Kevin Yu APWH 7

PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL y Leaders, Elites

Chapter: 20
~3 empires rise: Ottoman , Safavid, Mughal, typified by absolute government and gunpowder ~ Mongols destroyed the Abbasids and Seljuk, but the Ottomans rise after the Mongols retreat ~ Ottomans besiege and conquer Byzantines in 1453, and continue to extend control over the middle east and Africa ~ Ottoman navies are important in eastern Mediterranean warfare ~Aristocracy gives pwer to the sultans, but build up local power ~ Janissaries used by sultans as conscripted infantry, become potent part of the military and important in politics ~Ottoman rule is brutal, efficient, and balanced between the Janissaries, the military aristocracy, and scholars ~ Turks contract at the end of the 17th century, because they were overextended, and its military expansion based government deteriorates ~ Individual sultans become puppets of the viziers or Janissaries ~Safavid empire declines after reign of Abbas I, who removed all capable successors, and disorder resulted after his death ~ Babur invades India and defeats the leaders of Delhi, establishing the Mughal empire but making little change to the Lodi administration ~ Akbar is most successful, centralizing the military and political systems to consolidate the hold on India, and Hindus are a large part of the political system, promising loyalty to the Mughals in exchange for local administration ~ Ottoman government retains close supervision of commerce ~Oppressive taxation sparks peasant revolts and decline of the ottomans ~ Women had some active roles in trade `Akbar eliminates tax on non-believers ~ Mughals are rich, though the low classes are extremely poor and there is very little advanced technology or military discipline

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State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

ECONOMIC

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Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

~ Safavids, whose origins are from the Sufi, are the only group to adopt Shia, which becomes integral in their culture ~ Religious leaders are often looked to as a secondary source of authority when the political rulers weaken, but are never strong enough to challenge them outright ~Muslim and Hindus coexist in Mughal India, and cooperate, but fail to unify socially

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS

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Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

~Ottoman society was based on war, and the original Turkic cavalry became the aristocracy ~ Similar thing occurs in the Safavid ~ Safavid court rituals become elaborate in part due to their claims of being descendant of shiite Imams ~ Ottoman women faced legal and social restrictions, and households were patriarchal ~ Some women protest the social restrictions ~ Akbar attempts to mix the Hindu and Mughal aristocracies through intermarriage ~ Akbar improves the rights of women in India, prohibiting sati, child marriages, and allowing remarriage of widows ~ Mughal empire fails to unify the Muslims and Hindus ~ Though Mughal cities are wealthy, the lower classes are very poor ~ Sultans restore the city of Constantinople, adding spectacular mosques, schools, hospitals, markets, coffee houses, guilds ~ Primary language of Ottomans was Turkish by 17th century ~ Primary language of Safavids is Persian ~Akbar improves living conditions through public works, housing projects, and limitations on alcohol consumption

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region