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PRACTICAL 1

Topic Purpose : Thermodynamics Heat of Neutralization : To determine the heat of neutralization of: i) ii) iii) Theoretical Knowledge: Thermodynamics refer to the study of heat and its transformation. The study of energy changes accompanying chemical reactions is called thermochemistry or chemical energetic. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to another. The concept of enthalpy is discussed in Thermochemistry. It is the branch of thermodynamics. Generally, it is deal with heat involved in chemical reaction. Enthalpy is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of the system in a process that occurs at constant pressure. There were 3 basic terms in thermodynamics which are heat, system and surroundings. Heat is the energy transferred between a system and surrounding. System defined as the part of universe whose change we are going to observe, while surrounding is the rest of the universe outside the system. Actually, it is impossible to determine enthalpy, H of a substance. We actually measure the change in enthalpy, H. This enthalpy change can be calculated using this equation, H = H (products) H (reactants) For many reaction, H = E or H E. The enthalpy change, H is the heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure. In the study of thermodynamics, there were two types of heat transformation known as exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reaction is the heat given off by the
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Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide

system to the surroundings. The H

products

<H

reactants.

The endothermic reaction is the

heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings, so H products > H reactants. Enthalpy/ Energy Profile Diagram:

A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base. Generally aqueous acid-base reactions produce water and a salt, which is an ionic compoundmade up of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-. If both the acid and the base mixed together in a reaction are strong electrolytes, they are completely ionized in solution. The quantity of heat for each reaction will not be measured directly in any of the experiments. Instead temperature changes will be observed as indicators of heat effects. From the temperature changes observed, and the specific heat of the water, the heat liberated or consumed can be calculated. For a solution, the heat absorbed, Q (for exothermic reaction) is proportional to the mass of the solution, m and the change in temperature, T. Proportionality constant, c is known as the specific heat capacity of solution per unit mass. For example, the specific heat capacity for water is 4.18 JK-1g-1. It is the heat required to raise temperature of 1g of a substance by 1K. The specific heat capacity of a very dilute solution (like the acid and base which are used in this experiment) is equivalent to the specific heat capacity of pure water. Therefore, the value of the specific heat capacity of the solutions used in this experiment will be 4.18 JK-1g-1.

Heat of Neutralization

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Large concentrations of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion cannot coexist in solution, because the neutralization reaction strongly favors the product (water). H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)

In this experiment, an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution will be added to an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The neutralization reaction will occur until either H+ or OH- is entirely consumed. The reactant which is consumed first is called the limiting reactant. The molar enthalpy of neutralization is defined as below: Qneut Hneut = n where Qneut is the heat of neutralization, measured calorimetrically, and n is the moles of the limiting reactant. The standard enthalpy of neutralization of an acid is the enthalpy change (heat of reaction per mole) under standard condition when the acid is neutralized by the base and 1 mole of water is produced.

Problem Statement: Does the value of heat of neutralization between acids and bases be the same with their theoretical value?

Hypothesis

The standard enthalpy or heat of neutralization for HCl and NaOH is -57.3 kJ/mol, the reaction of H2SO4 and NaOH produced heat of -66.5 kJ/mol, while the neutralization of HNO3 and KOH produced -57.3 kJ/mol.
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Variable

: Manipulated Variable Types of acids and bases : Fixed Variable Volume of the solution, concentration of solution. : Responding Variable Heat of neutralization.

Materials

: EC1 is 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid : EC2 is 1.0 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid : EC3 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide : EC4 is 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid : EC5 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous potassium hydroxide.

Apparatus

: 25 cm3 pipette, thermometer 00C 1100C ( 0.20C), 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, plastic cup and wash bottle filled with distilled water.

Procedure 1.

25.0 cm3 of EC1 is placed using a pipette into a plastic cup. The temperature of EC1 is recorded as the initial temperature of mixture R in the table below. By using a measuring cylinder, 60.0 cm3 of solution EC3 is added into the plastic cup containing EC1.

2.

3.

