Kevin Yu APWH 7 11/9/11

PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL y Leaders, Elites

Chapter: 13
~ 646 Taika Reforms try to revamp Japanese imperial administration along Chinese lines ~ following this, court etiquette is combination of Chinese protocol and ancient Japanese ideals, aristocracy tried to master Confucianism, and admired Buddhist art ~ Buddhist monks have great political influence in Japan early on, opposing the Taika reforms and successfully rdominated the court and aristocracy ~ Buddhist repressed at Heian (Kyoto), but soon rise to be royal advisors ~ Chinese tried to establish a peasant conscript army under Taika reforms, but fail and military power organized in local militias by local leaders ~ At Heian, the imperial family and its court live in luxury and disdain for work, while select aristocratic families actually run the (rapidly shrinking) government ~ Such families, like the Fujiwaras, marry into the imperial family and gain exceptional influence, building great wealth and often work with Buddhist monasteries to whittle down imperial control ~ However, local lords begin gaining large amounts of power as well as the aristocrats and Buddhists ~ Gradually, local land owners form mini states with warrior leaders form little kingdoms, regional control ~ Politics moves steadily toward feudal system ~ Decline of Tang dynasty in China leads to reduced Chinese influence, and Japan pulls its embassies to China. Chinese concepts like the mandate of heaven and central power seem ludicrous to the Japanese ~ Ritualistic warfare between leaders turns into daimyo rule, with realistic combat with large peasant armies ~ Seeds of unity planted by the cultural and economic improvements as well as administrative developments by daimyo rule ~ Korea is conquered by China twice, and they get some independence under Silla in 668 ~ In koguryo, attempts to copy Chinese exams, writing, bureaucracy fail due to aristocracy ~ Koryo dynasty of Korea has large amounts of Sinification, modeling their government after the Tang dynasty ~ Koryo collapse due to internal conflict and mongol invasion ~ han dynasty invaderts conquer the Red River valley of Vietnam, and the Viet cooperate for a while, going under Confucian education and Chinese exams ~ Vietnamese dynasties imitate the Chinese government systems, but never really get very powerful because they didnt reach the village level and they had to compete with the Buddhist monks ~ Land often only owned by the aristocracy eventually, the elite non-aristocratic families ~ Samurai and bushi did not contribute economically depended on peasants for food ~Steel and weapon making technology develop as the samurai rise and take control ~ constant warfare destroys economy as peasants become overwhelmed and start to rebel, fruitlessly, against military overlords ~ daimyos improve economic conditions by building estates and establishing stability, irrigation, commercial production, and introducing merchants ~breakdown of regional trade barriers and unified currency, weights, and measures made by daimyos lead to more unification ~ The tribute system where Korea pays China in return for recognition drives cultural exchange ~ China is interested in Vietnam for rice production ~ Vietnam learns Chinese ag techniques, becomes more productive ~ culture of Japan mostly centered on previous Shinto views, but during Taila, Nara, and Heian, Chinese influence very apparent ~ Buddhist monks often turned to for cures and magic changes of luck ~ Buddhism reworked into Japanese religion ~ Spiritual and esoteric Buddhism prayers, meditations, mystical diagrams, and hand positions become popular among the Heian elite ~ As peasants fall from grace, they turn to Buddhism ~ Zen Buddhism is accepted by the military rulers because of its simplicity and discipline, leads to cultural revival of contact with China

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State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

ECONOMIC

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Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

RELIGIOUS

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Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

SOCIAL

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Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

~ Many Japanese commoners in awe at the great Buddhist temples and respected passing Confucian aristocrats ~ pretty soon, aristocrats argue for return to Japanese ways ~ Aristocracy very important rank determined by birth and little social mobility ~ Court Culture goes up world of luxury and delight for court, aristocrats live life with strict codes of polite behavior, social status is very important, and trivial affairs such as gossip are rampant ~ viewed as uncouth for a woman to openly pursue lovers ~ Warrior class develops samurai ~ bushido warrior code, ritualistic, focused on honor, family, death, and often encouraged ritual suicide to clear the family of dishonor ~Rise of the samurai leads to fall of peasants serfs

Kevin Yu APWH 7 11/9/11

~Rigid class barriers ~ Artisians treated and paid poorly inherited skills through family, not scholar gentry like in china ~ Womens status falls under the age of the warring daimyos ~ some women escape lower status with commerce and handicraft ~ Peasantry of both Vietnam and Korea unaffected by China Elite is affected only ~ Taika reforms force court scholars to master Chinese, a difficult task to say the least ~ Court culture soared to high levels of refinements after the shift to Heian ~ Poetry important and valued art at the court, often written on painted fans or scented paper ~ verse is often full of references and allusions to Chinese classical writings ~ Written script of Japan (borrowed from China) simplified, forming a more distinctly Japanese style of writing, leading to an outpouring of poetic and literary arts ~ Novels and fiction writing develop as a result ~ music such as flutes and stringed instruments in informal concerts ~ paintings, monochrome ink sketches, scroll paintings, and splendid architecture are examples of art used to avoid a step back to barbarianism due to the constant war between warrior families ~ Korean elite exposed and submerged in Confucianism, though they preferred Buddhism ~ Korean art often copied, and sometimes surpassed Chinese art ~ Sinification of Korea is often confined to the elite ~ Vietnam was hard to govern due to geographical barriers separating it from china

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS

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Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY

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Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region

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