Figure 3.57: Architectural elevation West 40
Figure 3.58: Supports for facade 5a 40
Figure 3.59: Supports for facade 5b 40
Figure 3.60: Architectural elevation South 41
Figure 3.61: Tekla viewer screenshot of the Quasi Brick facade 42
Figure 3.62: SAP2000 screenshot of the modelled Quasi-Brick facade 42
Figure 3.63: 3
rd
grid level Basement 42
Figure 3.64: 4
th
grid level Level 1 42
Figure 3.65: 5
th
Figure 3.66: 6
th
Figure 3.67: 7
th
Figure 3.68: 10
th
grid level ROOF Level 43
Figure 3.69: 3
rd
grid level - Basement 43
Figure 3.70: 4
th
Figure 3.71: 5
th
LIST OF FIGURES

xiv

Figure 3.72: 6
th
Figure 3.73: 7
th
Figure 3.74: 10
th
grid level Roof Level 43
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.1: Design Acceleration Spectra 54
Figure 4.2: Example Synthetic Accelerogram 55
Figure 4.3: Matched Vs. Target Acceleration Response 55
CHAPTER 5
Figure 5.1: First three eigenmodes with the most effective mass of the West Building 58
Figure 5.2: Eigenmodes 4 and 5 of the West Building 59
Figure 5.4: Eigenmodes 886, 2 and 286 of the West Building 61
Figure 5.10: Accumulative Effective Modal Mass Graphic 66
Figure 5.11: Locations 1 to 6 70
Figure 5.19: Four main alignments from the building 71
Figure 5.20: X direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone A 72
Figure 5.21: Y direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 72
Figure 5.22: X direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone B 72
Figure 5.23: Y direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 72
Figure 5.24: X direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone C 72
Figure 5.25: Y direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 72
LIST OF FIGURES

xv

Figure 5.26: X direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone D 72
Figure 5.27: Y direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 72
Figure 5.28: X direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 73
Figure 5.29: Y direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone A 73
Figure 5.30: X direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 73
Figure 5.31: Y direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone B 73
Figure 5.32: X direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 73
Figure 5.33: Y direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone C 73
Figure 5.34: X direction displacements caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 73
Figure 5.35: Y direction displacements caused by an X direction motion Zone D 73
Figure 5.36: X direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone A 74
Figure 5.37: Y direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 74
Figure 5.38: X direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone B 74
Figure 5.39: Y direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 74
Figure 5.40: X direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone C 74
Figure 5.41: Y direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 74
Figure 5.42: X direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone D 74
Figure 5.43: Y direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 74
Figure 5.44: X direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 75
Figure 5.45: Y direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone A 75
Figure 5.46: X direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 75
Figure 5.47: Y direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone B 75
Figure 5.48: X direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 75
Figure 5.49: Y direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone C 75
Figure 5.50: X direction rotation caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 75
Figure 5.51: Y direction rotation caused by an X direction motion Zone D 75
Figure 5.52: X direction drift caused by an X direction motion Zone A 76
Figure 5.53: Y direction drift caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 76
Figure 5.54: X direction drift caused by an X direction motion Zone B 76
Figure 5.55: Y direction drift caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 76
Figure 5.56: X direction drift caused by an X direction motion Zone C 76
Figure 5.57: Y direction drift caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 76
Figure 5.58: X direction drift caused by an X direction motion Zone D 76
LIST OF FIGURES

xvi

Figure 5.59: Y direction drift caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 76
Figure 5.60: X direction drift on caused by a Y direction motion Zone A 77
Figure 5.61: Y direction drift on caused by an X direction motion Zone A 77
Figure 5.62: X direction drift on caused by a Y direction motion Zone B 77
Figure 5.63: Y direction drift on caused by an X direction motion Zone B 77
Figure 5.64: X direction drift on caused by a Y direction motion Zone C 77
Figure 5.65: Y direction drift on caused by an X direction motion Zone C 77
Figure 5.66: X direction drift on caused by a Y direction motion Zone D 77
Figure 5.67: Y direction drift on caused by an X direction motion Zone D 77
Figure 5.68: Plan view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8 78
Figure 5.69: Lateral view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8 78
Figure 5.70: Plan view of Level 2 Points 9 to 10 79
Figure 5.71: Detail of zone 9 (top of the short wall) 79
Figure 5.72: Plan view of Level 1 Point 1 to 8 80
Figure 5.73: Lateral view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8 80
Figure 5.74: Plan view of Level 2 Point 9 81
Figure 5.75: Detail of zone 9 (top of the short wall) 81
Figure 5.76: General view of all frame elements Points 1 to 3 81
Figure 5.77: 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 3 82
Figure 5.78: General view of all frame elements Points 1 to 4 82
Figure 5.79: 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 4 82
Figure 5.80: Plan view of Level 1 - Point 1 83
Figure 5.81: Plan view of Level 2 - Points 2 to 4 83
Figure 5.82: Plan view of Level 1- Points 1 to 5 84
Figure 5.83: Detail of zone 1 (short wall) 84
Figure 5.84: Plan view of Level 2 - Points 6 to 8 84
Figure 5.85: General view of frame elements Points 1 to 2 85
Figure 5.86: 3D view of all frame elements Points 1 to 2 85
Figure 5.87: General view of frame elements Points 1 to 3 86
Figure 5.88: 3D view of all frame elements Points 1 to 3 86
Figure 5.89: Most forced zones in the structure 87
Figure 5.90: Most forced zones in the structure, 1
st
level (forces for Motion on Y direction, M11) 87
Figure 5.91: Most forced zones in the structure, 1
st
level (forces for Motion on Z direction, M11) 88

xvii

List of Tables

CHAPTER 3
Table 3.1: Slabs Thickness, material and its location 30
Table 3.2: Walls Thickness, material and its location 31
Table 3.3: Concrete Columns dimensions, material and its location 31
Table 3.4: Steel Columns section, material and its location 31
Table 3.5: Concrete Beams dimensions, material and its location 31
Table 3.6: Steel Beams section, material and its location 32
Table 3.7: Concrete characteristics 36
Table 3.8: Steel characteristics 37
Table 3.9: Vertical load on facade 4 support 38
Table 3.10: Vertical load on facade 8a support 39
Table 3.11: Vertical load on facade 8b support 39
Table 3.12: Vertical load on facade 5a support 40
Table 3.13: Vertical load on facade 5b support 40
Table 3.14: Vertical load on facade 9a and 9c supports 41
Table 3.15: Vertical load on facade 9d support 41
Table 3.16: Values of for calculating 44
CHAPTER 4
Table 4.1: Overview table of different methods of analysis 46
CHAPTER 5
Table 5.1: The effective modal mass of the first fifty modes 67
Table 5.2: The list of the first fifty modes with the most effective modal mass 68
Ei
LIST OF TABLES

xviii

Table 5.3: M11 caused by a motion on X direction in zones 1 to 8 79
Table 5.4: M11 caused by a motion on X direction in zones 9 and 10 79
Table 5.5: M22 caused by a motion on X direction in zones 1 and 8 80
Table 5.6: M22 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 9 81
Table 5.7: Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, M2) Section Type 82
Table 5.8: M2 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3 82
Table 5.9: Frames 1 to 4 (Motion on X direction, M3) Section Type 83
Table 5.10: M3 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 4 83
Table 5.11: V13 caused by a motion on X direction in zones 1 and 4 84
Table 5.12: V23 caused by a motion on X direction in zones 1 and 8 85
Table 5.13: Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, V2) Section Type 86
Table 5.14: V2 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3 86
Table 5.15: Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, V3) Section Type 87
Table 5.16: V3 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3 87
Table 5.17: Description of structural irregularities that causes high forces on elements 89

xix

List of Equations

CHAPTER 4
Equation 4.1 51
Equation 4.2 51
Equation 4.3 52
Equation 4.4 52
Equation 4.5 52
Equation 4.6 52
Equation 4.7 53
Equation 4.8 53
Equation 4.9 53
Equation 4.10 53
Equation 4.11 53
Equation 4.12 53
Equation 4.13 53
Equation 4.14 53


xxi

Preface

The current MSc.Thesis is presented for the Science Master required accomplishment from
Instituto Superior Tcnico, IST, Civil Engineering Department, which title is Linear Seismic
Analysis of the New Icelandic Conference and Concert Centre. This thesis is part of a full
Master Thesis version [16] developed with Jorge Lopes, student from IST, at the Technical
University of Denmark, DTU, during ERASMUS exchange program, 2
nd
semester, 2006/2007.

The government of Iceland and the City of Reykjavik intend to create a major complex in central
Reykjavik, the Conference and Concert Hall Centre, CCC. The planning concept of the City
Centre and the Eastern Harbour area include a Concert Hall, a Conference Centre, a Hotel and
some other facilities. As is expected in this kind of complex project many companies are
involved in all the studies - before, during and after the construction. Of all of these enterprises
Rambll Denmark, a Danish company who works within the fields of engineering, environment
and management has made, among other studies, some seismic studies of this project
according to the EC8 [5].

The CCC, with the purpose of seismic design (EC8 [5]) is categorized as being non regular not
only in plan but also in elevation.

The main building of CCC is separated in two buildings, the Conference Hall and the Concert
Hall due to acoustic reasons according to the halls functionalism. Then, the buildings analysis
is made independently as two totally separated structures. Only the west part of the building is
analyzed.

The irregularity of the main structural system of the building, both in plan and in elevation,
means that the equivalent lateral force method is not applicable. Because of this irregularity a
spatial multi modal response spectrum analysis was performed by Ramblls design team to
assess the seismic response of the structure during an earthquake. This was done not only in
PREFACE

xxii
order to obtain limit state values for the design of the structure resistance system, but also to
evaluate the behaviour of structural system and the reaction forces in the foundations during
seismic excitation. In either case no non linear dynamic analysis was performed by the
Ramblls project designers.

The main objective of the study elaborated in the full thesis version [16] is, in a first phase
(Linear Range), to run a multi modal response spectrum analysis with the elastic response
spectrum and compare results with a linear time history analysis. The results should be similar.
However, the irregularity of the building does not permit an immediate conclusion. In a second
phase (Non Linear Range) [17], a non linear time history analysis will be run and the results will
be compared again with those obtained through a multi-modal response spectrum analysis
using the design response spectrum.
In the linear range, the seismic action was defined through the elastic and design response
spectrum and accelerograms based on the elastic response spectrum.
In the non linear range the seismic action was defined through the same accelograms used for
the linear time history analysis. Here the non linear behaviour is given by plastic hinges. As the
structure was designed to be in a linear range for the reference seismic action, 0.1g, a higher
value for the reference ground acceleration, or importance factor (based on valid assumptions) ,
was used, in order to get the non linear behaviour of the structure for both analyses. At this
point, we can conclude if the multi modal response spectrum analysis given by EC8 is adequate
for this very special and irregular structure.
Different results are expected and it will be interesting to see if there are any considerable
differences and if the seismic analysis made by the Ramblls design team is conservative.

This thesis presents the linear analysis results and, in order to complement the thesis that
presents the non linear analysis results [17], is organized using the following chapters:

The first chapter is an introduction and a background to the project, its objectives and a short
description of all research studies. Fundamentally, it is a research study of the origin of the idea
of this construction. A simple description of all the most important parts of CCC and its location
are also presented.

In the second chapter the main seismic zones of Iceland are described and the earthquake
hazard mapping and zoning of Reykjavik is presented. In this chapter the values of peak ground
acceleration, a
gR,
used for all seismic analysis are defined.

A general description of the building and its modelling is done in the third chapter. The structural
program used to model the Conference Hall was SAP2000. All steps and the small details of
modelling were described in this chapter. Furthermore, it is also possible to see here the
evolution of the modelling by pictures.
PREFACE

xxiii

In the fourth chapter, some relevant information from the Detailed Design [18] provided by
Rambll is presented for the study. All the information associated with the design is included in
[18]. This chapter has some essential information from the basis of design materials adopted
and all the loads applied. All the details connected with how the design team of Rambll
considered the earthquake load and all information related with parameters of the analysis ran
are presented in this chapter.

This chapter has also contributed to summarize the different methods of seismic analysis and to
describe all the parameters and assumptions assumed by SAP2000. Mainly, this chapter is
divided into two sections, general overview of different analysis methods and seismic analysis
on the west (Conference) building.

In the fifth chapter the results of the linear seismic analysis are presented. Basically, some of
the conclusions of the full thesis version [16] are reached in the last chapter and will
complement and support [17] to get the main goal of the full thesis version. Some suggestions
for future development work are also given.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

xxiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express me gratitude and appreciation to the following people:

To my advisor in Portugal, Prof. Dr. Rita Bento, for providing me with the opportunity to work
abroad in such a wonderful country and also for her valuable suggestions, helpful guidance and
encouragement.

To my advisor in Denmark, Prof. Dr. Christos T. Georgakis for his valuable input and all
contacts provided to help me advance on the thesis. Also, thanks for making this study possible
since the first contact made by email in Portugal.

Special thanks to M.Sc.Civ.Eng. PhD. Student Einar Inglfsson, from DTU for his time, valuable
suggestions, helpful guidance and encouragement.

To Prof. Dr. Hans Exner from Rambll Denmark and all his team for all information provided.

Thanks are extended to the staff of Department of Civil Engineering from IST and DTU for their
support during my project.

I would like to express my special appreciation to my friend, Jorge Lopes, for his immeasurable
friendship and endless support. He has been a constant source of strength and a brilliant helper
throughout times of adversity while trying to fulfill my goal.

Lisbon, September 2007

Ruben Murargi, N51964

1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction of the Project

The government of Iceland and the City of Reykjavik decided to create a major complex in
central Reykjavik. The planning concept of the City Centre and the Eastern Harbour area
comprise a Concert Hall, a Conference Centre and a Hotel.

The idea of building a concert hall and a concert centre is not recent. To this end Austurhfn-TR
has been established to coordinate efforts and progress the development as Promoter.
Austurhfn -TR is an independent legal entity owned by the State of Iceland and the City of
Reykjavik.

With a limit deadline in the autumn of 2009, the complex, which is being financed by a mix of
state, city and private sector funding, will include a state of the art 1800 seat concert hall, a 450
seat rehearsal and recital hall, and a cluster of conference and meeting halls, the largest of
which will accommodate up to 750 delegates. The plans also allow for the construction of a 250
room first class hotel.

Demolition work began in 2006 after holding group Portus won the construction contract. Portus
Concert and Conference Centre is being constructed to create the best conditions for Icelands
continually expanding musical life and the growing public interest in music. Furthermore, it will
house a top-rate convention facility.

The winning project gathers inspiration from the northern lights and the dramatic Icelandic
nature. Situated in Reykjavik on the boundary between the land and the sea, the building will
stand out like a radiant sculpture, reflecting the sky, the harbour space, and the vibrant life of
the city, according to Henning Larsen Architects web site [32].

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

2

The exterior of the building, designed by artist lafir Eliasson, will have a crystalline form
reflecting the changing colours of the surrounding landscape. The sun will accentuate the
details in light and shadow, and the building will refer to the glowing lava when exploding in
warm golden colours or to the glaciers when turning ice blue, according to Portuss web site
[31].

The main designer of the Icelandic National Concert and Conference Centre is the architectural
agency Henning Larsen Tegnestue A/S, in Copenhagen, Denmark, which built Copenhagens
new opera house.

1.1 PROJECT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Information provided in The Icelandic Pavillion La Biennale di Venezia 2006, [28].
The Iceland National Concert and Conference Centre - Opening spring 2010.
The East Harbour Project, Reykjavik.

Client: Austurhfn-TR ehf (East harbour Ltd), owned by
The State of Iceland and the City of Reykjavik.
Private Partner: Portus Ltd., a private company owned by Nysir Ltd. and
Landsafl Ltd.
The project is a public private partnership (PPP) between
Austurhfn and Portus.
Design: Henning Larsens Tegnestue.
Design of facade structure: lafur Elasson.
Contractor: Iceland Prime Contractor Ltd.
Design Team: Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S.
Batterio Architects.
Rambll Danmark A/S.
Hnnun Ltd.
Artec USA.
lafur Elasson.
Financing: Landsbanki slands (National Bank of Iceland).
Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

3

1.2 PROJECTS BACKGROUND

Since the beginning of the 90s various committees and groups have worked on investigating
the basis for constructing a concert hall. In 1992 the marketing of a conference centre in
Reykjavk was investigated and in the same year discussion began on uniting the two projects.