Mixture R is stirred carefully with a thermometer and the highest temperature of mixture R is recorded.

4.

Mixture R is poured away from the plastic cup. Then, the cup is cleaned and rinsed with distilled water.

5.

The above procedures are repeated using: a. 25.0 cm3 of EC2 to replace EC1 to obtain mixture S. b. 25.0 cm3 of EC4 and 60.0 cm3 of EC5 to replace EC1 and EC3 respectively to obtain mixture T.

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Result: Mixture R EC1 + EC3 Highest Temperature/ oC Initial Temperature/ oC Increase Temperature/ oC in 3.0 2.5 2.0 28.0 28.0 29.0 31.0 Mixture S EC2 + EC3 30.5 Mixture T EC4 + EC5 31.0

Data Analysis: Determining the molar enthalpy of neutralization, Hneut: i) The number of moles, n for each substance of reactance. Moles, n = MV/ 1000 where M = molarity for each acid and base that used in the reaction. V = volume of each acid and base (in cm3). Considering the factor of Limiting Reagent to determine the amount of products form (1 mol of water) at the end of the reaction. It is due to the standard enthalpy change of neutralization, where we need to focus on the formation of 1 mol of water from the acid and base under standard condition.

ii)

Heat evolves during the experiment, Q in the whole reaction. Q = m.c.T where m = mass of the substances (in gram) both acid and base used. c = specific heat capacity T = change in temperature

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In this case, the specific heat capacity, c for the mixture R, S and T formed from each reactions are assumed same as the c for all solutions which is 4.184 J g-1 C-1. For this experiment, the density of the solutions is also assumed to be the same as the density of water, 1.00 g mL-1. As (1 mL = 1 cm3), therefore the mass of the solution is equal with 1.00 g cm-3.

iii)

Divide the heat of neutralization, Hneut by the moles of the limiting reactant to determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization, means the heat evolved per mole of water. Hneut = Q / n

1.

Calculation for Mixture R: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) Reactant: HCl NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Reactant: NaOH Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(60.0 cm3) / 1000 = 60.0 / 1000 = 0.060 mol

Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(25.0 cm3) / 1000 = 25.0 / 1000 = 0.025 mol

HCl used up first in a reaction. This NaOH has excess number of moles rather reaction stops once HCl gone. than HCl.

The limiting reagent in this reaction is The excess reagent in this reaction is HCl. NaOH.

From the chemical equilibrium, HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)

NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

We know that, 1 mol of HCl and 1 mol of NaOH produced 1 mol of water; So, 0.025 mol of HCl reacts with 0.025 mol of NaOH produced 0.025 mol of water. Thus, number of moles of water produced = 0.025 mol
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Heat Evolved During the Experiment, Q = m.c.T = (25.0 cm3+ 60.0 cm3)(1 g cm-3)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(3.0 oC) = (85 g)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(3.0 oC) = 1066.92 J We assume that the specific heat capacity, c of water, (4.184 J g-1 oC-1) is the same as the acid and NaOH. Also that the 1cm3 of acid or NaOH is = 1g, as the density of water (solution) is equal to 1 g mL-1. Remember that 1 mL = 1 cm3 Heat Evolved Per Mole of Water (Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization) Hneut = Q / n = 1066.92 J 0.025 mol = 42676.8 J mol-1 Formation of 0.025 mol of H2O releases 42.6768 kJ mol-1of heat energy. So, the Standard Enthalpy of Neutralization = 42.7 kJ mol-1

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2.

Calculation for Mixture S: H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) Reactant: H2SO4 Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) Reactant: NaOH Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(60.0 cm3) / 1000 = 60.0 / 1000 = 0.060 mol

Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(25.0 cm3) / 1000 = 25.0 / 1000 = 0.025 mol

H2SO4 used up first in a reaction. NaOH has excess number of moles rather However, only from 1 mol of H2SO4 is than HCl. used, means only 0.0125 mol of H2SO4 reacted in this reaction. The limiting reagent in this reaction is The excess reagent in this reaction is H2SO4. NaOH.

