TRINITY: FACT OR FICTION

Gods ways higher than ours

Isaiah 55:8-9 For My thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways My ways, declares the Lord. As the heavens are higher then the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways and My thoughts than your thoughts. Thus any attempt to explain Gods nature must obviously fall short in some area. This is to be expected, and indeed it would be strange if it were not so. We cannot understand Gods eternal nature (no beginning or end) but we accept it on the basis of revelation in Scripture. Likewise the doctrine of the trinity is not something we have manufactured, but an observed fact detailed in Scripture which we are trying to understand better.

Gods ways higher than ours

As C.S. Lewis* so aptly stated in Mere Christianity: The Three Personal God: If Christianity were something we were making up, of course we could make it easier. But it is not. We cannot compete, in simplicity, with people who are inventing religions. How could we? We are dealing with Fact. Of course anyone can be simple if he has no facts to bother about. Even in the physical realm, many of the laws, which govern our universe, cannot be fully explained by our present theories. Inability to grasp or understand a concept does not invalidate its reality!
* Christian apologist & author of The Chronicles of Narnia

Gods ways higher than ours

Isaiah tells us that Gods ways are higher than ours. You may ask, and rightly so, How then can we know anything about God if it cannot be deduced by reason and logic? That is why God has to reveal Himself to us. But how does God reveal Himself? Hebrew 1:1-2 tells us that He revealed Himself through 2 primary means, namely (1) the prophets and (2) Jesus. Their testimony is recorded in the Bible. Our argument therefore is based on Gods revelation, and not on the human god of reason and logic. It is important to realize that the doctrine of the Trinity has not been given to the Church by speculative thought. It is not in any sense derived from PURE REASON. This doctrine has come from the data of HISTORICAL REVELATION. In the process of history God has revealed Himself as one God, subsisting in three Persons. (Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary: Trinity)

The OT - Plurality in the Godhead

In Hebrew grammar, nouns and verbs have 4 different forms: Male (singular & plural) Female (singular & plural) Thus, whereas in English we have one word for the verb want, in Hebrew there are 4, depending on who wants something, e.g. Singular Male Female Ani rotse (I want) Ani rotsa (I want) Plural Anakhnu rotsim (We want) Anakhnu rotsot (We want)

The male plural tense is indicated by the suffix im.

Eloah (El) & Elohim (Elim)

SINGULAR: Eloah, El translated God PLURAL: Elohim, Elim based on context, translated as God, gods, angels. Although Elohim is a plural, it is consistently used with singular verb forms and with adjectives and pronouns in the singular. In this case it is translated God. Consider Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now look at the Hebrew, which reads right to left:

ha-aretz v'et the earth and

the heavens

elohim Gods singular

bara created male singular

Breshit In the beginning

ha-shamayim et

Eloah (El) & Elohim (Elim)

Every time the word God is used in the OT it is almost always Elohim (plural) in the Hebrew, but used with a singular verb. This was obviously intentional as it is used with a plural verb when referring to heathen gods. If the plural form Elohim was the only form available for a reference to God, then the argument might be made that the writers had no other alternative but to use the word Elohim for both the one true God and the many false gods. However, the singular form for Elohim (Eloha or El) exists and is used in such passages as Deuteronomy 32:15-17 and Habakkuk 3:3. This singular form could easily have been used consistently. Yet it is only used 250 times, while the plural form is used 2500 times. The far greater use of the plural form again turns the argument in favour of plurality in the Godhead.

The Shema
The Shema has always been Israel's great confession with which the Jewish synagogue starts the daily liturgy morning and evening, and which every Jew is supposed to repeat at least once daily. The Shema comes from Deuteronomy 6:4: KJV: Hear, O Israel, the LORD our God is one LORD. WEB: Hear, Israel: Yahweh is our God; Yahweh is one. While on the surface, the English translation may appear anti-Trinitarian, the Hebrew rendering tells a different story. The word LORD represented in capitals in many English Bibles is a translation of the Hebrew YHWH. In Hebrew, vowels are seldom written; they are only spoken. YHWH, was considered to be the highest name of God, so much so that the Israelites never pronounced it in speech but substituted it with the word Lord (ADONAI). This has left us unable to tell what the original rendering was, although it appears that Yahweh is probably the closest. The Latinisation of the Bible led to a rendering of JeHoVaH. This title, or name of God, is never used of other gods.