In February 1996, a committee led by the education ministry did some field work on the subject
of a concert hall, considering also the possibility of a connection to a conference centre. On the
committee were representatives of Reykjavik and the Government. The main objective of the
committee was to examine whether such a hall should be built, where it should be located and
how the building should be financed and operated. An assessment of the suitable size of the
house and estimated the cost of its construction and operation were also prepared by the
committee that submitted its findings in June 1997.

In October 1998, the Reykjavik City Council decided to start work on parking policy planning,
car parking facilities, public transport and traffic.

At the beginning of 1999, the Government of Iceland and the Reykjavik City Council formed a
committee, dealing with project plans, financing and in 2002 an agreement is signed between
the two parts. A site was selected at the Eastern Harbour near to the old town centre and it was
decided to build the Concert Hall, the Conference Centre, all Parking Facilities and a Hotel, all
as a Private Finance Initiative (PFI).

1.3 THE PROJECT GOALS

The objective of the project is to revitalize the City Centre and the Eastern Harbour in which a
major complex in the central Reykjavik comprising a Concert Hall, Conference Centre and Hotel
with a further opportunity to develop office or retails elements that will be constructed.
The constructed buildings will have a high visibility from the sea and such visual impact will
create a new icon symbolising the City of Reykjavik.

Moreover, Iceland has hosted a series of international meetings and conferences, including the
International Conference on Women and Democracy 1999, NATO Council of Foreign Ministers
2002, several meetings of the Nordic Council of Ministers, and the most important of all, the
Reagen-Gorbachev summit of 1986.
Nowadays, Iceland is ranked as 14
th
as a leading conference destination. When the curtain
goes up in the Icelandic National Concert and Conference Centre in 2009, the complex will join
the citys theatre and Reykjavik will reinforce its position in this growing market as a conference
destination.
Chapter 1 RESEARCH STUDIES

4

1.4 RESEARCH STUDIES

Over the last decade many research studies has been focus on the development of the
Conference and Concert Hall complex. The following topics show the results of those studies:

1.4.1 THE CONFERENCE REQUIREMENTS

The Conference Centre needs to offer the following attractive points [14]:

Pleasant atmosphere, comfortable chairs, good illumination, first-rate air conditioning,
excellent design and a nice environment;
State-of-the-art technical facilities, including sound and simultaneous translation systems,
internet, video conferencing, computer based presentation and television distribution
systems, and central and cell based telephone systems;
Excellent acoustics suitable for public speaking to large audiences;
Exhibit space in the lobby that can be used as a meeting area, exhibit area or a subsidiary
area for food and beverage facilities;
Direct connection to a hotel or adjacent to first-class international hotel accommodation,
preferably within walking distance of shops, restaurants and places of entertainment;
Safe area and good medical services:
Easy access for transportation and communications, particularly to and from the airport;

1.4.2 THE CONCERT REQUIREMENTS

Some Concert and Recital Hall Requirements are based on its characteristics [14]:

Easy access to entertainment;
Easy access to restaurants;
Easy access to shopping;
Easy transportation access;
Easy to meet with friends/relations before and after shows;
Interesting areas for guests at the complex to explore;
Easy access to different hotels;
An attractive, good location;

Chapter 1 THREE HALL, THREE BUILDINGS UNDER ONE SHELL

5
Figure 1.1 Plan of the building [1]

1.5 THREE HALL, THREE BUILDINGS UNDER ONE SHELL

The project of the building is composed by three main elements:

a Concert Hall;
a Rehearsal and Recital Hall;
a Conference and Convention Complex;

Excluding of the hotel, the plan of the building is very simple. Three halls side by side a
Concert Hall, a Rehearsal / Recital Hall and a Conference Hall, which will simplify the flow within
the building (Figure 1.1). The assessment of utilisation and feasibility unequivocally indicates
that this would entail considerable advantage as to initial capital expenditure and operational
costs if halls were linked. Lower operational costs are first and foremost achieved by the sharing
of common area facilities, such as the entrance, the lobby and support facilities. Furthermore,
for example the Concert Hall would be used for opening and closing plenum sessions and the
Rehearsal and Recital Hall would also be used for conference purposes.
Throughout the design process, emphasis is placed on making it both ideal for hosting bigger
events and to separate different conference halls from other areas of the building. This makes it
possible to host different events simultaneously, without one interfering with the others.

6
Figure 1.2 The CCC location on the Reykjavik city [29]

1.5.1 LOCATION

As stated above, the location of the Iceland National Concert and Conference Centre is in the
heart of the city of Reykjavik East Harbour adjacent to the commercial centre of the city and
linking directly to the principal retail areas. It is situated in a way that emphasizes the visibility as
much as possible.
The site selected is one demarcated by the area to the north of the street Geirsgata down to the
Inglfsgarur quay, and between the streets Geirsgata and Tryggvagata as shown above on
Figure 1.2.

The main advantages of a location within this area are:

Near the shops, restaurants and places of entertainment of the City Centre.
Surrounding to the centres of government.
A Concert Hall and a Conference Centre would be located in the heart of the City.
It would be relatively easy to have spacious site, also for a hotel.
Possible sharing of the car parks in the City Centre.
Location close to the best access route to the City Centre.

7
Figure 1.3 Views from the city of Reykjavik around CCC [29]

The site intended for the Concert Hall, Conference Centre and Hotel is composed by two parts:
7 200 m
2
between Geirsgata and Tryggvagata, and about 20 000 m
2
to the north of Geirsgata
and in the direction of Inglfsgarur.
It would be possible to enlarge the building area by modification or relocation of Geirsgata but
Geirsgata is a main road with two separate lanes in each direction separating the two sites.
There is the possibility of covering Geirsgata, or constructing a tunnel, or a bridge across the
street.

The Figure 1.3 above shows the views from the city of Reykjavik around CCC.
View towards west
View toward north
View toward north
View toward north

8

1.5.2 CONCERT HALL

The Concert Hall will be the residence of the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, for rehearsals and
concerts.
The proposed Concert Hall is rectangular with interior dimensions of approximately 58m long,
35m wide and 26m high from the stage to the ceiling.
The Concert Hall, with a capacity of 1500 seats, will be the place for all types of concerts,
classical as well as pop concerts and will compete with the best music halls in the world in terms
of performance, rehearsal and also recording facilities, and world standard acoustics.
In support of the Concert Hall a separate Rehearsal and Recital Hall is planned with full
acoustic characteristics and a seating capacity for 450 people.
The sites that form the Concert Hall cover an area totalling 3800 m
2
, while the floorage covers
1750m
2
.

1.5.3 CONFERENCE HALL

The proposed principal Conference Hall is rectangular with approximately 35 metres along, 24
meters wide with a ceiling height of 8.5m that should accommodate 500 people in a classroom
arrangement and 750 people in a cinema arrangement.
A ratio of 2:3 for the width to the length was chosen for optimum sight-lines in many of the
anticipated settings. The building contains a basement, main floor and technical gallery.

9
Figure 1.6 CCC Lateral view Conference Halls cut view [29]

Figure 1.7 CCC Lateral view - Rehearsal Halls cut view [29]

The finished ceiling is set at 8.5m, but a loft of approximately 3m has been added for building
services.
The Conference Hall is to be divisible, and as both of the smaller resulting rooms must perform
equally well, it is symmetrically designed around a central transverse axis. All technical spaces
and services are duplicated at both ends, including sound control rooms, lighting control rooms,
projection rooms, follow spot rooms, sound and communication systems, simultaneous
interpretation booths and wire rope grids. This ensures that each room has identical amenities
when the hall is divided.

1.5.4 REHEARSAL HALL

Emphasis is placed on good acoustics in the Rehearsal and Concert hall. The acoustics in the
smaller hall should, first and foremost, take into account soloist and chamber music recitals,
jazz, pop music and the rehearsals of the Iceland Symphony Orchestra.
The Rehearsal Hall should accommodate 450 people during chamber music performances. It
shall be 28 m long, 19 m wide and 14 m high. The total area of the Rehearsal Hall shall be 532
m
2
[9].


10
Figure 1.8 Symbols of Icelandic Nature [29]

1.5.5 AREAS
The total size of the Concert House and the Conference Centre will be 15 000 m
2
, and it is
expected that the buildings will be connected, thus facilitating the sharing of an entrance, a
lobby, facilities and some of the halls.

Concert Hall
- Hall 3800 m
2

- Circulation, etc. 300 m
2

Rehearsal Hall
- Hall 530 m
2

- Supporting space 100 m
2

Conference Hall
- Hall 850 m
2

- Meeting rooms 2500 m
2

- Access, entrance, vestibules 3700 m
2

- Facilities for artists and management 1800 m
2

- Supporting and technical facilities, etc. 1400 m
2

- Levelling out 20 m
2

1.5.6 BUILDING EXTERIOR MATERIALS

As is written in Henning Larsen Architects web site [32], The winning project for the Concert
and Conference Hall in Reykjavik, Iceland, gathers inspiration from the northern lights and the
dramatic Icelandic nature.


11
Figure 1.9 Icelandic Basalt The Icon of CCC facade idea [29]

Figure 1.10 Glass Facade Steel Hexagonal open-grille called Quasis bricks [29]

The exterior of the building was designed by lafur Elasson, who chose the Icelandic Basalt
originating from places such as Svartifoss as an inspiration for the elaboration of the facade
and the roof.

The Danish architecture firm Henning Larsen Tegnestue, which built Copenhagens new opera
house, is responsible for the rest of the structure.

Facade and roof construction is built from a hexagonal space lattice structure with reinforce
steel sides that will have a crystalline form reflecting the changing in a through lit or luminous
way reflecting the use of the building, the weather and the seasons.
The shell of the building is in principle constituted by glazed sheets on the in-as well as the
outside of the lattice.
The facades to the east and the west are designed in a more traditional way with offset glazed
sheets reinforced by glass and steel elements. The facades are withdrawn under the
cantilevered shell. The outer surfacing of the city street is designed as a luminous glass floor
made by glass bricks and concrete with embedded metal fragments that both secures a non-
skid surface and catches the sunlight [1].


13
Figure 2.1 Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge [13]

CHAPTER 2

Earthquake Hazard Mapping and Zoning of
Reykjavik

Iceland is an active seismic area, in fact the most earthquake prone region in the Northwest
Europe. Over the centuries, earthquakes have caused quite significant damage to buildings and
structures, concomitant injuries as well as loss of life [22].

Iceland is a super structural part of the Mid Atlantic Ridge (Figure 2.1) and is being split by the
divergent plate boundary between the North American and the Euro-Asian Plate, creating a belt
of seismic activity from the Azores in the south towards Jan Mayen in the north.
Chapter 2 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPPING AND ZONING OF REYKJAVIK
14

Across Iceland from southwest to the north, the plate boundary is displaced to the east through
two major fracture zones, the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) in the lowlands of the south
and the Tjrnes Fracture Zone in the north (NISZ), see Figure 2.1.
The largest historic earthquakes in Iceland have occurred within these zones and have
exceeded magnitude 7 [25].
The City of Reykjavk and surrounding townships are located close to the seismic delineation of
the Reykjanes Peninsula (RSZ) where the Mid Atlantic ridge enters into the peninsula from the
southwest. Moreover, the SISZ is within 30-50 km distance from the Capital.
Many historic earthquakes with origins in the SISZ and the Reykjanes Zone have been reported
on ancient and contemporary chronicles in this area closest to the main urban concentration of
the country, Tryggvason et al. [15].
The Reykjanes earthquake activity is more complex due to the interaction of volcanism and
tectonic movements in the fissure swarms on the peninsula.
As the City of Reykjavik is built on a narrow point of land, protruding towards the northwest from
the main Reykjanes peninsula, it is believed that the earthquake activity decreases gradually
through the eastern towns and suburbs towards the western tip of the Seltjarnarnes Cape. This
indicates that the area should be split into zones with different seismic design requirements.

2.1 THE SOUTH ICELAND SEISMIC ZONE (SISZ)

Most destructive earthquakes in Iceland have occurred within the South Iceland Lowlands. The
earthquake zone extends about 70 km in the E-W direction with almost perfect alignment of
earthquakes in a 5-10 km broad band from the lfus region, closest to Reykjavik, towards in the
east. Major earthquake sequences have affected the sparsely populated farmlands through
historical times with recurrence intervals between 45 to 112 years [24].

2.2 THE REYKJANES SEISMIC ZONE (RSZ)

The Mid-Atlantic plate boundary enters Iceland at the tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula and starts
along it in an easterly direction delineating an area of high seismic activity with less than 2 km
wide in most places. The peninsula is also a region of active volcanism, which is manifested by
the large post-glacial lava fields. The region thus encompasses a highly complex geophysical
structure with interaction between volcanic and tectonic activity.

The earthquake activity in the region is mainly concentrated in three different areas, that is, on
the Ridge just of the peninsula, west of Kleifarvatn and around Brennisteinsfjll. The two latter
places are within 25 km from Reykjavik, and have been a source of numerous earthquakes that
have shaken the Capital Region. These earthquakes are smaller than the South Iceland
earthquakes and their focal depth is mostly at 1-5 km, which causes comparatively higher
intensities than for the deeper South Iceland earthquakes.
Chapter 2 THE REYKJANES SEISMIC ZONE (RSZ)
15
Figure 2.2 Most seismic critical areas [23]

However, due to volcanism and high geothermal activity, it is natural that the stress
concentration in the subterranean heated rock is reduced whereby the energy release during an
earthquake is also low. Thus the Reykjanes Peninsula earthquakes tend to resemble volcanic
earthquakes. Seismic activity on the Reykjanes peninsula has been high during the last 100
years or so but concentrated on low magnitude earthquakes. In recent times, a few magnitude
5-6 earthquakes have occurred with clear impact on the Reykjavik area [24].

2.3 THE NORTH ICELAND SEISMIC ZONE (NISZ)

The North Iceland Seismic Zone is a large area fracture and seismic activity, which connects the
submarine Kolbeinsey Ridge and the volcanic zone in North Iceland in Axarfjrur. Earthquake
epicentres are scattered throughout the region, which is about 80 km wide from north to south
and 150 km long between Melrakkasletta in the east to Skagi in the west. There is a
concentration of epicentres in the northeastern part of the zone indicating higher activity than in
the western part [25].

These 3 areas are clearly indicated in Figure 2.2 as the most critical areas in Iceland.

The efforts of seismic zoning of Iceland have been concentrated on producing a zoning map of
the country as a whole. Applying the national zoning maps for the Capitals region is both
inaccurate and likely to produce overly cautious design as well as underestimating the
earthquake exposure in certain places.

2.4 A TENTATIVE EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE

The earthquake catalogue of Iceland is not precise. Several historical events may have been
missed altogether and the so-called historical gap in the 14
th
century, when writing of chronicles
Chapter 2 A TENTATIVE EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE
16

and annals seems to have waned due to natural catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions,
diseases, etc. may have resulted in large events not being reported.
Just from the beginning of the 20
th
century that uniform retrieval and assessment of teleseismic
data has been used as a basis for earthquake catalogues. Instrumental records of Icelandic
earthquakes are only available since 1912.
The problem with basing the earthquake hazard on few historical earthquakes available is
evident. The historical catalogue is both unreliable and does not take into account future events
that may occur in different locations within the zone. Therefore, attempts have been made to
simulate or generate artificial catalogues, which are based on the inter-arrival times of past
events and known geophysical characteristics of the seismic zone [26] and [27]. Thus the
historical catalogue can be extended into the future in order to produce more consistent hazard
maps and test the sensitivity of existing maps to different earthquake possibilities.
The event generation is produced stepwise by a simple Monte Carlo technique but it is not
study in this thesis. Some information can be provided in [24] and [25].

2.5 ATTENUATION OF EARTHQUAKE MOTION

With the earthquake catalogue for the Reykjavk area, the epicentral peak accelerations can be
calculated. Also a suitable attenuation model for earthquake motions is required to assess the
expected peak accelerations in and around Reykjavk.
An excellent opportunity to study suitable attenuation models were given by the two
earthquakes of the summer of 2000 that resulted in an equation that provide the proposed
attenuation formula for the horizontal peak accelerations. This study of the attenuation of the
peak ground accelerations is presented in [22].