From the above chemical equilibrium, H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

We know that, mol of H2SO4 and 1 mol of NaOH produced 1 mol of water; So, 0.0125 mol of HCl reacts with 0.025 mol of NaOH produced 0.025 mol of water. Thus, number of moles of water produced = 0.025 mol.

Heat Evolved During the Experiment, Q = m.c.T = (25.0 cm3+ 60.0 cm3)(1 g cm-3)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(2.5 oC) = (85 g)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(2.5 oC) = 889.1 J

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We assume that the specific heat capacity, c of water, (4.184 J g-1 oC-1) is the same as the acid and NaOH. Also that the 1cm3 of acid or NaOH is = 1g, as the density of water (solution) is equal to 1 g mL-1. Remember that 1 mL = 1 cm3 Heat Evolved Per Mole of Water (Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization) Hneut = Q / n = 889.1 J 0.025 mol = 35564 J mol-1 Formation of 0.025 mol of H2O releases 35.564 kJ mol-1of heat energy. So, the Standard Enthalpy of Neutralization = 35.6 kJ mol-1

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3.

Calculation for Mixture R: HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) Reactant: HNO3 KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) Reactant: KOH Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(60.0 cm3) / 1000 = 60.0 / 1000 = 0.060 mol

Number of Moles, n = MV/ 1000 n = (1.0 mol dm-3)(25.0 cm3) / 1000 = 25.0 / 1000 = 0.025 mol

HNO3 used up first in a reaction. This NaOH has excess number of moles rather reaction stops once HCl gone. than HCl.

The limiting reagent in this reaction is The excess reagent in this reaction is HNO3. NaOH.

From the chemical equilibrium, HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq)

KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

We know that, 1 mol of HNO3 and 1 mol of KOH produced 1 mol of water; So, 0.025 mol of HNO3 reacts with 0.025 mol of KOH produced 0.025 mol of water. Thus, number of moles of water produced = 0.025 mol

Heat Evolved During the Experiment, Q = m.c.T = (25.0 cm3+ 60.0 cm3)(1 g cm-3)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(2.0 oC) = (85 g)(4.184 J g-1 oC-1)(2.0 oC) = 711.28 J We assume that the specific heat capacity, c of water, (4.184 J g-1 oC-1) is the same as the acid and NaOH. Also that the 1cm3 of acid or NaOH is = 1g, as the density of water (solution) is equal to 1 g mL-1. Remember that 1 mL = 1 cm3

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Heat Evolved Per Mole of Water (Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization) Hneut = Q / n = 711.28 J 0.025 mol = 28451.2 J mol-1 Formation of 0.025 mol of H2O releases 28.4512 kJ mol-1of heat energy. So, the Standard Enthalpy of Neutralization = 28.5 kJ mol-1

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Conclusion: The standard enthalpy of neutralization between a strong acid and a strong base is almost the same for all acids (such as HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3) and bases (such as NaOH and KOH). This is because all strong acids and strong bases undergo complete ionization in water. Monoprotic Acids: HCl and HNO3  HCl (aq)  HNO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) H+ (aq) + NO-3 (aq)

Diprotic Acid: H2SO4  H2SO4 (aq) HSO-4 (aq) H+ (aq) + HSO-4 (aq) H+ (aq) + SO2-4 (aq)

Strong Base: NaOH and KOH:  NaOH (aq)  KOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Any neutralization between the solutions of acid and base produces 1 mole of water and liberates an approximately the same amount of heat energy which is usually - 57.3 kJ. If a bond is broken, energy is needed and the reaction is endothermic. However if a reaction is exothermic, it is a recombination, which is bond making. Through this, energy is produced. In all these three reactions a hydrogen ion bond with a hydroxide ion to produce water, giving out some energy and this is the only bonding taking place in the reaction. Neutralization is an exothermic reaction which means it gives out energy to the surroundings in the form of heat. This obviously means there will be a rise in temperature in the reacting container (plastic cup) as the bonds are made.

