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Mild abdominal pain Causative Agents UTI occurs more often in females than in males. Pathogens appears to enter the urinary tract most often as an ascending infection from the perineum. Most urinary pathogens are gram negative rods; Escherichia coli is a frequent offender. UTIs also are common cause of nosocomial or health care aquired infections. UTI tend to occur more often in girls and because it is located close to the vagina (allowing the spread of vulvovaginitis) and close to the anus, from which E. coli spread. Another common microorganisms include Enterecoccus species which came from closed drainage system and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulting from inadequate hand cleansing. Common entry of these microorganisms are the urethral meatus and urinary diversion. 3. Frequency in urination 4. Burning urination sensation during
hours can help by preventing stasis of urine and by flushing out those organisms causing the infection. Proper Hand washing Hand washing is a universal precaution against infections and cross contaminations. It is very helpful to decrease the risk of having urinary tract infection by decreasing the possibility of contaminating the vagina of the woman involves. Therefore hand washing is recommended every after she urinates. Hand washing merely helps the other members of the family by avoiding cross contaminations. Perineum Care One of the best preventive techniques against UTI is proper perineum care. Girls and women should always wipe the perineal area from front to back following urination or defecation in order to prevent introduction of gastroinstestinal bacteria into the u rethra. Proper Clothing
5. Blood in the urine 6. Low grade fever 7. Vomiting (more acute cases) *INTERVENTIONS* Promoting Fluid Intake Increasing fluid intake increases urine production, which in turn stimulates the micturation reflex. A normal daily intake averaging 1,500 ml of measurable fluids is adequate for most adult client. Clients who are at risk for urinary tract infection should consume 2,000 to 3,000 ml of fluid daily. Dilute urine and frequent urination reduce the risk of urinary tract infection as well as stone formation. Frequent Urination Urging the patient to urinate at least every four
Avoiding tight-fitting pants or other clothing that creates irritation to the urethra and prevents ventilation of of the perineal area will help by providing proper oxygenation. The patient should wear cotton rather than nylon underclothes. Accumulation of perineal moisture facilitates bacterial growth, and cotton enhances ventilation of perineal area, when ventilation is present, moist will not be formed therefore bacterial growth will not occur.