TUTORIAL ON DIGITAL MODULATIONS Part 1: Introduction to digital communication systems. Fundamental quantities.

[2011-10-26] 2011-10-

Roberto Garello, Politecnico di Torino Garello,

Free download (for personal use only) at: www.tlc.polito.it/garello (for only) www.tlc.polito.it/garello
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Author:
Roberto GARELLO, Ph.D. Associate Professor in Communication Engineering Dipartimento di Elettronica Politecnico di Torino, Italy email: garello@polito.it web: www.tlc.polito.it/garello

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

Part 1: Introduction to digital communication systems. Fundamental quantities

Summary:

Introduction to digital communication systems. The 5 Fundamental quantities: Bit rate, Bandwidth, Power, Error rate, Complexity.

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

Digital communication:
Information is made by sequence of symbols, and is transmitted over a channel.
Information is discrete in: -Time (sequences - time is slotted: discrete time axis). -Values (symbols - belongs to a discrete alphabet).
(Note: for analog communication, information may be continuous both in time and values.)

Some examples: - Human writing (symbols=letters, channel=paper) - Morse telegraph (symbols = made by dots/lines, channel=wire) - GSM (symbols=bits, channel=wireless) - CD/DVD (symbols=bits, channel=disk)
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Digital communication systems considered in this tutorial. We focus on systems characterized by these two properties: 1. Symbols = bits Discrete alphabet = Binary alphabet {0,1} Information = binary sequences

Note: Even when analog information must be transmitted (voice, etc.), we suppose that by sampling and quantization (+source coding), it has already been converted into binary information sequences.

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2. Transmission channel = wireless or wired channel (no disks or other media)

Wireless channel: Transmitter and receiver are connected by two antennas Wired channel: Transmitter and receiver are connected by a cable

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

Digital communication systems considered in this tutorial. = binary information sequences are transmitted over a wireless or wired channel

The system (transmitter TX+receiver RX) exists to transmit binary information sequence over the channel
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Examples of digital communication systems

Copperline modems (V90 / xDSL) Ethernet Powerline communication Optical Fiber modems
wired

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

Examples of digital communication systems

Transmission from space: Space missions, satellite communication, GNSS (GPS, Galileo, Glonass, ) Digital Television: DVB (T,S,H) Cellular systems: GSM/UMTS/LTE Long range systems: digital radio links Medium range systems: Wi-Fi, WiMAX Short range systems: Wireless sensor networks Zigbee, Bluetooth, Ultrawideband, RFID
wireless

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

5 Key quantities for digital communication systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bit-rate Rb [bit/s] Bandwidth B [Hz] Power P [W] Error Rate Complexity [,W,m3,]

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uT
source TX

s(t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR

Transmitter

Receiver

uT

Transmitted binary information sequences

s (t ) Transmitted signal (waveform) r (t ) Received signal (waveform) u R Received binary information sequences
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1 - Bit-rate Rb [bps] BitBinary information sequences are characterized by their speed Bit-rate = number of bits transmitted in a second [bit/s, bps]

uT
source TX

s(t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR
Rb

Rb

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Examples of bit-rate: bitxDSL: up to tens of Mbps Ethernet: up to 100 Gbps Optical Fiber modems: up to Terabps GSM: 9600 bps/UMTS: some Mbps/LTE: hundreds of Mbps DVB (S,T): tens of Mbps Wi-Fi: tens/hundreds of Mbps, WiMAX: hundreds of Mbps GPS/Galileo: bps

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2 Bandwidth B [Hz]
A KEY ASPECT. A binary information sequences is a sequence of bits. To be transmitted over a wireless or wired channel, it must be transformed into a physical waveform: the transmitted signal s(t) [a voltage evolving in time]
uT
TX

s(t )
CHANNEL

u = 01100...
0 2 4 6 8

t/Tb

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Simplest example of association uT

uT =

s(t) (bipolar NRZ):

1
0

1
V 0 Tb -V

s (t )

Bit 1: voltage +V for Tb = 1/Rb s Bit 0: voltage V for Tb = 1/Rb s

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binary information sequences transmitted signal s(t) s(t) is characterized by a given behavior on the frequency axis power spectral density (spectrum) Gs(f)
[distribution of the power on the frequency axis, will be fully addressed later]
power Ps =
+

G ( f )df
s

uT
source TX

s(t )
CHANNEL
Gs ( f )

r (t )
RX

uR

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NRZ example

Transmitted waveform (time behavior)

s (t )
V 0 Tb -V t

Power spectral density (frequency behavior)

GsG xf(f) ( )

sin( fTb ) Gs ( f ) = ( fTb )

-3 -2.5

-2

-1.5

-1 -0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

f Tb

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CHANNEL AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH Ba [Hz]

uT
source TX
Gs ( f )

s(t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR

Ba

Any channel is characterized by an available bandwidth Ba: most of the spectrum Gs(f) must be contained within Ba.

