Assignment in Science Mariel Ocampo Mrs , Gladys Guirre

1. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction can be performed by one organism, it doesn't take two species to reproduce, in other words an animal can reproduce by itself. Sexual requires two organisms Regular sexual reproduction can be saying like if (being non specific here) an orange tail orangutan and a blue tailed orangutan mate it has a 1to3 chance being orange tailed 1to3 chance being blue tailed and a 1to3 chance of the colors intertwining together to make an odd multicolored tail... being specific means asexual reproduction pretty much makes a clone of itself and sexual reproduction can have both mother and fathers genes like father has long nose and short blond hair mother has fat nose and long red hair child could have long red hair and long nose and sometimes parts of the genes can skip generations and skip the father and go to the son or daughter.

2. Explain the importance of reproduction?

To create next generation. Unique property of a particular organism is transferred from one generation to the next generation through genes, which are situated in the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). 2. During Meiosis number of chromosomes becomes half of that in the parent cells. As a result when both male and female gametes fuse to form zygote, the number of chromosomes becomes adequate for the species involved. 3. Every animal cell has fixed number of chromosomes. Human cell contain 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes. After meiosis egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes. After zygote formation the number of chromosomes is once again 23 pairs. This is necessary to maintain the unique identity of a species. 4. To create variations in species. As no two individuals are same, so genetic characters from both parents will help make a slightly different copy of themselves. These small variations accumulate over hundreds of years resulting in formation of new species. 5. New species facilitate evolution of organisms. Evolution is necessary for survival as environmental conditions keep on changing from time to time. As per Darwin nature has a method of selecting the best fit species for survival 1. To create next generation. Unique property
of a particular o 1. To create next generation. Unique property of a particular organism is transferred

3. Describe reproduction in lower forms of organism and in plants?

Reproduction is a function through which a living organism is able to produce more of its own kind. It is one of the fundamental attributes of living organisms. In this process new individuals of a species are produced and perpetuated. Thus, the population of a species is increased by reproduction. A species is defined as a group of organisms (plants or animals) that can interbreed to produce offspring. Continuity of life, from the time of its origin (millions of years ago) to the present day, has been possible through reproduction. The offspring, thus, produce take in food, grow, and reproduce again. Hence, reproduction is an essential life process which helps an organism to perpetuate its kind on this earth. Reproduction is living organisms takes place by two general methods: asexual and sexual.

Asexual Reproduction in plants and Animals

The basis characters of this reproduction are: (i) only one individual of an organism is involved, (i) opposite sexes are not involved, (iii) cell divisions are either amitotic or mitotic, (iv) the new individuals produced, are genetically identical to the parent, and (v) it represents a rapid mode of multiplication. This the common mode of reproduction only in lower plants and animals, where the body is not very complex. As there is no fusion of sex cells (gametes), the offspring is produced without the process of fertilization. The different forms asexual reproductions are mentioned below.

1. Binary Fusion
The type of division, in which two individuals are formed from a single individual, is called binary fusion. This is the simplest method of asexual reproduction which is found in unicellular organisms. The cells divide into two daughter cells. The daughter cells are morphologically and

genetically identical. In this method, the nucleus first divides amitotically into two, which is followed by the division of the cytoplasm. The cell finally splits into two daughter cells. Binary fission occurs under favorable environmental conditions. In plants binary fission can be seen in bacteria, yeast and euglena. Among animals, Amoeba and paramecium can be taken to study binary fission.

2. Multiple Fission
The type of division, in which many individuals are formed a single individual, is called multiple fission. Under unfavorable circumstances, some unicellular organisms developed a protective covering over the cell. The nucleus of the cell divides repeatedly producing many nuclei. Latter on, each nucleus is surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm and many daughter cells are produced within the hard covering called cyst. When the favorable condition return, the cyst breaks up and small offspring are liberated. Multiple fission is seen in many algae (lower plants). A common example of multiple fission in animals is malarial parasite (plasmodium). In both types of division, the whole body of an organism represents the reproductive unit.

3. Budding
In this process, a bulb-like projection is formed on one side of the body. The bud may be unicellular or multi-cellular depending upon the type of the parent organisms. One or more such buds may be produced from a single parent body. The nucleus divides and one of the daughter nuclei passes into the bud. The bud is finally separated from the parent body and becomes a new individual after growing to full size. Formation bud is called budding. This process is found in yeast among plants. In animals, budding can be commonly seen in hydra and sponges. In the former the buds are external, in this latter buds may be internal.

4. Fragmentation or Regeneration
Fragmentation is the process in which the body of an individual breaks up into two or more parts and each part develops into a complete organisms. In case of plants, filamentous algae like spirogyra regenerates in this way. In animals, worms like flatworms (planaria) and tape worms also reproduce by this method.

5. Sporulation
Spore formation is a common method of asexual reproduction in lower forms of life such as bacteria, lower plants, etc. in many algae, a single parent cell divides 2 to 3 times to produce 4to 8 or more motile (capable of moving as a whole) zoospores. The cell gets enveloped by a tough covering and the entire structure is known as sporangia or zoosporangia. Under favorable conditions, the spores are released by breaking the thick wall of the sporangia. Spores then germinate into new individuals. In fungi, sporangia burst and release spores. Spores are light in weight and very small in size. By this method of asexual reproduction, plants overcome unfavorable conditions of heat, dryness, high temperature, high acidity, alkalinity, etc.

Compare vegetative reproduction in flowering plants from human reproduction system? Compare vegetative reproduction in flowering plants from human reproduction system?

4. Compare vegetative reproduction in flowering plants from human reproduction system? 1. Male Parts
o

The male parts of the flower consist of the anther (a small, yellow sac), supported by the long, thin filament. These parts are collectively known as the stamen. The flower's stamens produce pollen that contains male gametes (reproductive cells) and is later picked up by pollinators like bees.

Female Parts
o

The pistil, or female part of the flower, is made up of a rounded, sticky area for collecting pollen (stigma), supported by a stalk known as the style. The ovary rests at the center of the flower and contains ovules, or unfertilized seeds.

Pollination
o

When the stigma of the flower receives pollen through the process of pollination, pollen tubes begin to burrow through the style and into the ovary. These tubes deliver the male sex cells to the ovules, resulting in fertilization.

Fruit 1.
The ovary of the flower then swells around the fertilized ovules and becomes a fruit. Over time, the flower withers and the fruit drops from the tree. As the fruit rots, the ovules -- now known as seeds -- are deposited into the soil to produce a new plant.

Male Parts
o

The male parts of the flower consist of the anther (a small, yellow sac), supported by the long, thin filament. These parts are collectively known as the stamen. The flower's stamens produce pollen that contains male gametes (reproductive cells) and is later picked up by pollinators like bees.

Female Parts
o

The pistil, or female part of the flower, is made up of a rounded, sticky area for collecting pollen (stigma), supported by a stalk known as the style. The ovary rests at the center of the flower and contains ovules, or unfertilized seeds.

Pollination
o

When the stigma of the flower receives pollen through the process of pollination, pollen tubes begin to burrow through the style and into the ovary. These tubes deliver the male sex cells to the ovules, resulting in fertilization.

Fruit
o

The ovary of the flower then swells around the fertilized ovules and becomes a fruit. Over time, the flower withers and the fruit drops from the tree. As the fruit rots, the ovules -- now known as seeds -- are deposited into the soil to produce a new plant.