The Shema

Echad is one unity

YHWH Yahweh

Elohenu[i] our Gods singular

YHWH Yahweh

Yisrael Israel

Shema Hear

The literal translation is Hear Israel, Yahweh our gods; Yahweh is one. Despite using the plural gods we are told that Yahweh is one. However, when we examine the word echad translated one, we discover an interesting meaning. This word echad comes from a Hebrew root achad which means to unify or to collect together, a united one. It is used in preference to yachid when a composite unity is indicated.
[i]

Elohenu comes from Elohim (Gods) with ENU being the plural possessive pronoun-suffix denoting things which belong to us.

The Shema
Genesis 2:24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one (echad) flesh. We see the idea of separate persons viewed as a unified one. The man and woman become one flesh. The word one here implies a compound unity. It is in this sense that we can understand the One of God in Deuteronomy 6:4 - He is clearly One God, yet He manifests Himself in more than one distinct personage. On the contrast, the word yachid is literally means only one or solitary one. It is a word which suggests an indivisible one as opposed to the compound unity implied by the word echad. If God was an indivisible unity, then yachid would have been a far more appropriate word. In fact, Maimonides, a 12th century Hebrew Sage, noted the strength of yachid and chose to use that word in place of echad. In his Thirteen Articles of Faith he renders Moses words as, Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, The LORD is one (yachid). However, the Shema does not use yachid in reference to God. Yachid is used 12 times in the Scriptures NOT ONCE is it used for Yahweh.

Two Yahwehs?
Before the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, God appeared to Abraham in person with 2 angels. After Abraham has interceded on Sodoms behalf, we read in Genesis 19:24: KJV: Then the LORD rained down burning sulphur on Sodom and Gomorrah from the LORD out of the Heavens. World English Bible: Then Yahweh rained on Sodom and on Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky. Thus we simultaneously see Yahweh both on earth in physical manifestation (Jesus) and in heaven (the Father). Could this explain what Jesus meant when He said in John 8:56: Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day, and he saw it and was glad.

C.S. Lewis Mere Christianity: The Three-Personal God

If you have three dimensions, you can then build what we call a solid body: say a cube a thing like a dice or a lump of sugar. A cube is made up of six squares. Do you see the point? A world of one dimension would be a straight line. In a twodimensional world, you still get straight lines, but many lines make one figure. In a three-dimensional world, you still get figures but many figures make one solid body. In other words, as you advance to more real and more complicated levels, you do not leave behind you the things you found on the simpler levels: you still have them, but combined in new ways in ways you could not imagine if you knew only the simpler levels.

C.S. Lewis Mere Christianity: The Three-Personal God

Now the Christian account of God involves just the same principle. The human level is a simple and rather empty level. On the human level one person is one being, and any two persons are two separate persons just as, in two dimensions (say on a flat sheet of paper) one square is one figure, and any two squares are two separate figures. On the Divine level you still find personalities; but up there you find them combined in new ways, which we, who do not live on that level, cannot imagine. In Gods dimension, so to speak, you find a being who is three persons while remaining one Being, just as a cube is six squares while remaining one cube. Of course we cannot fully conceive a being like that: just as, if we were so made that we perceived only two dimensions in space we could never properly imagine a cube.

OT - The deity of Jesus

The English word deity is from the Latin deus, meaning god. There are many scriptures, which directly affirm the deity of Jesus. Let us look at one of the most well known prophecies about the Messiah. Isaiah 9:6 For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, MIGHTY GOD (El Gibbow), Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Jesus is called God in no uncertain terms. The Watchtower will claim that Jesus is the Mighty God but the Father is the Almighty God. However in the OT the Hebrew phrase El Gibbow was exclusively applied to Yahweh (Deut. 10:17; Ps. 24:8; Jer. 32:18). Thus, if El Gibbow (Mighty God) means less than the Almighty God, how is it that Jehovah (Yahweh) can be called El Gibbow in Isaiah 10:21?

OT - The deity of Jesus

This next reference to Isaiah 7:14 shows that the one conceived of the virgin would be GOD WITH US. Matthew 1:22-23: All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet, The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel which means GOD WITH US. Isaiah also prophesies about a coming messenger who will prepare the way for Yahweh: The voice of one who calls out, Prepare the way of Yahweh in the wilderness! Make a level highway in the desert for our God. (Isaiah 40:3) This exact prophecy is used in the gospels about John the Baptist, who prepared the way for Jesus.