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Two typical reasons: Out of Ba , channel frequency response is very bad. Typical for wired channels: the transmission medium (the cable) is completely dedicated to the communication system: in line of principle we could use all the frequencies, but we choose to limit them at a given maximum frequency because at higher frequencies the cable response is too bad (cables have a lowpass frequency response). Out of Ba , other systems are transmitting on adjacent bands. Typical for wireless channels: many users sharing the same transmission medium (the air). Each system has a preassigned limited available band and it cannot disturb the systems transmitting on the other bands.
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Examples of available bandwidths:

xDSL: 0 to some MHz (1.1 for ADSL, 2.2 for ADSL2+, 8/17 for VDSL) UMTS: 5 MHz bands around 1800 MHz

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CHANNEL AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH Ba [Hz]

uT
source TX
Gs ( f )

s(t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR

Ba

Design of the transmitted signal s(t)

Most of its spectrum Gs(f) must be contained within the channel available bandwidth Ba. [This will be one of the main scopes of the course]
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3 Power P [W, dBm]

TRANSMITTED POWER PTX(t) RECEIVED POWER PRX(t)

uT
source TX

s(t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR

PTX
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PRX
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Transmitted power is limited by a number of factors

Avoid interference with adjacent channels EM compatibility Max power transmitted by a device working at that frequency Total power (battery) Linearity constraints

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Received power is connected to transmitted power (distance, frequency, environment,system,.)

Example: Line of Sight wireless link

GT GR 4 d
2

PR = PT

s (t )
CHANNEL

r (t ) PRX

PTX

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Received power is connected to transmitted power (distance, frequency, environment,system,.) environment,system,.) Example: copperline frequency response
PT PR = A
100 90 80 70 60
A [dB]

s (t )
CHANNEL
20 m 50 m 100 m 200 m 500 m 1000 m 2000 m 5000 m

r (t )

PTX

PRX

50 40 30 20 10

attenuation increases with frequency and line length

1e+02 1e+03 f [kHz] 1e+04 1e+05

1e+01

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Received power and noise power determines the SIGNAL-TOSIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO

PRX SNR = PN

As we will see (rather obvious), system performance increases with the SNR. The higher the SNR and the better the performance.

Very used parameter for system evaluation: SENSITIVITY: SENSITIVITY: minimum received power where the system still achieves the required performance.

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4 Error rate
When transmitted over the channel, the waveform is changed. Main reasons: - Channel frequency response r (t ) s (t ) - Noise As a consequence we may have

u R uT
s (t ) r (t )
CHANNEL RX

uT
source TX

uR

BER P ( uR [i ] uT [i ])
Is the probability than an information bits is received wrong

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4 Error rate
We will describe the error rate performance by curves like this one, where the Bit Error rate is represented as a function of the received power:
BER
1 0.1 0.01 1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 1E-6

BER

1E-7 1E-8 1E-9 1E-10 1E-11 1E-12 1E-13 1E-14 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Eb/N0 [dB] (proportional to P ) RX

Modern systems require very low BER values (ex: MPEG

R. Garello. Tutorial on digital modulations - Part 1

BER BER10-10)
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5 Complexity Engineering complexity of practical implementation. (Consumed power/space in some frameworks)

uT
source TX

s (t )
CHANNEL

r (t )
RX

uR

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Other quantities

DELAY D [s] Difference between time instants the information bits enter TX exit RX

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Other quantities

AVAILABILITY [s] Number of seconds where the system achieves the required performance

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Practical example
Given an AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH Ba=20 MHz, centered around f0=18 GHz Design a digital transmission system which transmits a BIT-RATE Rb=34 Mbps guarantees at least BER = 10-7 for a received POWER S=-40 dBm with maximum DELAY D=5 ms with minimum COMPLEXITY (cost)

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