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Discussion: The point at which all the H+ ions in the acid solution and OH- ions in the base solution have bonded together is known as point of neutralization. It is called such because at this point the acid is completely neutralized by the alkali. At this point temperature change would be the maximum because all ions have formed bonds and maximum heat is released. Generally, values of heat of neutralization are always less than their theoretical values, as some of the heat of neutralization is lost to the surroundings and absorbs by the thermometer and plastic cup. Thus, the values of each mixture undergoes neutralization are inaccurate. The table below showed the comparison between the theoretical values of standard enthalpy of neutralization for the 3 mixtures of R, S and T with the values of calculated from this experiment. Acid Base H/ kJ mol-1 (Theoretical Value) HCl H2SO4 HNO3 NaOH NaOH KOH -57.3 -66.5 -57.3 H/ kJ mol-1 (Experimental Value) -42.7 -35.6 -28.5

The percent error for these experimental values vs. the theoretical (accepted) values for each mixture are as below: General Formula: Theoretical Value Experimental Value Theoretical Value Mixture R: 57.3 kJ/ mol 42.7 kJ/ mol 57.3 kJ/ mol
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100

100

25.5%

Mixture S:

66.5 kJ/ mol 35.6 kJ/ mol 66.5 kJ/ mol

100

46.5%

Mixture T:

57.3 kJ/ mol 28.5 kJ/ mol 57.3 kJ/ mol

100

50.3%

Based on the percentage errors above, we knew that all of the investigations on mixing acid and base to produce heat of neutralization were not successfully enough to obtain the standard values. The heat evolved by HCl and NNO3 is supposedly must be same, differ with the standard enthalpy of neutralization between monobasic base and sulphuric acid. The value of H should be more negative than -57.3 kJ mol-1. This is because; heat is also liberated when sulphuric acid undergoes dilution, when the base of KOH is added to it. This causes the heat given off to be greater than 57.3 kJ mol-1. In addition, the heat of dilution of other acids (HCl and HNO3) is negligible. In all the three reactions only 1 mole of water is produced, and the metallic ions (such as Na+ and K+) and the negative ions from the acid are rather spectator ions and do not participate in the reaction so much as to give an energy change.

Precaution Steps: Some slight inaccuracies and inconsistencies. The inaccuracy highlighted above and also the values for the Enthalpy of neutralization are lower compared

to the standard values of Enthalpy of neutralization involving strong acid and base, which is -57.3 kJ mol-1. Below are some mistakes done during the experiment and the solution to take into considerations:
1.

The thermometer used is not too sensitive, as it has less division of degree Celcius ( 0.5 0C). We need to use the thermometer with smaller division to get more accurate readings.

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2.

Wash all apparatus and rinse with distilled water to avoid any contaminants, dirt and unwanted particles in the apparatus.

3.

Eye must be parallel to the meniscus of mercury in thermometer to avoid any parallax error while taking the temperatures readings.

4.

Never return unused acids or bases to their respective bottles to avoid contamination. Just take only the necessary amount of the substances required.

5.

Pour a slightly more than required amount of acids or bases into a beaker. Do not fill the pipette directly from the reagent bottle.

6.

Acid and base must be mixed quickly in order to complete the reaction in a very short time to reduce heat loss to surroundings.

7.

The initial temperature of the solution is taken after a few minutes, to ensure that the solution has reached a uniform temperature. Only the maximum temperature should be recorded.

8.

Initial temperature should be taken after the thermometer has been dipped in for a while. This is to ensure that their temperature has stabilized.

9.

The stirring way for the mixture was not consistence. This would mean that more or less heat would escape, and then required, which affect the thermometer readings.

10.

The reaction mixture should be stirred, so that the reaction can be completed in a very short time and to ensure homogeneous mixing.

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Questions:
1. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixture R, S and T.