2.6 SEISMIC ZONING OF THE REYKJAVIK AREA

The Reykjavik area is defined as the geographical region within [64.05
0
N-64.25
0
N; 21.67
0
W
22.150W], covering the most densely populated part of the capital region. The study area is
subdivided into an 11x17 mesh with 187 grid points. At each grid point, the peak acceleration,
a
peak
, is calculated for a predefined subset of the earthquake catalogue that is the historical
earthquake catalogue, extended by simulated future earthquake events [24] and [25].
To facilitate the evaluations only earthquakes with epicentres within 100 km radius of the central
point of the study area were considered. The peak acceleration series at each grid point are
reordered in numerical order and the corresponding probabilities of occurrence calculated.
Through this procedure the extreme value distribution of peak ground accelerations for each
grid point within the study area is obtained. From the distributions the peak ground acceleration
corresponding to any chosen average return period can be obtained by interpolation. Based on
these values iso-acceleration curves can be drawn. In Figure 2.3, the 500-year iso-acceleration
curves for the study area are shown. The old part of Reykjavik, within the Ellidaa River, has less
Chapter 2 SEISMIC ZONING OF REYKJAVIK AREA
17
Figure 2.3 Iso - acceleration curves (%g) for 500 year peak accelerations [23]

than 0.10 g peak ground accelerations whereas the new developments east of the river, parts of
Mosfellsbr, Kopavogur, Gardabr and Hafnarfjrdur have peak ground accelerations in the
range 0.10-0.15 g.

According to the Figure 2.3, the area where the CCC is located has less than 0.10 g peak
ground acceleration. However, as identifiable in the above figure the peak ground accelerations
values changes in a short distance. This fact could be doubtable with the value that should be
used for the seismic analyses. To prevent possible errors in the seismic analysis two values will
be used: 0.10 g (for linear analyses) and 0.30 g (for non linear analyses [17]).

Another reason to use a higher peak ground acceleration value in this study is related to the
importance of the building and the return period value that should be adopted. This point will be
developed later.


19
Figure 3.1 Teklas web viewer screenshot of CCC [28]

CHAPTER 3

Description and Modelling of the Building

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING

The figure 3.1 shows a screenshot from Tekla web viewer [29] file of CCC, provided by
Rambll. The Concert and Conference Centre building is separated, on the left with the
Conference Hall, the Rehearsal Hall and 4
th
Hall (West Building) and on the right with the
Concert Hall (East Building) as shown above. This separation is an acoustic joint due halls
functionality.There may be connections or flexible joints bridging the east-west separation in
connection with the facades, the roof and the terrace. These connections will have only local
and minor influence on the force distributions. Then, the analysis of the buildings is made
independently as two totally separated structures.

This study is only focus on the Conference Hall building. Nevertheless, would be interesting in
future studies to see the seismic behaviour of the Concert Hall and also their interaction.
Chapter 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING
20
Figure 3.2 CCC Bottoms slab [28]

Figure 3.3 The Basement [28]

3.1.1 FOUNDATIONS

On the level of the foundations, as the bottom slab as the basement north wall facing the
harbour are subject to direct water pressure from the ground and the harbour, respectively.
The dimension of the envelope of the bottom slab is approximately 106.2m x 83.6m (Figure
3.2). Even though the halls are analyzed separately they are cast together without any
separation.

3.1.2 BASEMENT

The Figures 3.2 and 3.3 show the bottom level below the ground level. The bottom slab (Figure
3.2) and walls together with the level 1 slab (Figure 3.3) form a rather stiff box structure
equalizing the deflections to a rather uniform level, valid for the total building above.
The bottom slab distributes bending moments and the vertical load transferred from above by
walls and columns to the ground fill. Thus, the highest pressures are below the walls and
columns, and the lowest pressures are inside the basement rooms.

21

Figure 3.5 Overview of the Level 1, Llevel 2 slab (grey) and the wall of the halls [28]

Figure 3.4 View from the Level 1 and all the columns that support the Level 2 slab [28]

3.1.3 GROUND LEVEL

The level 2 slab carries out the mission of interconnect the parts in the building and distribute
horizontal forces. This slab transfers horizontal forces to the staircase tower and other
stabilizing walls from level 1 to level 2 (Figure 3.4). Then, this level has more columns and much
less walls than the level above (Figure 3.5).

3.1.4 THE HALLS

The Concert Hall, the Rehearsal Hall, the Conference Hall, and the smaller 4
th
Hall have a box
structure (Figure 3.6). All have walls, bottom and top slabs that make them able to take up
horizontal and vertical loads and transfer these to their supports that permit being used also to
make them stand without support along their entire wall centrelines. This is the case for the
Concert Hall west wall having a cantilever in its southern end and the north wall spanning over
the loading dock. The Rehearsal Hall east wall rests on one column in its southern end, and
finally the Conference Hall west wall spans over the Banquet Area [18].


22

Figure 3.6 Conference Hall on left, Rehearsal Hall on the middle and Concert Hall on the right [28]

Figure 3.7 South of the Concert Hall building [28]

3.1.5 SOUTH FACADE

The South of the Concert Hall (Figure 3.7) has some slabs that are supported at the east and
west facade but other are not and the lobby floors to the south are cantilevered from the halls
and staircase towers out into the lobby rooms. From this view is also possible to see that both
roofs are not horizontal (Figure 3.7). The south west corner of the conference lobby (Figure 3.8)
also has cantileverings both to the west and to the south, making it a relatively soft corner of the
building.

3.1.6 WEST FACADE

In Figure 3.8 is possible to see that along the west facade of the Conference Hall, the floor
slabs with non parallel edges. It is also possible to see a terrace along the west facade
constructed as a slab cantilevered from the basement and level 1 structure.


23

Figure 3.8 West and South Facade of the Conference Hall building [28]

Figure 3.9 CCC North Facade [28]

3.1.7 NORTH FACADE

Along the North of the Concert Hall, columns and steel beams support the slab.
The level 1 slab is cantilevered from the basement and level 1 structure. This slab carries along
its northern edge the weight of the north facade. By normal water level and high tide, the water
in the harbour will float directly below this slab.

Along the north facade of the conference hall building columns carry the slabs. However, inside
the lobbies a number of columns from level 2 to level 6 rest on strong beams in level 2 in order
to have only few columns in level 1.


24

Figure 3.11 View from the inside of the Concert Hall [28]

3.1.8 EAST FACADE

Along the east facade, VIP-lounges are established on the outside of the Concert Hall (Figure
3.10). The northern part of these slabs will be supported by concrete beams cantilevered from
the Concert Hall wall and held back by the reverberation door columns inside the Concert Hall.
The southern part is held by steel beams supported by an arrangement of two external columns
and a south wall level 3 6 together with the Concert Hall. The whole area is stabilized by the
Concert Hall.

3.1.9 INSIDE THE CONCERT HALL

Inside the Concert Hall the end balconies rest on cantilevered beams supported by the Concert
Hall end walls and two columns integrated in the end walls [18] (Figure 3.11). The roof truss
girders span over the total width of the Concert Hall and the acoustical reverberation chambers
beside it (Figure 3.12).
Figure 3.10 East Facade of the Concert Hall building [28]

25

Figure 3.12 Truss from the Concert Hall building [28]

Figure 3.13 View from the inside Rehearsal Hall [28]

They stabilize the wall columns that carry only the side balconies and the acoustical doors, plus
the VIP-lounges along the east facade, see below [18].

3.1.10 INSIDE THE REHEARSAL HALL

In the Rehearsal Hall, columns stand along the walls with balcony beams fixed to them (Figure
3.13). The columns are supported horizontally only at their bottom and top. The balcony beams
have steel tension rods supporting their free ends to the roof girders. This system makes it
possible to have very slim balcony beams and slabs without getting vibration problems [18].

Chapter 3 MODELLING OF THE BUILDING
26

3.2 MODELLING OF THE BUILDING

3.2.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE MODELLING

The first contact with the drawings of the project was in a meeting at Rambll headquarters with
Christos Georgakis and Hans Exner. A brief description of the building was presented and some
material was provided in that meeting:

3D AutoCAD [2] drawings from the Conference and Concert Hall.
3D Tekla Viewer model [29] from the Conference and Concert Hall.
Design Basis with the essential information concerning materials, loads and performance
requirements [18].
Appendices A.1 and A.2 showing dead load and imposed load on the Conference building.

Later, the following material was provided too:

More drawings from the west building (Appendices A.0).
Some files with steel details.

3.2.2 FROM TEKLA VIEWER TO AUTOCAD

The first step to start the modelling of the Conference Hall was to make some simplifications of
the 3D AutoCAD drawings in order to import a simple model from AutoCAD to SAP2000 [20].
With Tekla Viewer, all the main levels were identified in order to build the grid in SAP2000. It
was done increasing the height and looking for all the changes in plan (new slabs, new walls
and new steel elements). Were identified the following fourteen grid levels for the West building:

Figure 3.14 - 1
st
Grid Level BASEMENT K1 [29]

Figure 3.15 - 2
nd

Figure 3.16 - 3
rd

Figure 3.17 - 4
th
Grid Level LEVEL 1 [29]
27

The first three grid levels are the basement (Figure 3.14 to 3.16). The basement slab and walls
together with the level 1 slab (ground floor/entrance) form a stiff box structure as is possible to
see in Figure 3.17.

Figure 3.18 - 5
th

Figure 3.19 - 6
th

The 4
th
and 5
th
grid level are the Level 1 as described in section 3.1.3. This is the ground floor.
The 5
th
grid level is the steel structure in the top of the Level 1 (Figure 3.18). The 6
th
grid level
shows the concrete slab of the Level 2 of the conference and concert hall (Figure 3.19). As will
be explained later, these two grids were joined in just one.

Figure 3.20 - 7
th

Figure 3.21 - 8
th

The 7
th
grid level is the steel structure in the top of the Level 2 (Figure 3.20) and the 8
th
grid level
is the concrete slab of the Level 3 (Figure 3.21).

Figure 3.22 - 9
th

Figure 3.23 - 10
th
Grid Level - LEVEL 4 [29]

The same for 9
th
and 10
th
grid level that are respectively the steel grid from Level 3 (Figure 3.22)
and the concrete slab from Level 4 (Figure 3.23). These grids were joined in just one.

28

Figure 3.24 - 11
th

Figure 3.25 - 12
th

These last grids levels correspond to all steel and concrete structures of the last floor of the
conference hall (Figure 3.24 to 3.26) that support the roof (Figure 3.27).

Figure 3.26 - 13
th

Figure 3.27 - 14
th
Grid Level ROOF LEVEL [29]

Using the 3D drawings in AutoCAD provided by Rambll, fourteen simplified 2D drawing were
made. They simulate the fourteen grid levels, where the walls were represented by a line and
the columns were represented by a simple point. Lines and points were drawn by the middle
section of the correspondent elements.

29

3.2.3 FROM AUTOCAD TO SAP2000

In AutoCAD two layers were created (points and frames) in order to import to SAP2000 (Figure
3.28) lines and points separately from all the fourteen 2D drawings (SAP2000 only allow to
import AutoCAD .dxf files this way).

Figure 3.28 SAP2000 import option window layers [20]

Some levels are approximately at the same height (one level could be the steel beam structure
and the other level is the correspondent concrete slab which lies above the steel beams) then
some levels were aggregated. In the final there were just ten AutoCAD levels (Figure 3.29 to
3.38):

Figure 3.29 - 1
st
Grid Level, z=0m Figure 3.30 - 2
nd
Grid Level, z=1.36m

Figure 3.31 - 3
rd
Grid Level, z=3.22m Figure 3.32 - 4
th
Grid Level, z=7.40m

Figure 3.33 - 5
th
Grid Level, z=12.98m Figure 3.34 - 6
th
Grid Level, z=17.36m
30
Table 3.1 Slabs Thickness, material and its location

Fig.3.35 - 7
th
Grid Level, z=21.68m Fig.3.36 - 8
th
Grid Level, z=26.11m

Fig.3.37 - 9
th
Grid Level, z=28.13m Fig.3.38 - 10
th
Grid Level - Roof, z=28.13m

The glass facades and the external ramp were ignored during this process. They will be
considered later in SAP2000 model. At this point all this ten grid levels are ready to be imported
to SAP2000.

3.2.3.1 ASSUMPTIONS DONE IN AUTOCAD

For the bottom slabs (basement) it was assumed an average height (z). There are some
slabs that start at different height but that difference is not so much relevant to be
considered. This assumption was made in some levels in order to simplify the modelling,
but without lose accuracy.
The roof was considered horizontal, due its lower slope.
The balconies were replaced by concentrated mass. It could be done because they do not
contribute for the global stiffness, just for mass. So, they were not represented in AutoCAD.

Then, all the sections and material types were identified (Table 3.1 to 3.6) and a 3D simplified
AutoCAD model was built with the ten grid levels above mentioned.

Slabs
Thickness (mm) Material Grid Level
130 C30/37 3
150 C30/37 4
200 C30/37 5, 6, 7
220 C30/37 5
250 C30/37 3, 5
400 C30/37 4
100 Hollow section - C30/37 ramp
200 Hollow section - C30/37 7, 8
31

Table 3.2 Walls Thickness, material and its location
Table 3.3 Concrete Columns dimensions, material and its location

Table 3.4 Steel Columns section, material and its location

Table 3.5 Concrete Beams dimension, material and its location

Walls
Thickness (mm) Material Grid Level
200 C30/37 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
250 C30/37 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
300 C30/37 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
400 C30/37 2, 3, 4
500 C30/37 1, 2, 3
600 C30/37 1, 2, 3, 4

Concrete Columns
Dimensions (mm) Material Grid Level
200x200 C30/37 3
300x300 C30/37 1, 2, 3
400x400 C30/37 2, 3
1000x1000 C30/37 1, 2, 3
1868x751 C30/37 1, 2, 3

Steel Columns
Section Material Level
HE200-B S355 7
HE300-A S235 5, 7, 8, 9
CHS244.5x5.4 S235 ramp
CHS324x8 S235 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
CHS356x8 S235 2, 3
CHS406x8 S235 S355 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
CHS508x10 S235 4, 6
CHS711x12 S235 4
CHS711x20 S235 4, 5, 6
CHS811x20 S355 4

Concrete Beams
Dimensions (mm) Material Level
600x300 C30/37 7
600x400 C30/37 7
630x300 C30/37 5
700x300 C40/50 4
700x600 C40/50 4
900x700 C40/50 4
1000x300 C30/37 5
1200x400 C30/37 5
1280x300 C30/37 5
1300x300 C30/37 5
1330x300 C30/37 5

32
Table 3.6 Steel Beams section, material and its location

Steel Beams
Section Material Level
HE120-A S235 7
HE300-A S235 5, 8, 9
HE360-B S235 5, 6, 7
HE400-B S235 5
HE600-A S235 5, 6, 9
HE800-B S235 5, 6
HI800-15-30-300 S235 5
HI1200-15-30-300 S235 5, 6, 7
HI1200-18-35-300 S235 5, 6, 7
HI1200-20-30-300 S235 5, 7
HI1200-25-50-500 S235 5, ramp
HQ265-25-50-500 S355 7, 8, 9
UPE360 S235 5

The first step in SAP2000 was to define the units. It was chosen the following units: metres (m)
for the length, Kilo Newton (kN) for the force, tons (ton) for the weight and degree Celsius (C)
for the temperature (Figure 3.39).

Figure 3.39 SAP2000 unit option window [20]

Before starting the modelling, all the materials and all the sections (frame and area sections)
were defined in SAP2000.
During the modelling, several groups of elements were created in order to make the work
easier. For each level were created groups for the walls, beams and slab elements.
33

3.2.3.2 ASSUMPTIONS DONE IN SAP2000

The column represented bellow, in Figure 3.40, has an irregular cross section, so it was
replaced by a simple rectangular section (ramps south east corner).

Figure 3.40 Original and simplified section

The bottom slab (1m thick) was not modelled. All the walls and columns above the slab
were assigned with joint restraints (Figure 3.4.1).

Figure 3.41 SAP2000 detail of the joint restraints [20]

Half of the mass of the balconies was applied in the roof (in the real model there are cables
which connects the balconies to the roof) and the other half to the top and to the bottom of
the columns (Figure 3.42).

Figure 3.42 View of the balconies from the Rehearsal Hall [29]
34

The small auditorium in the basement was modelling as a slope slab (Figure 3.43).

Figure 3.43 Original (Tekla Viewer [29]) and simplified model (SAP2000) of the small auditorium

There was not information about the self-weight of the hollow slabs of the top floors and the
ramps slab. That information was obtained searching on the internet similar hollow sections
[4] (Figure 3.44):

Figure 3.44 Values used in the hollow slabs [4]

For the area elements was chosen a shell element because it has translational and
rotational degrees of freedom, and is capable of supporting all forces and moments. For the
thickness formulation was chosen the thick-plate (Mindlin / Reissner) formulation (Figure
3.45), which includes the effects of transverse shear deformation [10]. In [10] is generally
recommended to use the thick-plate formulation.