NT - John
Most cults which propagate anti-Trinitarian teachings claim that the doctrine of the Trinity was introduced in the 4th century A.D. But the 1st century NT writings tell a different story. In the opening verse of his gospel John, the beloved disciple of Jesus writes about the Word (Logos) who became flesh: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us John 1:1,14 (KJV) In the beginning the Word already existed. He was with God, and he was God So the Word became human and lived here on earth among us (John 1:1, 14, NLT) This verse has so troubled the Watchtower that they have resorted to re-translating the verse to the Word was a god in their New World Translation. However, there is no indefinite article (a) in Greek. Only the definite article (the) is used. The word a is inserted by translators to make sense in English . When the Greeks wanted to express that there is an indefinite example of something they used one (thing) or some (things). These forms do not appear in this verse, making "a god" a very unlikely rendering.

NT - John

In

en

ho the

logos Word

kai and

en Arche

Beginning was

ho the

logos Word en

pros tou the

God

Theos

en was

ho the

logos Word

Theos kai

was with

and God

As can be seen, the direct translation would be: In beginning was the Word, and the Word was with the God, and God was the Word. The Watchtower try to make a case for their translation of a god in John 1:1 from the fact that the first usage of theos (the Word was with the God) is preceded by a definite article (tou) while the second usage (God was the Word) has no definite article. They then assert that only the Father is the God. However Thomas called Jesus the God with the definite article. When Jesus appeared to him after His resurrection, we read: Thomas said to him, My Lord and my GOD! (John 20:28)

NT - Thomas

Kai apokrinomai And Answered

Thomas Thomas

kai and

epo said to

Autos Him

Ho The

kurios Lord

Mou of me

kai and

ho the

Theos God

mou of me

In the Greek, Thomas said to Jesus, ho kurios mou, kai ho theos mou i.e. the Lord of me, and the God of me. Thomas clearly addresses Jesus as the Lord and the God. This verse inescapably affirms that Jesus is the God even if this sort of distinction was intended. Note that Jesus did not rebuke Thomas for blasphemy. The Watchtower then clutch at straws by saying that Thomas was so stunned by Jesus' appearance, that he swore. This is ridiculous because it would mean that Thomas, a devout man of God, swore in front of Jesus and used the Lord's name in vain in violation of Exodus 20:7 without even receiving a reprimand from Jesus. In addition Thomas addressed Jesus directly: Thomas said to Him (nominative being used for the vocative).

Are there 2 Gods?

Not according to Yahweh: Isaiah 44:6,8 This is what Yahweh, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, Yahweh of Armies, says: "I am the first, and I am the last; and besides me there is no God. You are my witnesses. Is there a God besides me? Indeed, there is not. I don't know any other Rock." Isaiah 45: 5,22 I am Yahweh, and there is none else. Besides me, there is no God. I will strengthen you, though you have not known me; 22 "Look to me, and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.

The Church fathers on John 1:1

Does John 1:1 teach us of 2 gods (a greater and a lesser one) as the Watchtower teach, or 2 facets of the same God. Lets see how the early Church Fathers addressed this same heresy. Hippolytus (from Rome) was the disciple of Irenaeus, the disciple of Polycarp, the disciple of John himself. He wrote in circa A.D. 205: If, then the Word was with God and was also God, what follows? Would one say that I speak of two Gods? I will not indeed speak of two Gods, but of one. I speak of two Persons, however, and of a third Economythe grace of the Holy Spirit Tertullian of Carthage in North Africa (c. A.D. 213) wrote: Now, if He too is God, for according to John, 'The Word was God,' then you have two Beings-One who commands that the thing to be made, and the other who creates. In what sense, however, you ought to understand Him to be another. I have already explained: on the ground of personality, not of substance. And in the way of distinction, not of division. I must everywhere hold only one substance, in three coherent and inseparable [persons]

What reputable scholars say about the NWT of John 1:1

1. Dr. William Barclay, a leading Greek scholar of the University of Glasgow, Scotland: "The deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in their New Testament translations. John 1:1 is translated: '...the Word was a god, ' a translation which is grammatically impossible... It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is intellectually dishonest." 2. Robert Bowman: All scholars agree that in John 1:1 "logos" is the subject and "theos" is the predicate. This sets the translation of John 1:1c as, (The Word was God" not "God was the Word". Jehovah's Witnesses, Jesus Christ, and the Gospel of John.)