Heat of neutralization known as the Entalphy of neutralization, Hneut is the heat released when 1 mole of water formed when acid reacts with base. Mixture R: The overall reaction between HCl and NaOH is the combination of H+(aq) and OH-(aq) to form H2O. The molecular reaction for this reaction is: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + heat

Since all the reactants and products are soluble, and all of them except water are strong electrolytes, the total ionic equation for this reaction is: H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) + heat

Therefore, the net ionic equation for this neutralization reaction is: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) + heat

Mixture S: The overall reaction between H2SO4 and NaOH is the combination of H+(aq) and OH(aq) to form H2O. The molecular reaction for this reaction is: H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + heat

Since all the reactants and products are soluble, and all of them except water are strong electrolytes, the total ionic equation for this reaction is: H+(aq) + SO2-4(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + SO2-4(aq) + H2O(l) + heat

Therefore, the net ionic equation for this neutralization reaction is: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Heat of Neutralization

H2O (l) + heat


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Mixture T: The overall reaction between HNO3 and KOH is the combination of H+(aq) and OH-(aq) to form H2O. The molecular reaction for this reaction is: HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) +heat

Since all the reactants and products are soluble, and all of them except water are strong electrolytes, the total ionic equation for this reaction is: H+(aq) + NO-3(aq) + K+(aq) + OH-(aq) K+(aq) + NO-3(aq) + H2O(l) + heat

Therefore, the net ionic equation for this neutralization reaction is: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) + heat

2.

Compare the values of the heat of neutralization obtained in: a. b. c. Mixture R and S: Mixture R and T: Mixture S and T:

Explain why there is a difference or similarity between the two values that is compared.

a)

Mixture R and S:

Based on the experiment, the mixture R which is the combination of HCl and NaOH produce the heat of neutralization, 42.7 kJ/ mol, rather than mixture S which formed the heat of 35.6 kJ/ mol, using H2SO4 and NaOH. The main factor here which contributes the difference in value of heat of neutralization between these mixtures is the types of acid. Both acids are strong, but they come from different types of strong acid. It means, the HCl is a monoprotic acid or monobasic acid, while the H2SO4 is a diprotic acid or dibasic acid.
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HCl is a strong electrolyte, meaning that it is essentially 100% dissociated in solution. Therefore, in any reasonably concentrated solution of HCl, there is a high concentration of H+, and because of this, HCl is called a strong acid. Supposed, the heat of neutralization of mixture R must be approximately the theoretical value of -57.3 kJ/mol, however due to some uncertainties and technical errors, the value cannot be obtained. Sulphuric acid is also called a diprotic acid because each molecule of it is able to give up two protons. This happens in two distinct steps: H2SO4 (aq) HSO-4 (aq) H+ (aq) + HSO-4 (aq) H+ (aq) + SO2-4 (aq)

Notice that the second step in the dissociation of H2SO4 is in equilibrium (only about 10% of the HSO-4 is actually dissociated). Despite this, H2SO4 is considered a strong acid because the first dissociation step is complete. So, from these steps of dissociation, the theoretical value of heat of neutralization involving H2SO4, -66.5 kJ/mol is greater than the value of HCl, though the base is same in both experiments.

b)

Mixture R and T:

Notice that both mixture R and T is used acids which come from a types of monoprotic acid, HCl and HNO3. Their bases solutions are also a strong base (NaOH and KOH). Thus, the value of heat of neutralization should be approximately -57.3 kJ/mol. But, the values obtained for each mixture are -42.7 kJ/mol and -28.5 kJ/mol respectively. This may due to the inaccuracy during the experiment.

c)

Mixture S and T:

Mixture S mixed H2SO4 and NaOH, while mixture T used HNO3 and KOH. These 2 mixtures give different value of heat of neutralization, -35.6 kJ/mol and -28.5 kJ/mol respectively. It is due to their chemical characteristic of acids like monoprotic and diprotic acid represented by HNO3 and H2SO4.
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Monoprotic acids are those acids that are able to donate one proton per molecule during the process of dissociation (sometimes called ionization). A diprotic acid (here symbolized by (H2A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. H2A(aq) + H2O(l) HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HA(aq) H3O+(aq) + A2(aq)

For example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can donate one proton to form the bisulfate anion (HSO4), and then it can donate a second proton to form the sulfate anion (SO42-), which has an intermediate strength. The large strength in the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. Thus, make the value of heat of its neutralization greater than the value in mixture T.