Figure 3.45 SAP2000 area section option window [20]

The concrete slabs and the correspondent steel grid were modelled at the same level.
Using the option Insertion Point of SAP2000 the slabs and the steel grid were put in the
correct position (Figure 3.46).
35

Figure 3.46 Screenshot from SAP2000 before (left) and after (right) using the option Insertion Point

Due to acoustic reasons, the west (Conference Building) and the east (Concert Building)
buildings are separated. But there is one big wall (shown by blue colour in Figure 3.47)
where there is a connection on its top with the East building. To simulate that connection
were applied joint restraints (horizontal displacement perpendicular to the wall) to the top
joints (shown by red colour in the same figure).

Figure 3.47 - SAP2000 screenshot showing the joint restraints (red) and the shared wall (blue) [20]

The first part of the modelling was done using elements of big dimensions. Then, after all the
structure was built, the elements were meshed. For the area sections (walls and slabs) the
Automatic Area Mesh option (Figure 3.48) was tried but SAP2000 did not do it correctly
because incompatible elements were created.

Figure 3.48 - SAP2000 Auto Mesh option window [20]

The nodes of the walls and slabs were not the
same, then they were not connected (Figure
3.49).
36
Table 3.7 Concrete characteristics

Even in the same type of area sections,
incompatible elements were created (Figure
3.49). After running the modal analysis it was
visible that these elements had different
movements.

Figure 3.49 Screenshot from SAP2000 showing some examples of incompatible elements created by
Auto Mesh option [20]

So, the solution was to divide the area elements manually and then adjust every element one by
one.

Figure 3.50 - SAP2000 divide elements option window [20]

Afterwards, all the adjacent elements (frames and area sections) share the same nodes, that
means that all the elements are now connected and behave as one.
It was assumed that the elements maximum size was 4m along the edges (Figure 3.50).

3.2.4 MATERIALS

DENSITIES OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Normally reinforced concrete : 24.0 kN / m
3

Heavily reinforced concrete : 25.0 kN / m
3

Structural steel : 78.5 kN / m
3

CONCRETE

The concrete used on the CCC has the following characteristics of strength:

Strength Class Unit C30/37 C40/50
fck N/mm
2
30 40
fctm N/mm
2
2.9 3.5
Ecm N/mm
2
27790 30400

REINFORCEMENT

B400C: f
yk
= 400 N/mm
2
f
yd
= f
yk
/
m
= 348 N/mm
2

High ductility class:
uk
> 8 % f
yd
/ f
yk
> 1.15

37

Table 3.8 Steel characteristics

STRUCTURAL STEEL

According with [18] the steel profiles are based on European standard rolled profiles or Chinese
welded profiles.
Nominal values of the yield strength f
y
and the ultimate tensile strength f
u
areas are given below
in table 3.8:

Thickness, t (mm)
t 40mm 40mm < t 100mm

Nominal steel
grade
fy (MPa) fu (MPa) fy (MPa) fu (MPa)
S235 235 360 215 340
S355 355 510 335 490

FOUNDATION

In this project was decided to make the foundation as a gravel pad foundation after removal of
the overburden. The structural principle for the foundation is a stiff basement structure
distributing the heavy loads from the superstructure to a distributed pressure upon the gravel to
secure even settlements of the building. The basement consist of a cast in place concrete
structure with a continuous bottom slab beneath the whole building, the basement walls and
columns and the top slab in ground level [18].
In SAP2000, the bottom slab (1m thick) was not modelled. All the walls and columns above the
slab were assigned with joint restraints (Figure 3.41 and 3.47)

3.2.5 ROOF

The roof specifications were provided in a meeting with Martin Munck from Rambll. The self-
weight provided is 1.5kN/m
2
and the roof stiffness is EI = 50000kNm
2
.
It was decided to model the span roof between the south wall of the Conference Hall and the
south Quasi-Brick Facade instead of applying the correspondent mass.

Figure 3.51 Tekla viewer screenshot of the above
mentioned span roof [29].

Figure 3.52 SAP2000 screenshot of the modelled
span roof [20].

38
Table 3.9 Vertical load on facade 4 support

3.2.6 FACADES

In the meeting mentioned above the following information were provided:

Drawings with architectural elevation Facade Pre-Tender.
Document with details of all Facades [19].
Equivalent stiffness of the south Quasi-Brick facade EI = 65000kNm
2

Self-Weight of the Quasi brick facade 2.3 kN / m
2

Self-Weight of the Other Facades with glass 1.2 kN / m
2

It was decided to apply only the mass of the facades in their vertical support. The only exception
was the South Quasi-Brick facade which was completely model with a shell element.

3.2.6.1 NORTH FACADES

The Figures 3.53 to 3.56 show the details of the North facade and where the load should be
applied. In table 3.9 to 3.11, the correspondent load is presented:

Figure 3.53 Architectural elevation North view [19]

Facade 4 Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 1.

Figure 3.54 Supports for facade 4 [19]

Reference S(4;L1;1) S(A;L1;2A) S(4;L1;2B)
Vertical Load (kN/m) 34 45 30

39
Figure 3.56 Supports for facade 8b [18]

Facade 8a Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 1

Facade 8b

Reference S(8b;L2) S(8b;L3) S(8b;L4) S(8b;L6)
Vertical Load (kN/m) 5 5 5 10

Reference S(8a;L1)
Vertical Load (kN/m) 40
Figure 3.55 Supports for facade 8a [18]

Table 3.10 Vertical load on facade 8a support

Table 3.11 Vertical load on facade 8b support

40
Figure 3.59 Supports for facade 5b [18]
Table 3.13 Vertical load on facade 5b support

3.2.6.2 WEST FACADES

The Figures 3.57 to 3.59 show the details of the West facade and where the load should be
applied. In table 3.12 to 3.14, the correspondent load is presented:

Figure 3.57 Architectural elevation West [19]

Facade 5a Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 4.

Figure 3.58 Supports for facade 5a [19]

Reference S(5a;L4)

Facade 5b Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 2.

Reference S(5b;2;11)
Table 3.12 Vertical load on facade 5a support

41

Table 3.15 Vertical load on facade 9d support

Facades 9a and 9c Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 1.

Facade Vertical Load (kN/m)
9a 5
9c 14

3.2.6.3 SOUTH FACADES

The Figure 3.60 shows the details of the South facade and where the load should be applied. In
table 3.15, the correspondent load is presented:

Figure 3.60 Architectural elevation South [19]

Facade 5bs Same then facade 5b in West facade.

Facade 9b Structural principle to be reviewed.

Facade 9d Vertically the facade is supported solely at level 1.

Facade Vertical Load (kN/m)
9d 14

Facade 3

The South Quasi-Brick facade was modelled in SAP2000 with a shell element because part of
the roof is supported by the Quasi-Brick facade and this one is supported by the ramp.
SAP2000 will calculate the correct distribution of loads.
It was considered interesting to analyze the behaviour of this big span and low stiff elements.
The facade will have also an important contribute in the ramp behaviour because they are
connected (Figure 3.61 and 3.62).

Quasi-Brick facade properties:

Equivalent stiffness, EI = 65000 kNm
2

Self-Weight, 2.3 kN/m
2

Table 3.14 Vertical load on facade 9a and 9c supports

42

Figure 3.61 Tekla viewer screenshot of the Quasi
Brick facade [29]

Figure 3.62 SAP2000 screenshot of the modelled
Quasi-Brick facade [20]

3.2.7 LOADS

The distribution of the dead and imposed loads per floor was provided by Rambll and used for
the analysis. Can be consulted in this section or, in detail (quantitative information), in
appendices A1 or A2.

3.2.7.1 DEAD LOAD [5]

Figure 3.63 - 3
rd
grid level Basement [18]

Figure 3.64 - 4
th
grid level Level 1 [18]

Figure 3.65 - 5
th

Figure 3.66 - 6
th


43

Figure 3.67 - 7
th
grid level Level 4 [18] Figure 3.68 10
th
grid level ROOF Level [18]

3.2.7.2 IMPOSED LOAD

Figure 3.69 - 3
rd
grid level Basement [18]

Figure 3.70 - 4
th

Figure 3.71 - 5
th

Figure 3.72 - 6
th

Figure 3.73 - 7
th
grid level Level 4 [18] Figure 3.74 10
th
grid level ROOF Level [18]

44
The effects of the seismic action shall be evaluated by taking into account the presence of all
gravity loads appearing in the following combination of actions:

" " .
kj Ei ki
G Q +

(4.1)

where
Ei
combination coefficients for variable action i.

The combination coefficient
Ei
shall be calculated from the following expression:

2
.
Ei i
= (4.2)

where the values of shall be obtained from table below:

Type of variable action Occupation of storey

Storey independently

Top storey

1.0

Categories A-C

occupied

other storeys

0.5
Categories A-C
Some storey having
correlated occupancies

Top storey
Storeys with correlated
occupancies
Other storeys

1.0
0.8

0.5

Categories D-F

1.0

where
2i
is a combination factor, that in this case, for Category C is equal do 0,6 [6].
Table 3.16 Values of for calculating
Ei

Chapter 3

45

CHAPTER 4

Seismic Analysis

The main objective of this chapter is to summarize the different methods of analysis and to
describe all the parameters and assumptions assumed by SAP2000 in all the analyses that will
be performed:

- Modal Analysis in order to determine the modes of vibration of the Conference Hall that are
useful to understand the behaviour of the structure. The modes are also used as the basis for
modal superposition in response-spectrum and modal time-history analysis cases.

- Response Spectrum Analysis for the determination of the response of a structure to seismic
loading using both, the elastic and design response spectrum [17];

- Linear Time History Analysis [16];

- Nonlinear Time History Analysis [17];

All these analyses are made without losing the main goal of the main thesis [16]: conclude if the
methodology used by Rambll was appropriate or not to assess the seismic response of the
structure during an earthquake.

To summarize the different methods of analysis and to describe all the parameters and
assumptions assumed by SAP2000 this chapter is divided in two sections, general overview of
different analysis methods and west building seismic analysis (Conference), respectively.

Chapter 4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS

46

4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS
In table 4.1 is shown a short overview of the different methods of seismic analysis:
Table 4.1 Overview table of different methods of analysis

Equivalent
Lateral Force
Method
Response
Spectrum
Method
Linear Time-
History
Analysis
Non Linear Static
Analysis
Non Linear
Time-History
Analysis
Geometric
Model
2D or 3D 2D or 3D 2D or 3D 2D or 3D 2D or 3D
Material Model Linear Linear Linear Nonlinear Nonlinear
Modes of
Vibration
Considered
Fundamental
Mode Only
All Modes/The
most relevant
-
Only one Mode (in
current seismic codes)
Recent procedures can
include all modes or the
most relevant
-
Consideration
of Torsion
Amplification
Factor
Linear Linear Amplification Factor Nonlinear
Consideration
of Material
Nonlinearities
q - factors q - factors q - factors
Nonlinear Material
Model
Nonlinear
Material Model
Seismic Action
Equivalent Static
Forces based on
Design Spectrum
Design Spectrum Accelerograms Design Spectrum Accelerograms
Output
Sectional Forces
and Deformations
Sectional Forces
and
Deformations
Sectional Forces
and Deformations
Local Duct. Demand,
Sectional Forces and
Deformations
Local Duct.
Demand,
Sectional Forces
and
Deformations
Applicability
Regular Buildings
only
All Buildings All Buildings Regular Buildings Only All Buildings
Typical
Application
Design Design Design
Assessment of New
and Existing Buildings
Assessment of
New and Existing
Buildings
Effort Low Low Moderate Moderate Large

4.1.1 EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS

This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum. It
assumes that the building responds on its fundamental mode. For this be true, the building must
be low-rise and must not twist significantly when the ground moves. The response is obtained
from a design response spectrum, given the natural frequency of the building (either calculated
or defined by the building code). The applicability of this method is extended in many building
codes by applying factors to account for higher buildings with some higher modes, and for low
twisting levels.
Chapter 4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS

47

4.1.2 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
This approach permits take into account the multiple modes of response of a building (in the
frequency domain). This is required in many building codes for all structures except for very
simple or very complex ones. The response of a structure can be defined as a combination of
many special shapes (modes). Computer analysis can be used to determine these modes for a
structure. For each mode, a response is obtained from the design spectrum, based on the
modal frequency and the modal mass, and the modal responses are then combined to provide
an estimate of the total response of the structure. Combination methods include the following:
absolute - peak values are added together
square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)
complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on SRSS for
closely spaced modes
It should be noted that the result of a response spectrum analysis using the response spectrum
from a ground motion is typically different from that which would be calculated directly from a
linear dynamic analysis using the ground motion directly, defined by means of accelerograms,
since phase information is lost in the process of generating the response spectrum.
In cases where structures are either too irregular, too tall or of importance to a community in
disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no longer appropriate, and more
complex analysis is often required, such as non-linear static or dynamic analysis.
4.1.3 LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant. This is generally
true for short, regular buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with torsional
irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required. In the linear dynamic
procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system with a linear
elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix.
The corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic
analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static
procedures is that higher modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic
response and hence the applicability decreases with increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is
approximated by global force reduction factors.
In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the
time domain, and all phase information is therefore maintained.
Chapter 4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT ANALYSIS METHODS

48

4.1.4 NON-LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly
elastic for the level of ground motion. As the structure performance objective implies greater
inelastic demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures increases to a point that requires a
high level of conservatism in demand assumptions and acceptability criteria to avoid unintended
performance. Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis can reduce the uncertainty
and conservatism.
This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a structural
model that includes non-linear behaviour of the structure elements, and the total force is plotted
against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve. This can then be combined with a
demand curve (usually in the form of an acceleration-displacement response spectrum
(ADRS)). This essentially reduces the problem to a single degree of freedom system.
Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic
ground motion with response spectra. The objective of the pushover analysis is to obtain
estimates of the member forcers and the global and local deformations a structure is likely to
experience in a design earthquake, and to use these estimates to assess the integrity of the
structural system. It is customary to obtain estimates of forces and deformations from the
behaviour of the structure at the roof (top) displacement predicted during a design earthquake
[30].
4.1.5 NON LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Non linear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed
structural model definition, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low
uncertainty. In nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground
motion record produces estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in
the model and the modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square root sum
of squares.
In non linear dynamic analysis, the non linear properties of the structure are considered as part
of a time domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building
codes for buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the calculated
response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground motion used as
seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion records.

Chapter 4 WEST BUILDING SEISMIC ANALYSIS

49

4.2 THE WEST BUILDING SEISMIC ANALYSIS

The irregularity of the main structural system of the building not only in plane but also in
elevation justifies that the simplified modal response method is not suitable. Due to of this
irregularity, is a spatial multi modal response spectrum analysis was performed by Rambll.
The earthquake load is calculated for this study according with the recent version of EC8 [5]. To
perform a multi-modal response spectrum analysis a spatial model was built in a finite element
program, SAP2000.

4.2.1 MODAL ANALYSIS

To evaluate the response of all modes of vibration with significant contribution to the global
response, the following conditions are taken into account and should be satisfied for each
direction [5]:

The effective modal masses for the modes considered shall at least be 90% of the total
mass of the structure.

All modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total mass are considered.

4.2.2 ASSUMPTIONS

The following assumptions are chosen to generate necessary input values for the design
spectrum [5]:

4.2.2.1 IMPORTANCE CLASS

In EC8[5], buildings are classified in four importance classes, depending on the consequences
of collapse for human life, on their importance for public safety and civil protection in the
immediate post-earthquake period, and on the social and economic consequences of collapse
[5, p.53].

The CCC is classified as a structure that belongs at class III, which is described by:

Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of the consequences associated
with a collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural institutions, etc.

The importance factor is given by,
III
=1.2 [5, p.53].

50

4.2.2.2 EARTHQUAKE TYPE

If the earthquake that contribute most to the seismic hazard defined for the site for the purpose
of probabilistic hazard assessment have a surface-wave magnitude, M
s
, not greater than 5.5, it
is recommended that the Type 2 is the adopted [5, p.38].
This is not the case, then, a Type 1 spectrum is used.

4.2.2.3 GROUND TYPE

The identification of the ground type depends on the stratigraphic profile. The building is
characterized by having a ground type A,

Rock or other geological formation characterized by a shear wave velocity v
s
of at least 800
m/s, including at most 5 m of weaker material at the surface [5, Table 3.1].

The standard values of subsoil class A are: S=1.1, T
B
=0.15 s, T
C
=0.4s, T
D
=2.0 s

A soil parameter S =1.1 instead of 1.0 is chosen to take account of the minor areas with
thicknesses of the gravel pad exceeding 5 m on top of the bedrock.

4.2.2.4 DESIGN ACCELERATION

The reference peak ground acceleration, a
gR,
is 0.10g according to the chapter 2 for a
reference return period of 500 years. As the importance factor is 1.2
I
= , the design ground
acceleration, a
g,
is 0.12 g. This value will be used for the linear analyses.

