Special Garments

In the modern world, to perform risky work it is necessary to wear special garments.In the specially risky environment. Because, it is the responsibility of employer to protect their employeesfrom any harmful effect during work at any risky environment. For example, a person working in a chemical plant may be affected by the chemicals that is handling everyday. To protect that person from the effect of chemicals he/she protected by using chemical resistant clothing. The garmrnts, used for protection of human body or life during working ay any risky environment,is called protective clothing of specials garments.

Heat and flame resistance clothign: The people working in the steel mill,moulding factory,welding factory,glass item manufacturing factory etc have to face enough heat and flame everyday. Hence, their life risk is higher. To save their body and life from the risk of flame and heat, it is necessary to provide them flame and heat resistant work wear. Human body and skin is heat sensitive, if human skin is subjected to 45C. he/she feels burning effect and at 72C, burning occurs in the skin and blister is formed in the skin.

The diffenence between core and shell Temperature :

No 1.

Core temp. The temparature of interior Body is called core temp. Remain almost constant, it varies with in 1F Generally more than shell Temperature .

Shell temp. The temparature of the skin/tissues immediately under the skin line called shell temperature. Rise/ fall with the temperatur e of surrounding. Generally less than core temp.

2. 3.

The mechanism of reduceing and increasing body tempetature : A. Heat production within the body: 1. Melabolism: Oxidation of food material, produce learge amount of heat in the body. 2. Physical Activity : The skelital muscles preduces about half of the body heat during exercise, walkin g, running, and other form of physical activity. 3. Metabolic activity of lever reart pruduct heat. 4. Action of some thyroxine, Epircphrise , enxyme also produce heat. 5. Peristallic activity of entastine during disession also produce heat.

B. Heat gain fron environments: 1. Direct from sun and heated subsiarees. 2. Consumtion of hot food and drinks. Mechanism of heat loss from human body: 1. 2. 3. 4. Radiation : 60% of total body heat lost by by radiation. Conductio: 18% of heat lost when surrourding air temparature is very low. Convection: By cold air contact with skin. Evaporation: About 22% heat is lost by in this way throuhg lunge and skin by sersible perspiration and swelling. Moisture relase from human body> 200ml/hr at rest of condition . 600ml/hr at moderate activity. 1200ml/hr at heavy activity. 5. Heat loss through faces and flutes 6. Heat loss througe linire.

Thermogenesis: The process of heat production by the body is called Thermogenesis. Thermolysis : The process of heat loss from the body is called thermolysis.

What is waterproof breathable fabric?? The term breathable means the fabric is actively ventilated. Breathable fabric passively allows water vapour to diffuse through them but prevent. The penetration of liquid water. Production of water vapour by skin is essential for maintenance of body temperature. It this vapour cannot escape to the surrounding atmosphere the clothing become uncomfortable. In extreme case hypothermic can result. The ability of fabric of fabric to allow water vapour to penetrate is known as breathability or water vapour permeability. Waterproof breathable fabrics prevent the penetration of liquid water from outside to inside but permit the penetration of water vapour from inside the clothing to the outside atmosphere. Densely woven fabric?? In 1940 effective waterproof breathable fabric was developed for military purpose & is known as ventile. The finest type of long staple cotton so there are very small spaces between the fibres. The yarn is woven using an Oxford weave , this gives minimum crimp in weft & fibres become parallel to the surface of the fabric. When cotton fabric is wetted by water, fibres swell transversely reducing the size of the pores in the fabric & require very high pressure to cause penetration. Densely woven fabric can also be made from synthetic monofilament yarns. The water penetration resistance of the fabric is improved by application of silicon or fluorocarbon finish.

Membranes: Membranes are extremely thin films made from polymeric materials and have very high resistance to liquid water, penetration but allows the passage of water vapour. Typical membranes are 10mm thick. They are types 1. Micro porous 2.Hydrophilic/non poromeric Micro porous: Best known micro porous membranes developed of introduce in 1976 by W Gore Tex. This is a film of expanded PTFE, polymer and contains 1.4

billion tiny holes per square cm. these holes are much smaller than smallest raindrops (2-3 micro meter) but much larger than water vapour molecules. Micro porous membranes have hydrophilic polyurethane to reduce the effect of contamination. Hydrophilic: Hydrophilic membranes are very thin of chemically modified polyester or polyurethane containing no holes. The polyester or polyurethane polymer is modified by incorporating up to 40% by weight of poly ethylene oxide. The amorphous region of poly ethylene oxide act like intermolecular pored allowing water vapour molecule to pass through but preventing the penetration of liquid water. Methods of incorporation:

1. Bundes Mann rain tester:

Fig. Bundes mann rain tester

The Parts of test of water proof ability: 1.Water 3.Reservoir 5.Simulated rain 2. Filler and dionizer 4.Jets 6. Specimen

This apparatus and procedure was developed in 1935. Water is feed through a lilter and deionizer to an upper reservoir. This reservoir has a large number of jets of defined size in its base. The pressure of water in the reservoir causes water to flow out through the jets. Drop of simulated rain. Specimen of fabric are placed over four inclined cup ad sealed at the edge. The cup contains rotating wipers. Any water penetrating the fabric collects in the cup and volume measured. The percentage of water retained by the fabric is also determined on mass basis. 2.Wool industries Research Association shower tester (WIRA):

Fig. WIRA Shower Tester

The main parts of WIRA shower tester: 1.Funnel 3.Reservoir 5.Ribbed glass 7.Breaker 9.PTFE perforued base 2. glass tube 4.Simeleted rain 6.Ribbed glass 8.Specimin 10. Filter

A standard volume of water is placed in a funnel which acts as reservoir. The water flows slowly out of the funnel into a transparent reservoir with a perforated base made PTFE. A filter paper is placed on top of the perforated base to slow down the flow of water. When water produces separated drops which fall onto the fabric specimen are placed under penetrated the fabric runs down into a 10cm3 measuring cylinder. From this test three results may be determined I. II. III. Percentage absorption on a mass basis The total volume of water that penetrated the fabric Time taken for the 1st 10cm3 to penetrate

3.The credit rain simulation tester:

Fig. Credit rain simulation tester The main parts of Credit rain simulation tester: 1.Reservoir 2.Simulated rain 3. Drospliter 4.Random size droplets 5.Speciman when water proof is made into garments the seams can become the weak link unless properly constructed. The credit rain simulation was designed to test the effectiveness of seams. It consists of a small water reservoir the base of which contains jets, which allows the water to flow out slowly forming drops of simulated rain. The drops hit a drop splitter which breaks the drop into random sized droplets. The seamed fabric specimen is placed over a smi cylindrical printed circular board. The water is made electrically conductive by dissolving s small amount of mineral salt. Any water penetrating the seam completes an electrical circuit this gives time to penetration and position of penetration.

3.American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists rain test (AATCC):

Fig. The AATC rain tester The main parts of AATC rain tester: 1.Water supply paper 6. Drain 2.Pressure control 3. Nozzle 4. Specimen 5. Blotting

A column of water maintained at a constant height in a vertical glass tube is used to supply pressurized water to a horizontal spray nozzle containing a specified number of holes of specified size. The fabric specimen is placed vertically in front of this nozzle backed by slightly smaller piece of blotting paper. This specimen assembly is exposed to the spray for 5 min. mass of blotting paper is an indication of penetration of water through the fabric. From this test three results may be determined. 1.the maximum pressure at which no penetration occurs 2.the change in penetration with increasing pressure 3.the minimum pressure required to cause penetration