3.

The heat of neutralization between strong acid and a strong base is -57.3 kJ mol-1. Suggest two ways to improve the given procedure so that an approximate value of -57.3 kJ mol-1 could be obtained?

In order to overcome the weaknesses in this experiment, the modification steps are stated as below: a) Heat can be released or absorbed during this chemical reaction. It can be measured by using a calorimeter, rather than a plastic cup. It is because the plastic cup can conduct heat transferred into or from it. Calorimeter is a container that is thermally isolated from the environment. Referred to our experiment about the heat of neutralization, the best calorimeter could be applied is the constant- pressure calorimeter or known as the coffee-cup calorimeter. This coffee-cup calorimeter is very suitable to

measure the heat released in non-combustion reaction like the heat of neutralization.

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The process of neutralization would be going better, as it can be done in an open laboratory atmosphere, such as in laboratory. By using this polystyrene or Styrofoam cup as the coffee-cup calorimeter, no heat enters and leaves in the process. Polystyrene cup is suitable for this reaction without much heat loss. In this experiment we can use a simple calorimeter made of polystyrene with a lid. Expanded polystyrene is a good thermal insulator and the temperature rise that occurs in the cup can be measured before the loss of heat to the surroundings becomes serious. b) Actually, the acid and base solution must be separately placed into a calorimeter and a beaker respectively. It is needed to record their initial temperature, not the only temperature of acid. So that, we could average both value of the temperatures as the initial temperature by considering the temperatures from each reactants (acid and base). c) The reading of the thermometer should be observed until the highest/ maximum temperature. The temperature must be recorded every 15 seconds for at least 2 minutes. Thus, the maximum temperature reached is noted. In more accurate way, all the temperature must be recorded to the nearest 0.2 0C. d) To minimize experimental errors in measuring temperature, two trials with each acid and base can be done before both of them being mixed up and after the base is added to get the mixture. e) The solution/ mixture must be stirred continuously to ease the chemical reaction between acid and base. We need to stir the solution constantly without hitting the walls of the polystyrene cup. Stirring helps to spread the heat evenly to all the parts of the solution. But when the thermometer, which acts as a stirrer, hits the walls of the cup, small amount of heat is produced. This extra heat may affect this experiment. So we have to stir the solution constantly without striking the walls of the container.

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f)

Measure the temperature quickly. Since the room temperature is vastly lower than the heat evolved during the reaction, there is a great chance of heat escaping to the atmosphere. So to get precise results, we have to measure the temperature as quickly as we finished pouring the particular volumes of alkali.

4.

Will the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a weak acid greater or less than -57.3 kJ mol-1? Explain.

The standard enthalpy of neutralization is the heat absorbed per mole when an acid and a base react to form water under standard conditions. The enthalpy of neutralization for strong acids are similar, which is approximately -57.3 kJ mol-1 because strong acid fully disassociate in water, therefore all hydrogen ions, H+ and all hydroxide ions, OH- react to from water molecules. However, when we use the weak acids the standard enthalpy of neutralization is less than 57.3 kJ mol-1 because weak acids do not dissociate completely in aqueous solutions. Heat is used to break the covalent bond to form H+ and OH-.

References: Lim You Sie. Yip Kim Hong. Pre-U Text STPM Physical Chemistry. 2009. Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya. Matriculation Division Ministry of Education. Chemistry Laboratory Manual Semester I & II (Seventh Edition). 2006. Matriculation Division. http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/calorimetry/HeatofNeutralization.html. Accessed on 15th. January 2011. http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/html/SEXP5.HTM. Accessed on 15th. January 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid#Monoprotic_acids. Accessed on 15th. January 2011.

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http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/chm151L/calorimetry.html. Accessed on 15th. January 2011.

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