Nevertheless, it was already said that a higher peak ground acceleration value will be used for
the non linear analysis. This higher value is adopted because is not clear that the value given by
the iso-acceleration curves (Figure 2.3) should be used (see section 2.4 from Chapter 2). Other
argument that supports this higher value is related with the importance of the building. A new
level of reliability of the building can be used and a higher value of Importance factor would
multiply the reference ground acceleration.

4.2.2.5 DAMPING

The damping, , is estimated as 3.5 % of critical damping. This value is chosen as a value
between the standard value 5 % - according to [5] for a structure with large deformations and
ductility capacities in which structural damage would contribute greatly to the overall damping,
and a value 2 % - corresponding to the structure remaining elastic during an earthquake.


51

4.2.2.6 BEHAVIOUR FACTOR FOR HORIZONTAL SEISMIC ACTIONS

The upper limit value of the behaviour factor q, to account for energy dissipation capacity,
should be derived for each design direction as follows [5, pag.82]:

1.5
o w D R
q q k k k = (4.1)

where:

o
q is the basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the type of the
structural system and on its regularity in elevation

w
k is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls

Behaviour factor according to wall system with uncoupled walls: q
0
= 4.0.

Ductility Class low: k
D
= 0.5.

Regularity factor for non-regular structure: k
R
= 0.8

Prevailing failure mode for wall systems: k
W
= 0.5.

The behaviour factor q is initially calculated according to [5]:

q = 4.0 * 0.5 * 0.8 * 0.5 = 0.8 and thus q = 1.5 (4.2)

However, this value is reduced because of the large irregularities in the floor plans and
elevations of the structure created by the irregular architecture of the building.
The resulting evaluation of the behavioural factor is: q = 1.2.

Chapter 4 WEST BUILDINGSEISMIC ANALYSIS

52

4.2.3 ACTION DEFINITION FOR MULTI MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

4.2.3.1 HORIZONTAL ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The horizontal elastic response spectrum for the linear analysis is taken as defined in [5], clause
3.2.2.2. For the reference return period, the elastic response spectrum, S
e
(T), is defined by the
following expressions:

0 : ( ) . 1 ( 2, 5 1)
: ( ) 2, 5
B e g
B
B C e g
T
T T S T a S
T
T T T S T a S
(
= +
(

=

2
: ( ) 2, 5
4 : ( ) 2, 5
C
C D e g
c D
D e g
T
T T T S T a S
T
T T
T T s S T a S
T
(
=
(

(
=
(

where,

( )
e
S T is the elastic response spectrum;
T is the vibration period of a linear single degree of freedom;
g
a is the design ground acceleration for the reference return period ( .
g i gR
a a = );
,
B C
T T are the lower and upper limits of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
D
T is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement range of the spectrum;
S is the soil parameter;
is the damping correction factor with a reference value of =1 for 5% viscous damping
(see (3) of sub clause 3.2.2.2 from [5])

The spectrum is then defined by four formulae, which are functions of the site-specific and
structural-specific parameters.

The values of the periods T
B
, T
C
and T
D
and the soil factor S describing the shape of the elastic
response spectrum depend upon the ground type.

The value of the damping correction may be determined by the expression:

10/(5 ) 0.55 = + , where is the viscous damping ratio of the structure, expressed as
a percentage.
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)
(4.6)

53

4.2.3.2 DESIGN SPECTRUM

The design spectrum is also taken as defined in [5], clause 3.2.2.5. According to EC8 the
design acceleration spectrum, S
d
(T), is:

2 2, 5 2
0 : ( ) . . .
3 3
2, 5
: ( ) . .
B d g
B
B C d g
T
T T S T a S
T q
T T T S T a S
q
( | |
= +
( |
\
=

2
2, 5
: ( ) . . .
.
2, 5
: ( ) . .
.
C
C D d g
g
C D
D d g
g
T
T T T S T a S
q T
a
T T
T T S T a S
q T
a
(
=
(

(
=
(

where

, , ,
g C D
a S T T are as defined in above;
( )
d
S T is the design spectrum;
q is the behaviour factor;
is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum.

4.2.3.3 VERTICAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The vertical earthquake action should be as mentioned in [5] clause 3.2.2.3:

2
0 : ( ) . 1 ( 3, 0 1)
: ( ) 3, 0
: ( ) 3, 0
4 : ( ) 3, 0
B ve vg
B
B C ve vg
C
C D ve vg
c D
D ve vg
T
T T S T a S
T
T T T S T a S
T
T T T S T a S
T
T T
T T s S T a S
T
(
= +
(

=
(
=
(

(
=
(

(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
(4.13)
(4.14)

54
Figure 4.1 Design and Elastic Acceleration Spectra

The recommend values of parameters describing the vertical elastic response spectra are [5,
pag.41]:

/ vg g
a a =0.90, T
B
=0.05 s, T
C
=0.15s, T
D
=1.0 s

For the vertical component of the seismic action, the design spectrum is given by expression
(4.7) to (4.10) with the design ground acceleration in the vertical direction, a
vg.
, replacing a
g
, and
S taken as being equal to 1.0 and the other parameters as above.

4.2.3.4 RESPONSE SPECTRA

These assumptions result in the following spectra:

4.2.4 ACTION DEFINITION FOR LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAM

For a linear time-history analysis, three synthetic accelerograms were generated, based on the
response spectrum, as defined by (4.3) to (4.6) and as given in Fig. 4.1.

When a synthetic accelerogram is created, the goal is that the response spectrum obtained
from the synthetic accelerograms, match as close as possible the defined target response-
spectrum (general the ones proposed in the seismic codes). There are several ways to do this.
An example methodology can be found in Clough and Penzien [8].


55

In this project, the generation of the synthetic accelerograms was done employing Gosca
Software [12]. It uses routines developed in University of Bristol.

An example synthetic accelerogram with its target and matched response spectrum can be
seen in figures 4.2 and 4.3.
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
/
s
2
)

0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
Period (s)
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
a
g
/
g
)
Target Acceleration Response
Spectrum
Matched Acceleration Response
Spectrum

As is possible to see in figure 4.3 the acceleration response spectrum defined from the synthetic
accelerogram is very close to the target acceleration response spectrum.
Furthermore, all the accelerograms generated have the peak acceleration near from the design
ground acceleration defined in the response spectrum. The figure above, figure 4.2, is an
example of this fact.

Figure 4.3 Matched Vs. Target Acceleration Response
Figure 4.2 Example Synthetic accelerogram

56

For these two last reasons it is possible to bring to an end that the generated accelerograms
with Gosca Software [12], presents a good rate of compatibility with the used response
spectrum.

4.2.5 ACTION DEFINITION FOR NON LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAM

For the non linear time history analysis, ten synthetic accelerograms were created, based on
the response spectrum, as defined by (4.3) to (4.6) and as given in Fig. 4.1.
The number of accelograms in a non linear time history (ten) is higher than the number used in
a linear time history (three) because the sequence of peaks affects the non linear response of
the structure. Moreover, the instant when the acceleration peak occurs is important for the
response of the struture. In this analysis is different if the acceleration peak occurs when the
structure is in a linear range or if it is yet in a plastic range. Then, it is recommend to do the
average of many accelograms.
In a linear time history analysis it is indifferent the instant when the response peak occurs
because the response of the struture is always elastic.

57

CHAPTER 5

Linear Seismic Analysis Results

A modal analysis of the structure was carried out before any analysis (Response Spectrum and
Time History).

To evaluate the response of all modes of vibration with significant contribution to the global
response are taken into account either of the following conditions should be satisfied for each
direction [5]:

The effective modal masses for the modes considered shall at least be 90% of the total
mass of the structure.

All modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total mass are considered.

One thousand and eight hundred eigenmodes, with their equivalent frequencies, periods and
modal participation mass ratio (effective modal mass), were calculated, so that the sum of the
effective modal mass amounted to at least 90% of the structure total mass, for each direction.
It was decided to represent only fifty modes because they are the most representatives (with
fifty modes the sum of the effective modal mass is up to 55% and the others one thousand,
seven hundred and fifty modes only represent 35%)

The following figures (Figure 5.1 to 5.9) give the frequencies, the description and the
correspondent shape of all the fifty modes with the highest ratio of effective modal mass (just
fifty otherwise the eigenmode analysis would be exhausting). The decision to represent the first
fifty modes with the highest ratio of effective modal mass and not the first fifty modes is related
with the effective modal mass. It will be explained in section 5.1.1 of this chapter.
Chapter 5 EIGENMODE ANALYSIS

58
5.1 EIGENMODE ANALYSIS
EIGENMODE FREQUENCY SHAPE
OTHER
MODES
Mode 6
f=4.70Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE Deformation on X direction. There is Conference
Hall top slab, quasi-brick facade and roof deformation.

DESCRIPTION
Top view of the roofs torsional and directional deformation
(undeformed as grey color).
Mode 4

f=4.59Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE - Mix of torsional and X direction deformation.
There is also roof, Conference Hall top slab and west lobbies
deformation.

Figure 5.1 First three eigenmodes with more effective mass of the West Building

59

OTHER
MODES

DESCRIPTION
Mode 5 f=4.63Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE - Mix of torsional and X direction deformation (more
important). There is also west lobbies deformation.

DESCRIPTION

Figure 5.2 Eigenmodes 4 and 5 of the West Building

60

OTHER
MODES
Mode 7

f=4.78Hz

Mode 8
DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE Quasi-Brick facade, roof and west
deformation.
Mode 11

f=4.94Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE - Deformation on X direction. There is also quasi-
brick facade and roof deformation.

DESCRIPTION
Top view of the roofs directional deformation (undeformed as grey
color).


61

OTHER
MODES
Mode 866

f=21.63Hz

Mode
730, 636,
614, 649,
732, 681,
684, 885,
1021,
685, 612,
926, 865,
650
DESCRIPTION
LOCAL MODE West and north lobbies and lobbies columns
deformation and Roof and ramp columns deformation.
Mode 2
f=4.17Hz

DESCRIPTION LOCAL MODE - Ramps Lateral deformation.
Mode 286

f=13.72Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE - Deformation on X direction. There is also north and
west lobbies deformation.

Figure 5.4 Eigenmodes 866, 2 and 286 of the West Building

62

OTHER
MODES

DESCRIPTION
Top view of the roofs directional deformation (undeformed as grey
color).
Mode 14

f=5.28Hz

DESCRIPTION
LOCAL MODE West lobbies and Conference Hall bottom slab
deformation.
Mode 909

f=21.95Hz

DESCRIPTION LOCAL MODE Roof and lobbies horizontal deformation.


63

OTHER
MODES
Mode 792

f=19.52Hz

Mode 634,
276, 672,
331, 1681,
1163,
DESCRIPTION LOCAL MODE West and north lobbies and lobbies columns deformation.
Mode 3
f=4.42Hz

DESCRIPTION GLOBAL MODE Torsional Mode

DESCRIPTION
Top view of the roofs torsional deformation
(undeformed as grey color)

64

OTHER
MODES
Mode 13

f=5.20Hz

DESCRIPTION
LOCAL MODE Roof, Conference Hall top and bottom slabs and west
and north lobbies deformation.
Mode 908

f=21.81Hz

Mode
1002, 694,
998, 961,
716, 887,
698, 266,
874, 264,
939,
DESCRIPTION
LOCAL MODE Generalize small deformations on lobbies, slabs, roof
and quasi-brick facades
Mode 19

f=5.77Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE Mix of torsional and Y direction deformation. There is
also west and south lobbies Conference Hall bottom slab, quasi-brick
facade and ramps lateral deformation.

65

OTHER
MODES

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE Top view of the roofs torsional and directional
deformation (undeformed as grey color)
Mode 265

f=13.39Hz

DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL MODE - Mix of torsional and X direction deformation (more
important).

DESCRIPTION

Figure 5.8 Eigenmodes 19, 265 of the West Building

66

EIGENMODE FREQUENCY SHAPE O. MODES
Mode 186

f=11.49Hz

DESCRIPTION LOCAL MODE North and West Lobbies deformation.
Mode 294

f=13.51Hz

DESCRIPTION LOCAL MODE Northeast corner roof deformation.

5.1.1 EFFECTIVE MODAL MASSES

The following graphic, in Figure 5.10, shows the evolution of the effective modal masses for two
situations: orderly by frequencies and by effective modal masses.

In the following tables is presented the list of the first fifty eigenmodes (Table 5.1) and the list of
the fifty eigenmodes with highest ratio of effective modal mass (Table 5.2):
Figure 5.10 Accumulative Effective Modal Mass Graphic

67
Table 5.1 The effective modal mass of the first fifty modes

EIGENMODE FREQUENCY (Hz) UX UY
1 3.38 0.0013 0.0240
2 4.17 0.0070 0.0000
3 4.42 0.0030 0.1002
4 4.59 0.0860 0.0067
5 4.63 0.0402 0.0005
6 4.70 0.3422 0.0022
7 4.78 0.0192 0.0007
8 4.80 0.0130 0.0001
9 4.83 0.0003 0.0005
10 4.86 0.0010 0.0005
11 4.94 0.0117 0.0040
12 5.00 0.0011 0.0022
13 5.20 0.0029 0.0005
14 5.28 0.0037 0.0006
15 5.30 0.0012 0.0002
16 5.46 0.0000 0.0000
17 5.48 0.0000 0.0000
18 5.68 0.0001 0.0303
19 5.77 0.0027 0.1993
20 5.88 0.0001 0.0080
21 5.96 0.0000 0.0000
22 6.00 0.0000 0.0046
23 6.08 0.0001 0.0564
24 6.04 0.0011 0.0059
25 6.20 0.0011 0.0001
26 6.28 0.0005 0.0027
27 6.30 0.0013 0.0133
28 6.56 0.0000 0.0021
29 6.75 0.0011 0.0198
30 6.79 0.0014 0.0042
31 6.91 0.0001 0.0044
32 6.71 0.0003 0.0019
33 6.83 0.0004 0.0040
34 6.95 0.0000 0.0007
35 6.97 0.0000 0.0012
36 7.12 0.0000 0.0001
37 7.13 0.0000 0.0061
38 7.20 0.0000 0.0067
(Continue)

68
39 7.35 0.0009 0.0063
40 7.41 0.0000 0.0013
41 7.46 0.0000 0.0011
42 7.51 0.0000 0.0037
43 7.58 0.0000 0.0006
44 7.61 0.0002 0.0001
45 7.83 0.0001 0.0000
46 7.85 0.0001 0.0000
47 7.94 0.0001 0.0000
48 7.98 0.0000 0.0000
49 8.06 0.0001 0.0000
50 7.96 0.0002 0.0000
SUM 0.54595 0.52757

The obtained values from the eigenmodes analysis are similar with the results compared in
Rambll. Also the mode shapes obtained are similar, that give confidence for the linear
analyses results. Unfortunately, due to bureaucratic reasons, Rambll did not make available
their analyses results.
Table 5.2 The list of the first fifty modes with the most effective modal mass

6 4.70 0.3422 0.1993
4 4.59 0.0860 0.1002
5 4.63 0.0402 0.0564
7 4.78 0.0192 0.0303
8 4.80 0.0130 0.0240
11 4.94 0.0117 0.0198
866 21.63 0.0077 0.0133
2 4.17 0.0070 0.0080
286 13.72 0.0040 0.0070
14 5.28 0.0037 0.0067
634 18.34 0.0035 0.0067
730 19.21 0.0034 0.0063
636 18.48 0.0033 0.0061
909 21.95 0.0032 0.0059
792 19.52 0.0031 0.0048
3 4.42 0.0030 0.0046
13 5.20 0.0029 0.0044
908 21.81 0.0027 0.0042

69
19 5.77 0.0027 0.0040
265 13.39 0.0026 0.0040
614 18.20 0.0026 0.0037
649 18.32 0.0024 0.0037
276 13.37 0.0024 0.0037
672 18.45 0.0023 0.0034
1002 23.67 0.0022 0.0033
694 18.76 0.0021 0.0032
186 11.49 0.0021 0.0032
732 19.29 0.0020 0.0031
681 18.73 0.0020 0.0030
684 18.92 0.0018 0.0027
998 23.57 0.0018 0.0026
1021 24.00 0.0018 0.0026
885 21.64 0.0018 0.0025
294 13.51 0.0017 0.0024
961 23.00 0.3422 0.1993
716 18.83 0.0860 0.1002
887 21.78 0.0402 0.0564
685 18.97 0.0192 0.0303
331 14.22 0.0130 0.0240
698 18.97 0.0117 0.0198
266 13.47 0.0077 0.0133
874 20.90 0.0070 0.0080
1681 31.18 0.0040 0.0070
612 18.16 0.0037 0.0067
264 13.30 0.0035 0.0067
926 22.18 0.0034 0.0063
939 22.04 0.0033 0.0061
865 21.44 0.0032 0.0059
1163 25.88 0.0031 0.0048
650 18.38 0.0030 0.0046
SUM 0.6198 0.5920

As it possible to see in the above table (Table 5.2), using just fifty modes from a total of 1800
found with SAP2000, is possible to reach almost 60% of the effective modal mass in directions.
Then, the table presented in section 5.1 is from the first fifty modes with most effective modal
mass and not just the first fifty modes with less frequency.

