Andrew Yang Period 7 PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

Chapter 22: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change European Disruption of the Asian Trading Network 1. As Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498, his expedition came upon the trading city of Calicut. Having no other materials other than iron pans to trade with, the Portuguese sailors began to realize that they were forced to use up the emergency supply of silver and gold to trade with the Indian people. Having returned with a disappointing haul of Asian luxury goods and failed to stop their Muslim rival traders from having a trading monopoly in the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese acted with sudden force in a usually peaceful zone of trade. Within a decade, by 1510, they controlled a trading empire in cities such as Goa and Ormuz, effectively gaining a foothold on the Spice Islands as well at the port of Malacca. 2. It became too unpractical and unrealistic for the Portuguese to maintain their large trading empire, and the Dutch took full advantage of such weaknesses. In both cases, divisions among native populations of Asians were used to European benefit. The Dutch wrested control of Ceylon, Java, and the Spice Islands away from the Portuguese in the 17th Century, establishing a base at Batavia on Java Island in 1620. The English fought against the Dutch but had to be satisfied with their new colonial possessions in India. Gradually, force was abandoned and peaceful trading contacts were instead made, because profit could then be maximized. 3. Although the Europeans were skilled at using their technology to their advantage along the coastal regions of South and Southeast Asia, they experienced many disadvantages as they tried to push inland early on. Vastly superior numbers of Asians, even on a kingdom island as small as Java, counterbalanced any firearm advantage that the Europeans had. In some cases, Europeans were forced to bow down before certain leaders. However, the Dutch, compelled to gain access to the cinnamon trade in the interior forest regions of Java, did move inland and grew coffee beans in the area as well. The Spanish, who could take advantage of the Phillipines, truly invaded in 1560 and managed to establish as strong footing for centuries over the Filipinos. 4. In general, the Europeans merely set up tribute quota based systems in the places they claimed, uninterested in interfering with local customs until the 19 th Century. 5. European penetration into the area diminished the influence and lead to the decline of the Muslim trading cities. Ming China (1368-1644CE) 1. Zhu Yuanzhang, originally a poor peasant whose family had died from the plague, revolted in 1368 against the Mongols, rallying the Chinese people to destroy Mongol influences and expel the Mongols from China for good. He succeeded and established himself as emperor Hongwu. 2. His reign was characterized by the general revival of the civil service examination and the scholar gentry controlled bureaucracy; in doing so, he also found fault with the high amount of corruption and bribery involved and tried to outlaw and catch cheaters of the system. Through his brutal but honor based decisions and sympathizing with the peasant class from which he came from, farmers yields were improved by new public works and irrigation projects; farmers were tax exempt if they cultivated previously unowned land. 3. After his rule, his reforms were forgotten by his successors, who were often swayed by their wives or concubines more than they were by their bureaucrats on how to govern China properly. 4. The Zheng He expeditions briefly in the early 1400s sparked interest on foreign exploration and the temporary flexing of Chinas naval might at the time (greatly dwarfing other European ships in size and capability).

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When the Europeans gained a foothold at the two restricted ports of Macao and Canton, they tried to spread the Christian faith through Jesuit monks and missionaries. Some, such as Ricci, were allowed to stay because of their intelligence, but most were thrown out of the court. By the late 1500s, the political structure began to falter with corrupt and distant rulers who were incapable of handling the task of empire maintaining. Eventually internal strife tore the empire apart in 1644, when rebels took the imperial capital and the emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. The way was open for the Manchu Qings to come sweeping through China and establishing the last of the dynasties in the cycle.

Isolationist Japan and The Tokugawa Shogunate: 1. Nobunga united the Honshu island of Japan by 1580, deposing the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1573 and being poised to unite all of Japan. His assassination catapulted his general Hideyoshi to continue the campaigns of unification and possibly invasion of Korea (which stalled in 1592 and 1597). After Hideyoshis death in 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu took control and concentrated on consolidating power in the early 1600s. 2. Brief contact with the European occurred during the mid 1500s, bringing the art of gunmaking to Japan and spreading out to have a missionary base in Japan. But the shogunates, although they used guns to propel their campaigns forward and unify Japan, decided that the Europeans were a corruptive force, and kicked them off the island throughout the 17th and 18th centuries and half of the 19th century. The capital was moved to Edo, or present day Tokyo. However, unlike the Chinese, the Japanese avidly read and were informed about European developments by the limited port of trade that they allowed the Dutch to have at Nagasaki Bay.
ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

The Europeans began to shift the balance of power in trade monopolies to their favor in the spice islands and India, as well as the African trading cities, but they never were successful in trying to get direct access to Chinese trade or Japanese trading contacts.

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

Religious beliefs previously held by many of the Asian populations were left unchanged or were simply blended with the introduction of Catholicism; the Europeans didnt really care about this because they were more interested in collecting tribute than they were at monitoring religious activity. As for Japan, Christianity was purged as the isolationist policy was put into place; it went underground in most parts. Resistance by the scholar gentry was a big hurdle for Jesuit missionaries trying to convert China to Christianity. Women were extremely limited in the East Asian world, restricted to roles such as childbearing and being the Emperors concubine of favorite wife. Peasants gained more freedoms in the beginning of the Ming dynasty but lost those reforms after Hongwu died.

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science

There was a great flourishing of Asian literature and landscape painting that accompanied the commercial flourishing in the Ming empire; the Chinese novel developed, and there was great patronage of the arts and of artists who could produce magnificent landscape paintings.

Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region

The Europeans were limited in terms of their ability to control inland populations, but had no difficulty conquering along the coastline of South and Southeast Asia.

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