Dr. William Barclay

3. Dr. James L. Boyer of Winona Lake, Indiana: "I have never heard of, or read of any Greek Scholar who would have agreed to the interpretation of this verse insisted upon by the Jehovah's Witnesses...I have never encountered one of them who had any knowledge of the Greek language."

What reputable scholars say about the NWT of John 1:1

4. Dr. F. F. Bruce of the University of Manchester, England: "Much is made by Arian amateur grammarians of the omission of the definite article with 'God' in the phrase 'And the Word was God.' Such an omission is common with nouns in a predicative construction...'a god' would be totally indefensible." [Barclay and Bruce are generally regarded as Great Britain's leading Greek scholars. Both have New Testament translations in print!] 5. Dr. Ernest C. Colwell of the University of Chicago: "A definite predicate nominative has the article when it follows the verb; it does not have the article when it precedes the verb...this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas. 'My Lord and my God.' - John 20:28" 6. Dr. Charles L. Feinberg of La Mirada, California: "I can assure you that the rendering which the Jehovah's Witnesses give John 1:1 is not held by any reputable Greek scholar."
F.F. Bruce

What reputable scholars say about the NWT of John 1:1

7. Dr. J. J. Griesbach (whose Greek text - not the English part - is used in the Emphatic Diaglott): "So numerous and clear are the arguments and testimonies of Scriptures in favor of the true Deity of Christ, that I can hardly imagine how, upon the admission of the Divine authority of Scripture, and with regard to fair rules of interpretation, this doctrine can by any man be called in doubt. Especially the passage, John 1:1-3, is so clear and so superior to all exception, that by no daring efforts of either commentators or critics can it be snatched out of the hands of the defenders of the truth. 8. Dr. Samuel J. Mikolaski of Zurich, Switzerland: "This anarthrous (used without the article) construction does not mean what the indefinite article 'a' means in English. It is monstrous to translate the phrase the Word was a god." 9. Dr. Paul L. Kaufman of Portland, Oregon: The Jehovah's Witnesses people evidence an abysmal ignorance of the basic tenets of Greek grammar in their mistranslation of John 1:1.

Paul L. Kaufman

What reputable scholars say about the NWT of John 1:1

10. Dr. J. Johnson of California State University, Long Beach: "No justification whatsoever for translating THEOS EN HO LOGOS as 'the Word was a god.' There is no syntactical parallel to Acts 28:6 where there is a statement in indirect discourse; John 1:1 is direct....I am neither a Christian nor a Trinitarian." 11. Dr. Walter R. Martin: "The translation...'a god' instead of 'God' is erroneous and unsupported by any good Greek scholarship, ancient or contemporary and is a translation rejected by all recognized scholars of the Greek language many of whom are not even Christians, and cannot fairly be said to be biased in favor of the orthodox contention." 12. Dr. Bruce M. Metzger, professor of New Testament at Princeton University, calls the NWT "a frightful mistranslation," "Erroneous" and "pernicious" "reprehensible. "If the Jehovah's Witnesses take this translation seriously, they are polytheists." (Professor of New Testament Language and Literature)

Bruce Metzger

A Greek scholar quoted by the JWs

13. Mantey: "I have never read any New Testament so badly translated as The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of The Greek Scriptures.... it is a distortion of the New Testament. The translators used what J.B. Rotherham had translated in 1893, in modern speech, and changed the readings in scores of passages to state what Jehovah's Witnesses believe and teach. That is a distortion not a translation." (Julius Mantey, Depth Exploration in The New Testament (N.Y.: Vantage Pres, 1980), pp.136137) "Well, as a backdrop, I was disturbed because they (Watchtower) had misquoted me in support of their translation." (These words were excerpted from the tape, "Martin and Julius Mantey on The New World Translation", Mantey is quoted on pages 1158-1159 of the Kingdom interlinear Translation) Dr. Julius Mantey, author of A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament, calls the NWT "a shocking mistranslation." "Obsolete and incorrect." "It is neither scholarly nor reasonable to translate John 1:1 'The Word was a god.'" the translators of the NWT are "diabolical deceivers. (Julius Mantey in discussion with Walter Martin)