Chapter 5 LINEAR ANALYSIS

70
5.2 LINEAR ANALYSES
In order to perform Linear seismic Analyses and confront the results from an elastic response
spectrum analysis and from the linear time history analysis several structural load effects are
obtained from the analyses from various locations of the building and are presented in the
following figures 5.20 to 5.67. Structural load effects mean internal forces and displacement.
The locations where structural load effects are extracted are numbered from 1 to 48 in pictures
5.11 to 5.18.

Figure 5.11 Locations 1 to 6 Figure 5.12 Locations 7 to 10


71

The two linear analyses were performed, on X, Y and Z direction, respectively. This
methodology was followed because the goal of this study is to compare different seismic
analysis (modal response spectrum and time history) and not design the building for the seismic
action. So, the comparison will be made separately for response spectrum and accelerogram on
X, Y and Z direction.
For the Linear Time History analysis was employed the minimum number of accelograms
stipulate in [5]. It is just present the average of the values of the displacement per each location
from those three accelograms generated from the linear response spectrum. The values from
each accelograms can be consulted in Appendices A3, Linear Time History.
The structural load effects that are obtained from SAP2000 are displacements, rotations,
moments and shear force. To organize the results, four main alignments are defined by figure
5.19.

5.2.1 DEFORMATION

In this section is displayed some graphics obtained from both analyses (Figures 5.20 to 5.67).
As it said the results are separated per each direction of motion. Firstly, it is presented
displacements (Figure 5.20 to 5.35), followed by rotations (Figure 5.36 to 5.52) and inter floor
drifts [%] (Figure 5.53 to 5.67) All output obtained from both analysis are available in Appendix
A3 Linear Analyses Output. The comments about the following graphics will be presented in
section 5.2.4.
Figure 5.18 Locations 40 to 48
Figure 5.17 Locations 33 to 39
Figure 5.19 Four main alignments from the building

72

- DISPLACEMENT IN ELEVATION

Figure 5.20 X direction displacements caused
by an X direction motion Zone A
by an X direction motion Zone B

Figure 5.21 Y direction displacements caused
by a Y direction motion Zone A
by a Y direction motion Zone B
by an X direction motion Zone C
by a Y direction motion Zone C
by an X direction motion Zone D
by a Y direction motion Zone D

73

by a Y direction motion Zone A
by a Y direction motion Zone B
by an X direction motion Zone A

by an X direction motion Zone B
by a Y direction motion Zone C
by a Y direction motion Zone D

by an X direction motion Zone C

by an X direction motion Zone D

74

- ROTATION IN ELEVATION

Figure 5.36 X direction rotation caused by an
X direction motion Zone A
Figure 5.37 Y direction rotation caused by an
Y direction motion Zone A
X direction motion Zone B
Y direction motion Zone B
X direction motion Zone C
Y direction motion Zone C
X direction motion Zone D

Y direction motion Zone D

75

Figure 5.44 X direction rotation caused by a Y
direction motion Zone A
X direction motion Zone A
direction motion Zone B
X direction motion Zone B
direction motion Zone C
X direction motion Zone C
direction motion Zone D
X direction motion Zone D

76

- DRIFT [%] IN ELEVATION

Figure 5.52 X direction drift caused by an X
Figure 5.53 Y direction drift caused by a Y



77

Figure 5.60 X direction drift caused by a Y
Figure 5.61 Y direction drift caused by an X





78

5.2.2 BENDING MOMENT

For each kind of forces (M
11
/M
22
caused by an X, Y and Z direction motion) is just shown in the
critical areas where the Shell/Frame moments are high. As the elastic force maps are different,
different numbering were chosen. But this numbering will be the same for Non Linear Analysis,
in order to be possible to compare the results of the two analyses.
In this section is displayed just part (X direction results) of all the output from the linear
analyses. The rest of the output can be consulted in Appendix A3. The value presented from the
Linear Time History is the average of three accelerograms.

5.2.2.1 SHELL ELEMENTS

The figure A.3.1 (appendix) illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal moments
M
11
and M
22
(moments in plane).

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, M
11

Figure 5.68 - Plan view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8

Figure 5.69 - Lateral view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8

The Table 5.3 shows the maximum values of M
11
caused by an X axis motion in each zone of
the structure indicated in the Figures 5.68 and 5.69. In the table ERS means Elastic Response
Spectrum Analysis and LTH Linear Time History Analysis.

79

Point ERS (kNm/m) LTH average value (kNm/m)
1 65.71 63.26
2 48.48 50.21
3 65.00 62.22
4 95.83 93.49
5 26.93 25.77
6 61.19 59.61
7 44.72 43.39
8 45.45 44.53

Figure 5.70 - Plan view of Level 2 Points 9 to 10

Figure 5.71 - Detail of zone 9 (top of the short wall)

The Table 5.4 shows the maximum values of M
11
caused by a motion on X axis in each zone of
the structure indicated in the Figure 5.70.

9 150.23 144.61
10 35.78 34.90
Table 5.3 M11 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 1 to 8

Table 5.4 M11 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 9 and 10


80

22

Figure 5.72 Plan view of Level 1 Point 1 to 8

Figure 5.73 Lateral view of Level 1 Points 1 to 8

The Table 5.5 shows the maximum value of M
22
the structure indicated in the Figures 5.72 and 5.73.

1 225.79 216.36
2 69.16 81.95
3 43.73 42.09
4 102.79 100.31
5 25.23 23.43
6 56.98 54.15
7 86.52 84.29
8 62.18 61.45

1

Table 5.5 M22 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 1 and 8

81

Figure 5.74 Plan view of Level 2 Point 9

Figure 5.75 Detail of zone 9 (top of the short wall)

9 320.30 307.63

5.2.2.2 FRAME ELEMENTS

The moments in frame elements are Moments 2 (M
2
) and Moments 3 (M
3
). The figure A3.25
(appendix) shows the direction of the local axis.

2

Figure 5.76 - General view of all frame elements Points 1 to 3

Table 5.6 M22 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 9


82

Figure 5.77 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 3

The Table 5.7 indicates the section type and the location of the most stressed frame elements.
The maximum value of M
2
caused by a motion on X axis in each zone of the structure indicated
in the Figures 5.76 and 5.77 in present in Table 5.8.

Table 5.7 Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, M2) Section Type

Frame number Section type Localization
1 HI1200-25-50-500 Level 3 SW corner
2 HS711x20 Level 1 SW corner
3 Column 1868x751 Basement and Level 1 SE corner

Table 5.8 M2 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3

Frame number ERS (kNm) LTH average value (kNm)
1 197.02 184.36
2 188.74 184.14
3 1061.37 1069.18

3




83
Table 5.9 Frames 1 to 4 (Motion on X direction, M3) Section Type

Table 5.10 M3 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 4

The maximum value of M
3

1 Beam 1330x300 Level 1 South
3 Column 1868x751 Basement to Level 1 SE corner
4 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp longitudinal beams

Frame number ERS (kNm) LTH average value (kNm)
1 223.22 217.27
2 402.90 391.05
3 848.89 811.61
4 246.30 245.61

5.2.3 SHEAR FORCE

For each kind of forces (V
13
/V
23
caused by an X, Y and Z direction motion) is just shown in the
critical areas where the Shell/Frame moments are high. In this section is displayed just part (X
direction results) of all the output from the linear analyses. The rest of the output can be
consulted in Appendix A3.

5.2.3.1 SHELL ELEMENTS

The figure A.3.33 illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal moments V
13
and
V
23
(moments in plane).

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, V
13

Figure 5.80 Plan view of Level 1 - Point 1

84

Figure 5.81 Plan view of Level 2 - Points 2 to 4

The table 5.11 shows the maximum values of V
13
the structure indicated in the Figures 5.80 and 5.81.

Point ERS (kN/m) LTH average value (kN/m)
1 224.59 219.38
2 678.29 659.33
3 74.97 83.29
4 146.48 143.10

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, V
23

Figure 5.82 Plan view of Level 1- Points 1 to 5

Figure 5.83 Detail of zone 1 (short wall)

Figure 5.84 Plan view of Level 2 - Points 6 to 8
Table 5.11 V13 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 1 and 4


85

The table 5.12 shows the maximum values of V
23
the struture indicated in the Figures 5.82 to 5.84.

Point ERS (kN/m) LTH average value (kN/m)
1 97.73 91.32
2 248.34 237.38
3 82.52 79.21
4 397.73 388.47
5 120.33 118.92
6 428.81 415.82
7 108.05 105.49
8 59.36 68.27

5.2.3.2 FRAME ELEMENTS

The shear forces in frame elements are V
2
and V
3
. V
2
is the shear force in the 1-2 plane and V
3

is the shear force in the 1-3 plane. The figure A.3.47 (appendix) shows the direction of the local
axis.

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, V2

Figure 5.85 General view of all frame elements Points 1 to 2


Table 5.12 V23 caused by a motion on X direction in zone 1 and 8


86

The maximum value of V
2


Frame number ERS (kN) LTH average value (kN)
1 337.24
327.90
2 294.76
284.38

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, V3


Figure 5.88 - 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 3

The maximum value of V
3

Table 5.14 V2 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3
Table 5.13 Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, V2) Section Type


87

Table 5.15 Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, V3) Section Type


Frame number ERS (kN) LTH average value (kN)
1 229.01
217.79
2 57.73
56.38
3 224.98
226.78

5.2.4 LINEAR ANALYSES CONCLUSION

From the graphics in Figure 5.20 to Figure 5.35, the largest displacement quantity observed is
4.3 mm. However, the observed displacements are small relative to the dimensions of the
structure. After analyzing the graphics is remarkable the existence of two distinct forms of
progression, due to the system of walls of the basement and the frame system of the level 1.

The rotation in elevation (Figure 5.36 to Figure 5.51) increases until a certain level, (normally
level 2 or level 3) and then, has a decreasing process. This fact can be explained because of
the wall shared by the west and east building.

As it was expected the level 1 is the most critical level of the structure. How it was described in
Chapter 3, the basement of the structure forms a rather stiff box and the level 1 have more
columns and much less walls than the level above (Level 2).
Analysing the figures 5.20 to 5.35 is possible to reach to the conclusion that the deformation of
the structure is due to the configuration of the Level 1. The relative displacement (drift) is
highest in the level 1. It is also remarkable in the last level, some a negative drifts. In fact, it is
due to the shared wall (Figure 3.47). Also, the observed inter floor drifts are small relative to the
dimensions of the structure.

Relatively with the obtained internal forces, the most stressed elements identified are: three
small walls in the 1
st
level and the column which supports the quasi-brick facade and the ramp
(Figure 5.89). These most stressed elements are the basis of the work developed in [17].
Nevertheless, should be enhanced that for the seismic intensity considered in the linear seismic
analysis the obtained stresses are lower. In this chapter the results presented were not
extensively analysed and discussed because the aim of this work is not to analyse the values
isolately but compare globally the results from the two analyses performed.
Table 5.16 V3 cause by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3

88

Figure 5.89 Most forced zones in the structure

Some zones of the structure that have high forces due structural irregularities. Those
irregularities were identified in the following figures (Figure 5.89 to 5.90) and described in Table
5.17.

It is possible to conclude that Conference and Concert Centre does not follow the Basic
principles of conceptual design [5], 4.2.1 - structural simplicity, uniformity in plan, regularity in
elevation and symmetry, neither the rules for ductile walls [5], 5.5.1.2.3. walls supported by
slabs or beams are not permitted and random openings should be avoid).

Figure 5.90 Most forced zones in the structure, 1
st
level (forces for
Motion on X direction, M11 moment)

Figure 5.91 Most forced zones in the structure, 1
st
level (forces for Motion
on Y direction, M11 moment)


89

Table 5.17 Description of structural irregularities that causes high forces elements

Irregularity Picture example [27]

The big shear wall of basement was
interrupted and replaced by 3 small
shear walls in Level 1. The upper
level is again a big wall. The
uniformity of the structure was not
secure.

The wall is supported directly by the
slab below without any support in
the lower level. Once again the
uniformity of the structure was not
secure. The wall act in the slab like a
knife causing high and localized
forces on it.

Big span slab (9.5mx8m) is only
supported at one corner by a
column. Near this big span there is
an open in the slab that contributes
to increase the forces in that
element.

Big span slabs are supported by few
columns, some of them with small
cross section causing high and
localized forces in the slab.

The main goal of this thesis, the first goal from [13], is if in a linear range there are substantial
differences between all the results from multi modal response spectrum analysis (using the
elastic response spectrum) and a linear time history analysis. How it is possible to see in the
sections 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3, all the results between both analyses are extremely similar for this
building. The slightly different is justified because, even though both are linear approaches, the
response spectrum analysis uses CQC combination which combines the response associated
to each mode; and the linear time history analysis sums the response of each integration step.
To come to a conclusion, although exists all the irregularities of the main structural system, the
results from both analyses are extremely similar and in this study case the results just from the
response spectrum analysis is credible to assess the seismic response of the structure during
an earthquake.

91

CHAPTER 6

Conclusions

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The City Centre and the Eastern Harbour will be revitalized with the construction of the CCC. The
area that surrounds this complex will have a high visibility from the sea and such visual impact
will create the new icon symbolising the City of Reykjavik, Iceland. Furthermore it will be of most
importance to reinforce in the growing marking as a conference and concert destination.

Then, all the studies concentrated on the Conference Building are important because it is a
special building due to its functionality, magnificence, architecture and complexity. The study
made in this thesis is extremely useful, firstly because it was possible to confirm the obtained
results with Rambll and secondly because it was possible to affirm if the seismic analysis
approach used by Rambll was conservative attending to all the irregularities of the structure, for
certain levels of action.

In the conclusion of this study is recapitulated the work developed and is synthesized the
principals conclusions from the reached results.

6.2 DEVELOPED WORK

The first chapter of the thesis describes the complexity of the CCC project, because the technical
studies are required to special structures. A detailed seismic analysis is also important due to the
seismic activity in Iceland. In the second chapter is also essential to figure out that some doubts
for the used ground acceleration can be raised.

Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS

92

As during the description of the building as the modelling, in the third chapter, it is possible to
conclude that Conference Hall does not follow the Basic principles of conceptual design [5],
structural simplicity, uniformity in plan, regularity in elevation and symmetry, neither the rules
for ductile walls [5], 5.5.1.2.3 - walls supported by slabs or beams are not permitted and
random openings should be avoid. Then, a big effort was made in order to obtain a reasonable
model of the Conference building. It is considered a composite concrete, steel structure.

The modelling of the structure constitutes a fundamental step for the analyses. All the
assumptions made and parameters considered influence the results. A variation between two
different structural models does not mean that one of them is necessarily wrong. Basically,
different assumptions or parameters were taken. According to all meetings in Rambll, some
similar assumptions were made and then similar results were expected, even though different
software was used. All data is presented in the fourth chapter.

A modal analysis was performed to compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the
West building. The first modes with most effective mass are global modes with deformation on
the X direction. There are some important torsional modes that are expected due to the
asymmetry of the building. As it possible to see in Figure 5.10, using just fifty modes (the first fifty
with most effective modal mass) from a total of 1800 found with SAP2000, is possible to reach
almost 60% of the effective modal mass in both directions. Then, the table presented in section
5.1 is from the first fifty modes with most effective modal mass and not the first fifty modes with
lower frequency. The frequency from the mode with more effective modal mass is 4.70 Hz and
the fundamental frequency is 3.38 Hz. All the output from the modal analysis, frequencies and
mode shapes were listed the fifth chapter.

The modal analysis was confirmed with the modal analysis made by Rambll. The global mode
shapes of the conference building were compared as also theirs frequencies and similar results
were obtained.
In this chapter some structural load effects were obtained from SAP2000, displacements,
rotations, moments and shear force. The results are organized in four main alignments. These
SAP2000 output support the comparison study between the response spectrum analysis and
time history analysis.

The largest displacement quantity observed from the four main alignments from the building
(Figure 5.19) is 4.3 mm in X direction. These observed displacements are small relative to the
dimensions of the structure. As it was expected the level 1 is the most critical level of the
structure. How it was described in Chapter 3, the basement of the structure forms a rather stiff
box and the level 1 have more columns and much less walls than the level above (Level 2).
Largest values of displacements and inter floor drifts were found in level 1.

93

Relatively with the obtained internal forces, the most stressed elements identified are: three small
walls in the 1
st
level and the column which supports the quasi-brick facade and the ramp. It is
important because will be in these zones where the plastic hinges will be located for the non
linear dynamic analyses developed in [17].

In this work the results presented were not extensively analysed and discussed because the
main objective of the thesis was to compare the results between an elastic response spectrum
and a linear time history analysis and not to analyse the values isolately. This study precede the
work developed in [17], in which the main goal is to conclude if the design spectrum analysis
done by Rambll is or not conservative and if a non linear time history analysis is recommended.

Based on all the obtained results in the fifth chapter is immediately evident that the results of the
response spectrum analysis do compare well with the results of the time history analysis.
However, the response spectrum analysis usually presented slightly higher values than the time
history analysis. This slightly different is explained by the CQC combination from the response
spectrum analysis and the sum of the response in each integration step from the linear time
history analysis. In conclusion these analyses for the CCC structure are credible and it is not so
important how irregular the structure is. It is important to enhance that this conclusion must not
be generalized for all irregular structures.

Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that the response spectrum analysis is only an
approximate approach in the case of a multi degree of freedom system. In the case of a complex
three dimensional structure with many closely spaced modes such as the Conference Hall, great
caution should be done in applying the response spectrum analysis. Then, the results of the time
history analysis present in this thesis are considered much more reliable than the results of the
response spectrum analysis.

6.3 FURTHER WORK

After the presented thesis, would be interesting to develop some more field work on this
research. Non linear analysis had been developed together with Jorge Lopes, IST student, at
DTU during the Erasmus exchange program. These studies are presented in [17] and complete
the present study for the Conference Hall building.

Nevertheless, would be interesting in further studies to see the seismic behaviour of the Concert
Hall and also their interaction.

It will be interesting to build a new earthquake catalogue with more data (take into consideration
more recent events) or to use a different generation technique, with special focus on CCC area.


94

Then, it could be a possible solution to solve the doubts raised by the presented iso-
acceleration curves map in chapter two.

Related with the building model, some more efforts could be done. For instance, different
structural software could be used in order to validate the values obtained in the modal analysis.
This validation is crucial because all these data is the basis for the non linear analysis [17].

The used software, SAP2000, showed some limitations during the modelling. For instance, a
better mesh on the elements would produce better results. It is important to enhance that for the
non linear analysis is strongly recommended the use of other software that should permit the
placement of plastic hinges in shear walls. Otherwise, a frame model could be tried to replace
the shear walls from the conference building.

It would also interesting analyse and discuss minutely the obtained internal forces and perform
a comparison in with design done for the CCC building.

In the final of this study, it is recognized that the comparison of the modal analysis with Rambll
was very important to feeling confident to get a final conclusion. Unfortunately, due to
bureaucratic reasons, as the building is under construction, all the seismic analysis output were
not provided by Rambll. Should be recalled that this thesis support all the non linear analysis
present in [17] that will provided the main goal of the work: conclude if the analysis made by the
Rambll lead to conservative results.

95
Appendix

A.0 AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

Figure A0.1 Architectural drawings dated 2007-04-30, Plan level 2,
Part 1, Structural slab [2]
APPENDIX A.0 AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

96

APPENDIX A.0 AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

97

APPENDIX A.O AUTOCAD DRAWINGS

98

APPENDIX A.1 DEAD LOAD MAPPING

99

A.1 DEAD LOAD MAPPING

Figure A1.1 Dead Load used on SAP2000 model, basement level [18]

Figure A1.2 Dead Load used on SAP2000 model, level 1 [18]

Appendix A.1 DEAD LOAD MAPPING

100



Appendix A.1 DEAD LOAD MAPPING

101


Figure A1.6 Dead Load used on SAP2000 model, level 4-2 [18

Appendix A.2 IMPOSED LOAD MAPPING

102

A.2 IMPOSED LOAD MAPPING

Figure A2.2 Imposed Load used on SAP2000 model, level 1 [18]

Figure A2.1 Imposed Load used on SAP2000 model, basement level [18]


103




104

Figure A2.6 Imposed Load used on SAP2000 model, level 4-2 [18]


Appendix A.3 LINEAR ANALYSES OUTPUT

105
A.3 LINEAR ANALYSIS OUTPUT
A.3.1 DISPLACEMENTS
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - X DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm) MOTION ON X DIRECTION

Point uX uY uZ Point uX uY uZ
1
0.10 0.05 0.06
25
3.77 0.34 0.18
2
0.07 0.05 0.03
26
3.78 0.55 0.86
3
0.22 0.17 0.11
27
3.82 0.63 0.75
4
0.27 0.15 0.09
28
3.86 0.97 5.19
5
0.13 0.06 0.03
29
4.09 0.27 0.81
6
0.11 0.04 0.03
30
3.81 0.55 2.36
7
0.10 0.06 2.01
31
4.31 0.82 1.39
8
0.04 0.06 0.75
32
3.98 0.70 1.83
9
0.31 0.24 0.02
33
3.78 0.44 4.71
10
0.12 0.06 0.80
34
4.10 0.78 0.76
11
2.90 0.78 0.53
35
4.34 0.65 0.17
12
2.05 0.15 0.73
36
4.29 0.49 0.71
13
2.22 0.19 0.15
37
4.01 0.55 0.91
14
1.78 0.29 0.20
38
4.34 0.42 0.28
15
3.16 0.42 0.53
39
4.04 0.89 0.63
16
2.42 0.44 0.22
40
4.19 1.05 5.22
17
3.00 0.95 0.67
41
4.56 0.47 0.50
18
2.76 0.14 0.24
42
5.19 0.87 0.72
19
2.10 0.43 1.03
43
4.97 0.49 0.71
20
3.49 0.61 1.48
44
4.45 0.90 1.10
21
1.92 0.43 1.48
45
5.04 3.40 0.56
22
1.33 0.15 0.21
46
5.10 2.76 0.51
23
3.83 0.86 0.74
47
4.28 0.69 2.25
24
3.66 0.30 0.74
48
4.01 0.50 5.17

Table A.3.1 Displacement (mm) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on X direction


106

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - X DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm) MOTION ON X DIRECTION

1
0.10 0.05 0.06
25
3.75 0.35 0.18
2
0.07 0.05 0.03
26
3.67 0.45 0.83
3
0.22 0.16 0.10
27
3.82 0.63 0.76
4
0.27 0.14 0.10
28
3.78 0.93 4.32
5 0.13 0.06 0.03
29
3.97 0.25 0.74
6
0.11 0.04 0.03
30
3.75 0.53 2.37
7
0.09 0.06 2.09
31
4.24 0.77 1.29
8
0.03 0.06 0.76
32
3.83 0.62 2.41
9
0.30 0.24 0.02
33
3.66 0.43 4.14
10
0.12 0.06 0.76
34
4.00 0.79 0.76
11
2.87 0.71 0.52
35
4.22 0.58 0.17
12
1.99 0.13 0.71
36
4.27 0.44 0.71
13
2.16 0.19 0.14
37
3.87 0.44 0.88
14
1.75 0.26 0.19
38
4.17 0.39 0.27
15
3.16 0.42 0.52
39
3.96 0.80 0.60
16
2.46 0.43 0.19
40
4.07 1.00 3.93
17
2.94 0.88 0.60
41
4.39 0.43 0.42
18
2.67 0.13 0.21
42
5.02 0.81 0.65
19
2.01 0.36 1.02
43
4.81 0.39 0.62
20
3.38 0.59 1.29
44
4.41 0.82 0.99
21
1.88 0.43 1.41
45
4.97 2.99 0.56
22
1.39 0.15 0.10
46
5.00 2.79 0.48
23
3.74 0.81 0.72
47
4.13 0.64 2.43
24
3.65 0.26 0.74
48
3.91 0.50 4.61

Table A.3.2 Displacement (mm) from a Linear Time History Analysis on X direction

107

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - Y DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm) MOTION ON Y DIRECTION

1
0.08 0.12 0.05
25
1.85 2.10 1.03
2
0.08 0.17 0.03
26
1.05 2.37 1.80
3
0.12 0.50 0.06
27
1.91 2.56 0.89
4
0.04 0.23 0.04
28
1.57 3.77 3.10
5
0.09 0.19 0.09
29
2.56 2.01 1.23
6
0.06 0.14 0.05
30
1.12 2.40 7.11
7
0.10 0.07 5.03
31
2.45 3.16 3.03
8
0.08 0.18 0.96
32
0.46 2.36 1.17
9
0.39 0.72 0.01
33
0.46 2.18 2.54
10
0.06 0.12 0.46
34
1.41 3.03 0.55
11
1.24 2.44 0.30
35
2.07 2.16 1.08
12
0.97 1.03 0.40
36
1.78 2.41 0.44
13
1.11 1.05 0.89
37
0.90 2.88 1.78
14
0.33 1.27 0.78
38
1.20 2.15 0.74
15
1.65 1.74 0.53
39
1.56 2.87 0.56
16
0.78 1.79 0.13
40
1.62 3.98 3.15
17
1.49 2.86 0.47
41
2.87 2.39 3.30
18
1.74 0.99 0.68
42
3.27 3.39 1.53
19
0.70 1.40 1.73
43
3.06 2.34 1.13
20
2.14 2.26 3.20
44
2.86 3.27 2.98
21
0.26 1.64 1.40
45
3.50 12.75 1.46
22
0.23 0.97 0.07
46
3.22 7.69 1.39
23
1.61 2.97 0.61
47
0.51 2.42 1.40
24
1.65 2.02 0.42
48
0.50 2.38 3.04

Table A.3.3 Displacement (mm) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on Y direction


108

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - Y DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm) MOTION ON Y DIRECTION

1
0.08 0.12 0.06
25 1.73 2.02 0.98
2
0.08 0.17 0.04
26 1.02 2.25 1.67
3
0.11 0.50 0.06
27 1.81 2.61 0.92
4
0.04 0.21 0.04
28 1.51 3.75 3.24
5
0.09 0.19 0.11
29 2.37 1.93 1.24
6
0.06 0.14 0.06
30 1.09 2.26 6.43
7
0.10 0.07 5.00
31 2.32 3.21 2.95
8
0.08 0.17 0.84
32 0.44 2.21 1.01
9
0.39 0.66 0.01
33 0.44 2.06 2.19
10
0.06 0.12 0.37
34 1.26 3.16 0.52
11
1.15 2.45 0.29
35 1.94 2.17 1.08
12
0.87 1.01 0.40
36 1.67 2.30 0.45
13
1.07 1.02 0.85
37 0.85 2.56 1.67
14
0.32 1.23 0.72
38 1.14 2.12 0.73
15
1.49 1.79 0.51
39 1.47 2.96 0.57
16
0.74 1.83 0.13
40 1.52 3.96 3.27
17
1.39 2.85 0.42
41 2.66 2.28 3.09
18
1.62 0.95 0.67
42 3.14 3.28 1.63
19
0.68 1.37 1.61
43 2.99 2.31 1.12
20
2.03 2.27 3.08
44 2.74 3.31 2.70
21
0.27 1.67 1.35
45 3.47 11.56 1.50
22
0.21 0.91 0.19
46 3.06 6.97 1.26
23
1.44 3.12 0.58
47 0.47 2.41 1.38
24
1.57 1.96 0.43
48 0.48 2.31 2.52

Table A.3.4 Displacement (mm) from a Linear Time History Analysis on Y direction

109

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - Z DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm)
MOTION ON Z DIRECTION
Point uZ Point uX
1
0.04
25
0.25
2
0.03
26
0.56
3
0.02
27
0.28
4
0.01
28
6.86
5
0.05
29
1.53
6
0.04
30
3.00
7
5.85
31
6.16
8
2.32
32
2.55
9
0.03
33
5.79
10
1.07
34
0.48
11
3.15
35
0.19
12
0.10
36
0.10
13
0.19
37
0.58
14
0.10
38
0.16
15
0.23
39
0.27
16
0.18
40
6.84
17
1.01
41
4.90
18
0.76
42
0.50
19
0.53
43
1.16
20
6.53
44
1.35
21
2.67
45
1.05
22
0.11
46
0.19
23
0.43
47
3.04
24
0.10
48
6.34
Table A.3.5 Displacement (mm) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on Z direction


110

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - Z DIRECTION

DISPLACEMENT (mm)
MOTION ON Z DIRECTION
Point uZ Point uX
1
0.04
25
0.24
2
0.03
26
0.53
3
0.02
27
0.25
4
0.01
28
6.98
5
0.05
29
1.43
6
0.04
30
2.75
7
5.28
31
6.06
8
2.17
32
3.10
9
0.03
33
5.76
10
1.00
34
0.43
11
2.84
35
0.18
12
0.08
36
0.09
13
0.21
37
0.54
14
0.10
38
0.15
15
0.19
39
0.26
16
0.17
40
7.02
17
0.97
41
4.47
18
0.76
42
0.50
19
0.46
43
1.12
20
6.45
44
1.29
21
2.67
45
0.81
22
0.10
46
0.16
23
0.40
47
98.89
24
0.10
48
6.25

Table A.3.6 Displacement (mm) from a Linear Time History Analysis on Z direction

111
A.3.2 ROTATIONS
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - X DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON X DIRECTION

Point rX rY rZ Point rX rY rZ
1
0.02 0.04 0.01
23
0.05 0.13 0.07
3
0.00 0.06 0.02
24
0.02 0.04 0.02
4
0.01 0.04 0.03
26
0.05 0.11 0.01
6
0.02 0.10 0.01
27
0.06 0.05 0.03
11
0.03 0.06 0.02
34
0.02 0.03 0.02
12
0.04 0.21 0.04
36
0.02 0.09 0.05
15
0.06 0.14 0.04
37
0.07 0.04 0.02
19
0.07 0.53 0.02
39
0.03 0.02 0.04

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - X DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON X DIRECTION

1
0.02 0.04 0.01
23
0.05 0.12 0.07
3
0.00 0.07 0.01
24
0.01 0.04 0.02
4
0.01 0.04 0.03
26
0.05 0.09 0.01
6
0.02 0.09 0.01
27
0.06 0.05 0.03
11
0.03 0.05 0.02
34
0.02 0.03 0.02
12
0.04 0.20 0.04
36
0.02 0.08 0.05
15
0.06 0.13 0.04
37
0.07 0.03 0.02
19
0.06 0.51 0.02
39
0.03 0.02 0.03

Table A.3.7 Rotation (rad x10
-3
) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on X direction

-3
) from a Linear Time History Analysis on X direction
112

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - Y DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON Y DIRECTION

1
0.05 0.03 0.01
23
0.08 0.11 0.08
3
0.03 0.26 0.02
24
0.03 0.02 0.02
4
0.03 0.01 0.03
26
0.33 0.16 0.02
6
0.07 0.05 0.01
27
0.21 0.09 0.03
11
0.09 0.07 0.06
34
0.05 0.02 0.02
12
0.04 0.08 0.04
36
0.06 0.02 0.05
15
0.19 0.14 0.04
37
0.12 0.07 0.03
19
0.18 0.16 0.04
39
0.06 0.05 0.04

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - Y DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON Y DIRECTION

1
0.05 0.02 0.01
23
0.07 0.09 0.07
3
0.02 0.25 0.01
24
0.04 0.02 0.02
4
0.03 0.01 0.03
26
0.32 0.19 0.01
6
0.07 0.06 0.01
27
0.20 0.08 0.03
11
0.09 0.07 0.02
34
0.03 0.02 0.02
12
0.04 0.07 0.04
36
0.06 0.02 0.05
15
0.21 0.13 0.04
37
0.12 0.07 0.02
19
0.16 0.16 0.02
39
0.06 0.04 0.03

-3
) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on Y direction

-3
) from a Linear Time History Analysis on Y direction
113

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS - Z DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON Z DIRECTION

1
0.04 0.03 0.01
23
0.07 0.18 0.06
3
0.04 0.06 0.03
24
0.09 0.02 0.01
4
0.01 0.01 0.00
26
0.18 0.12 0.01
6
0.01 0.03 0.00
27
0.13 0.05 0.01
11
0.03 0.03 0.01
34
0.29 0.04 0.01
12
0.14 0.05 0.01
36
0.01 0.01 0.02
15
0.22 0.09 0.04
37
0.05 0.05 0.02
19
0.05 0.05 0.01
39
0.06 0.06 0.09

LINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - Z DIRECTION

ROTATION (rad x 10
-3
) MOTION ON Z DIRECTION

1
0.04 0.03 0.00
23
0.06 0.17 0.05
3
0.04 0.05 0.02
24
0.09 0.02 0.01
4
0.01 0.01 0.00
26
0.17 0.09 0.01
6
0.02 0.03 0.00
27
0.13 0.05 0.01
11
0.03 0.03 0.01
34
0.03 0.03 0.01
12
0.10 0.05 0.01
36
0.01 0.01 0.02
15
0.02 0.09 0.03
37
0.05 0.04 0.02
19
0.04 0.04 0.01
39
0.05 0.06 0.01

-3
) from an Elastic Response Spectrum Analysis on Z direction

-3
) from a Linear Time History Analysis on Z direction

114

A.3.3 - LINEAR FORCES

BENDING MOMENT

SHELL ELEMENTS

The figure below illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal moments M
11
and
M
22
(moments in plane). These shell moments are moments per meter acting on the midsurface
of the shell element. SAP2000 reports only the value of these moments per metre at the shell
element corner points.

For each kind of forces (M
11,
M
22
caused by a motion on Y and Z direction) is just shown in the
critical areas where the shell moments are high. As the elastic force maps are different, different
numbering were chosen. But this numbering will be the same for Non Linear Analysis, in order
to be possible to compare the results of the two analyses.

MOTION ON Y DIRECTION, M11

Figure A.3.2 Plan view of Level 1 Points 1 to 10

Figure A.3.1 SAP2000 shell element and the directions of M11 and M22 [20]

115

Figure A.3.3 Lateral view of Level 1 Points 1 to 10

The table below shows the maximum values of M
11
, caused by a motion on Y axis in each zone
of the structure indicated in the figures above.

Point ERS (kNm / m) LTH 1 (kNm/m) LTH 2 (kNm/m) LTH 3 (kNm/m)
1 58.93 55.94 53.94 60.34
2 25.57 22.69 23.05 25.28
3 42.28 44.60 41.56 42.17
4 29.58 26.30 25.96 25.58
5 39.93 36.36 33.63 37.07
6 21.74 19.54 19.11 19.73
7 49.94 48.29 48.68 46.49
8 27.23 28.76 25.01 29.46
9 32.52 29.88 29.77 30.29
10 24.42 25.38 21.65 23.74


Table A.3.13 M11 caused by a motion on Y direction in zones 1 to 10

116

Figure A.3.5 Detail of zone 11 (top of the short wall)

11
caused by a motion on Y axis in each zone
of the structure indicated in the figures above.

11 67.92 59.75 64.41 63.90
12 12.75 11.70 10.52 12.51
13 14.17 12.16 12.18 12.57
14 18.64 16.89 16.68 17.14
15 25.19 26.03 26.31 22.71
16 13.69 12.87 11.93 11.84
17 20.12 19.11 17.94 19.62


Figure A.3.7 Lateral view of roof and quasi-brick facade Points 21 to 22


117

11
caused by a motion on Y axis in each zone
of the struture indicated in the figures above.

18 20.26 19.15 17.97 19.25
19 38.01 33.43 34.40 33.62
20 22.27 19.96 19.53 23.51
21 20.22 18.01 17.52 17.84
22 17.80 16.66 17.55 16.66


Figure A.3.8 Plan view of Level 1- Point 1 to 10

Figure A.3.9 Lateral view of Level 1 Point 1 to 10

The table below shows the maximum value of M
22
caused by a motion on Y axis in each zone of
the struture indicated in the figures above.

1 114.41 114.73 108.45 114.64
2 39.52 36.01 35.83 39.25
3 18.11 17.27 17.12 16.69
4 46.29 48.29 44.44 44.81

Table A.3.16 M22 caused by a motion on Y direction in zone 1 to 10

118
5 68.08 59.17 58.90 65.30
6 66.81 61.50 57.46 67.93
7 59.28 57.51 57.34 55.16
8 42.74 45.22 39.55 46.18
9 40.99 37.66 39.52 35.91
10 23.94 28.14 25.43 26.58

Figure A.3.10 Plan view of Level 2- Point 11

Figure A.3.11 Detail of point 11 (top of the short wall)

22

11 146.62 142.39 139.85 133.61

Figure A.3.12 Lateral View of Roof and Quasi-Brick Facade Points 12 to 14

Table A.3.17 M22 caused by a motion on Y direction in zone 11

119

22

12 37.05 33.39 32.91 33.87
13 26.76 26.13 24.84 27.78
14 39.13 38.05 34.87 39.43

MOTION ON Z DIRECTION, M11

Figure A.3.13 Plan view of Level 1- Points 1 to 5


11
caused by a motion on Z axis in each zone
of the struture indicate in the figures above.

120

Point ERS (kNm/m) LTH 1 (kNm/m) LTH 2 (kNm/m) LTH 3 (kNm/m)
1 32.86 28.62 29.61 27.73
2 38.60 34.66 38.09 34.00
3 21.78 18.08 18.53 17.76
4 64.31 60.42 57.28 59.05
5 30.14 25.91 28.15 24.17
6 27.10 21.26 21.84 26.58
7 20.40 16.59 18.47 18.98
8 17.97 20.25 18.29 17.49



Figure A.3.16 Plan view of Level 4 - Point 6

22
caused by a motion on Z axis in each zone of
the struture indicate in the figures above.

Table A.3.19 M11 caused by a motion on Z direction in zones 1 to 8

121

Point ERS (kNm/m) LTH 1 (kNm/m) LTH 2 (kNm/m) LTH 3 (kNm/m)
1 26.31 23.74 26.34 24.97
2 97.95 88.56 96.78 89.16
3 23.71 19.54 20.26 19.44
4 65.24 58.96 56.36 60.43
5 24.14 20.26 22.61 19.18
6 21.70 25.18 23.71 22.53

FRAME ELEMENTS

The moments in frame elements are Moments 2 (M
2
) and Moments 3 (M
3
). The figure below
shows the direction of the local axis:

M
2
is the bending moment in the 1-3 plane (about the 2-axis) and M
3
is the bending moment in
the 1-2 plane (about the 3-axis). In this section the most critical zones are analyzed for both
linear analyses (ERS and LTH) in each direction separately.

MOTION ON X DIRECTION, M2

Figure A.3.17 - General view of all frame elements Points 1 to 3

Figure A.3.25 Existent Moments in a frame element [20]

Table A.3.20 M22 caused by a motion on Z direction in zones 1 to 6
122
Table A.3.21 Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on X direction, M2) Section Type
Table A.3.22 M2 caused by a motion on X direction in frames 1 to 3

Figure A.3.18 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 3


Frame number ERS (kNm) LTH 1 (kNm) LHT 2(kNm) LTH 3 (kNm)
1 197.02 184.62 189.03 179.42
2 188.74 181.24 187.68 183.51
3 1061.37 1087.19 1102.11 1018.23



Figure A.3.20 3D view of frame elements Points 1 to 5

123
Table A.3.24 M2 caused by a motion on Y direction in frames 1 to 5

3 HS811x20 Level 1 South
5 HS508x10 Level 1 South

Frame number ERS (kNm) LHT1 (kNm) LTH 2 (kNm) LTH 3 (kNm)
1 338.17 322.53 346.88 348.83
2 103.43 97.75 97.93 91.37
3 137.28 126.38 133.05 134.00
4 3376.84 3023.80 3130.18 3294.90
5 94.20 87.96 83.79 87.39


Figure A.3.21 General view of all the frame elements

Figure A.3.22 Beams and Columns from Level 1 Points 1 to 6

Table A.3.23 Frames 1 to 5 (Motion on Y direction, M2) Section Type

124

Figure A.3.23 Beams and Columns from Level 2 Point 7

Figure A.3.24 Beams and Columns from Level 3 Points 8 to 11

Figure A.3.25 Ramps Beams and Columns Points 12 to 15

1 Beam 1200x400 Level 1 West lobby
2 HI800-15-30-300 Level 1 North lobby
4 HEB800 Level 1 Conference Hall bottom steel grid
5 HEB900 Level 1 Rehearsal Hall bottom steel grid
8 HI1200-25-50-500 Level 3 West lobby
10 Beam 600x300 Level 3 South lobby
Table A.3.25 Frames 1 to 15 (Motion on Y direction, M3) Section Type
125
Table A.3.26 M3 caused by a motion X direction on Y direction in frames

13 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam
14 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam
15 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam

Frame number ERS (kNm) LTH 1 (kNm) LTH 2 (kNm) LTH 3 (kNm)
1 212.59 226.70 204.17 222.84
2 129.38 118.08 112.46 119.16
3 289.00 274.45 292.61 279.09
4 105.95 94.26 91.67 96.37
5 105.05 99.76 91.90 95.69
6 156.33 168.00 149.68 166.24
7 95.00 86.32 81.75 81.50
8 87.35 79.94 80.56 77.62
9 210.53 191.24 194.45 210.68
10 186.72 175.71 173.60 182.13
11 252.80 248.56 239.40 258.66
12 518.11 471.96 491.16 494.66
13 249.43 237.75 259.75 235.04
14 224.38 230.36 195.52 233.28
15 211.99 202.27 192.66 215.38


Figure A.3.26 General view of all the frame elements Point 1

126

Figure A.3.27 3D view of frame elements Point 1


1 387.88 370.12 382.01 378.11


Figure A.3.28 General view of all the frame elements

Figure A.3.29 Beams and Columns from Level 1 Point 1 to 5

Table A.3.28 M2 caused by a motion on Z direction in frame 1

Table A.3.27 Frame 1 (Motion on Z direction, M2) Section Type
127

Figure A.3.30 Beams and Columns from Level 2 Point 6

Figure A.3.31 Beams and Columns from Level 3 Point 7 to 8

Figure A.3.32 Ramps beams and columns Points 9 to 11

9 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam
10 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam
11 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam

Table A.3.29 Frames 1 to 11 (Motion on Z direction, M3) Section Type

128

1 335.40 321.23 327.80 318.40
2 181.19 168.79 178.70 172.56
3 117.07 99.98 96.79 99.89
4 143.96 141.67 138.19 132.10
5 174.52 162.28 165.46 161.85
6 147.84 152.15 137.07 137.20
7 247.57 229.21 233.19 227.60
8 232.16 235.48 231.06 232.46
9 218.34 193.10 201.57 208.62
10 252.20 247.24 231.05 240.15
11 222.94 195.45 197.42 203.76

SHEAR FORCE

SHELL ELEMENTS

The figure below illustrates the positive directions for shell element internal moments V
13
and
V
23
(moments in plane). These shell moments are moments per meter acting on the midsurface
of the shell element. SAP2000 reports only the value of these moments per metre at the shell
element corner points.

For each kind of forces (V
13
, V
23
caused by a motion X direction, V
13
, V
23
caused by a motion Y
direction, V
13
, V
23
caused by a motion Z direction) were chosen different numbering because the
force maps are different too. But this numbering will be the same for Non Linear Analysis, in
order to be possible to compare the results of the two analyses.

Figure A.3.33 SAP2000 shell element and the directions of V13 and V23 [20]

Table A.3.30 M3 caused by a motion on Z direction in frames 1 to 11
129

MOTION ON Y DIRECTION, V13


Figure A.3.35 Plan view of Level 2 - Points 4 to 5

The table below shows the maximum value of V
13

Point ERS (kN/m) LTH 1 (kN/m) LTH 2 (kN/m) LTH 3 (kN/m)
1 351.15 333.71 345.79 346.69
2 262.38 242.89 251.89 250.54
3 126.88 131.16 118.06 114.78
4 423.48 394.08 390.47 418.17
5 376.02 355.17 365.18 356.35



Table A.3.31 V13 caused by a motion on Y direction in zones 1 to 5

130

Figure A.3.37 Detail of Zone 1 (short wall)


The table below shows the maximum value of V
23

Point ERS (kN/m) LTH 1 (kN/m) LTH 2 (kN/m) LTH 3(kN/m)
1 195.46 202.94 179.53 202.31
2 120.36 110.68 108.07 112.05
3 469.48 442.20 463.28 463.88
4 270.64 267.82 258.67 269.40
5 361.06 321.68 325.18 357.32
6 98.74 99.39 103.45 88.27
7 168.32 177.53 165.37 166.21

MOTION ON Z DIRECTION, V13


Table A.3.32 V23 caused by a motion on Y direction in zones 1 to 7

131


Figure A.3.41 Plan view of Level 3 - Points 12


The table below shows the maximum value of V13 caused by a motion on Z axis in each zone of the
struture indicated in the figures above.

1 90.26 77.24 81.49 76.13
2 94.18 88.53 84.79 93.73
3 73.54 68.52 68.60 64.56
4 93.62 88.23 83.74 81.56
5 41.24 35.48 38.54 37.53

Table A.3.33 V13 caused by a motion on Z direction in zones 1 to 16
132
6 76.47 62.76 65.84 62.43
7 58.03 49.46 51.23 49.53
8 223.05 205.45 188.27 207.60
9 45.66 35.47 46.62 41.12
10 49.64 47.59 46.19 45.43
11 48.73 53.92 44.87 55.05
12 46.18 39.56 44.18 39.52
13 46.79 43.60 45.84 39.40
14 180.59 163.31 161.19 165.45
15 53.09 54.31 59.01 47.32
16 46.76 46.02 49.05 41.96




Figure A.3.45 Plan view of Level 3 - Point 9

133


The table below shows the maximum value of V23 caused by a motion on Z axis in each zone of the
struture indicated in the figures above.

1 86.79 78.72 77.76 76.96
2 53.55 44.7 47.48 49.88
3 97.35 87.39 99.61 85.11
4 118.85 112.11 105.96 113.68
5 114.20 96.12 106.85 99.98
6 53.45 56.03 47.67 49.19
7 72.75 62.95 65.86 64.70
8 56.36 47.83 50.55 45.95
9 48.27 41.44 45.94 41.06
10 96.25 87.88 81.74 86.65
11 52.07 48.97 50.61 49.88

FRAME ELEMENTS

The shear forces in frame elements are V
2
and V
3
. V
2
is the shear force in the 1-2 plane and V
3

is the shear force in the 1-3 plane. The figure below shows the direction of the local axis:

Figure A.3.47 Existent Shear Force in a frame element [20]

Table A.3.34 V23 caused by a motion on Z direction in zones 1 to 11

134
Table A.3.35 Frames 1 to 4 (Motion on Y direction, V2) Section Type

Table A.3.36 V2 caused by a motion on Y direction in frames 1 to 4



Figure A.3.49 - General view of frame elements Points 1 to 4

3 Beam 1300x300 Level 3 West

Frame number ERS (kN) LTH 1 (kN) LTH 2 (kN) LTH 3 (kN)
1 313.30 330.29 295.91 309.71
2 117.19 109.25 111.33 118.09
3 189.84 167.86 199.16 183.71
4 182.19 168.21 171.60 159.37

135
Table A.3.37 Frames 1 to 2 (Motion on Y direction, V3) Section Type

Table A.3.38 V3 caused by a motion on Y direction in frames 1 to 2





1 378.42 359.60 389.66 392.33
2 689.31 601.74 585.24 649.98

136


Figure A.3.53 - General view of all frame elements

Figure A.3.54 - Beams and columns from level 1 Points 1 to 5

Figure A.3.55 - Beams and columns from level 2 Point 6

137
Table A.3.39 Frames 1 to 9 (Motion on Z direction, V2) Section Type
Table A.3.40 V2 caused by a motion on Z direction in frames 1 to 9

Figure A.3.56 - Beams and columns from level 3 Points 7 to 8

Figure A.3.57 - Ramps beams and columns Point 9

9 HI1200-25-50-500 Ramp beam

1 125.31 117.49 120.37 115.70
2 76.24 73.82 74.46 71.97
3 104.80 90.39 86.02 81.67
4 78.64 65.56 75.85 71.23
5 69.18 60.14 61.65 64.72
6 63.44 64.87 58.53 58.12
7 90.53 93.86 89.12 83.14
8 82.96 83.68 77.80 77.37
9 84.28 75.83 78.80 80.07
138
Table A.3.41 Frames 1 to 3 (Motion on Z direction, V3) Section Type
Table A.3.42 V3 caused by a motion on Z direction in frames 1 to 3



Figure A.3.59 - General view of frame elements Points 1 to 3

1 Beam 1200x400 Level 1 West lobby

1 137.01 121.72 124.78 126.15
2 95.08 100.35 85.09 93.49
3 88.96 73.04 83.33 80.63

139
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[15] Tonsson, S, Nsis hf., 2006. Changing user demands on buildings, Trondheim
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[17] Lopes J., 2007. Seismic Analysis of the New Icelandic Conference and Concert Centre,
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