What reputable scholars say about the NWT of John 1:1

14. "With regard to John 1:1, there is of course a complication simply because the New World Translation was apparently done by persons who did not take seriously the syntax of the Greek." (Dr. Eugene A. Nida, head of Translations Department, American Bible Society: Responsible for the Good News Bible - The committee worked under him.) 15. British scholar H.H. Rowley stated, "From beginning to end this volume is a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated." 16. Dr. B. F. Westcott (whose Greek text - not the English part - is used in the Kingdom Interlinear Translation): In the 19th century Westcott and his colleague Hort, published an edition of the New Testament in Greek. This was the result of nearly 30 years ceaseless labour and is believed to be the most significant critical edition ever produced by British scholars. Westcott said: The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in IV.24. It is necessarily without the article...No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word... in the third clause 'the Word' is declared to be God and so included in the unity of the Godhead."
B.F. Westcott

Monogens
In Genesis 2-3 we read that Adam and Eve saw and spoke directly to God. Genesis 18:1 relates that Abraham and Sarah were visited by Yahweh in human form. Jacob exclaims in Genesis 32:30: It is because I SAW GOD FACE TO FACE, and yet my life was spared. But John writes in his gospel: John 1:18 NO ONE HAS EVER SEEN GOD Does the Bible contradict itself here? NO! John was referring here to the Father. The appearances of Yahweh in the Old Testament were all appearances of the second person of the Godhead, namely Jesus. John goes on to explain this: NIV: No one has ever seen God, but God the only Son, who is at the Fathers side, has made him known. NASB: No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him. New International Readers Version: No one has ever seen God. But God, the one and only Son, is at the Father's side. He has shown us what God is like.

Monogens
Some translations read, the only begotten Son (e.g. KJV). However, the earliest and best Greek manuscripts along with the quotations of the Church Fathers, support the reading the only begotten God (monogens theos). The term only begotten or as the NIV reads, One and Only is from the Greek word monogens, monos meaning alone or only and genos meaning kind or type. In other words monogens means one of a kind or unique. In Hebrews 11:17 Isaac is called Abraham's only-begotten (monogen) and yet Abraham had another son (Ishmael). Thus, Isaac was the unique son through whom his offspring will be reckoned. Likewise in John 1:18, Jesus is the unique God, who explains or reveals God the Father.

Paul
Paul instructs the Ephesian elders (Acts 20:28) to: Be shepherds of the church of God, which he bought with his own blood. If God bought us with his OWN blood, surely this indicates that Jesus is God? Historically Paul's letter to the Colossians was a pointed refutation against Gnosticism. Paul was very concerned about the heretical teachings that were creeping into the church. Jesus is the physical expression of the spiritual Father, He was FULLY God. Colossians 1:19 For God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell (live) in him (Christ). Colossians 2:9 For in Him (Christ) all the fullness of Deity (the state of being God) dwells (lives) in bodily form.

Monogens
Paul specifically refutes the Gnostic teaching that asserted Jesus was not the supreme eternal God in flesh. The Gnostic Jesus was a lesser god, i.e. an emanation from the supreme God. According to Gnosticism, the supreme God was pure spirit. Hence, spirit is good and all matter or the material world was inherently evil, thus God or anything good cannot dwell in flesh. Therefore Jesus only seemed to posses a body. Bearing that in mind, we can understand why Paul, inspired by the Holy Spirit, chose this specific wording in this verse. The verse is clear - Jesus is fully God in human flesh. The Greek reads: Hoti en aut Him katoikei dwells all plrma ho theottos smatiks bodily pas ho

because in

the fullness

of the Deity

The word theottos is derived from theos (God). Recognized Greek lexicographer, Joseph Thayer, defines theottos as: the state of being God.

Monogens
The Apostle John also deals with this Gnostic error (denying that Jesus came in flesh) in his gospel and epistles. John 1:14 And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us 1 John 4:2-3 By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit who confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is of God, and every spirit who doesn't confess that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is not of God, and this is the spirit of the Antichrist, of whom you have heard that it comes. Now it is in the world already.

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

Speaking of the second coming of Jesus, Paul writes to Titus: Titus 2:13 looking for the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus, (NASB) The same phrase God and Savior is utilised by the Apostle Peter: 2 Peter 1:1 Simon Peter, a bond-servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who have received a faith of the same kind as ours, by the righteousness of our God and Savior, Jesus Christ: (NASB)

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

JWs will forcefully argue that in this verse there are 2 Persons being referred to: Jesus (Savior) and the Father (the great God). This is because of the way their Bible (NWT ) translates the verse: Titus 2:13 while we wait for the happy hope and glorious manifestation of the great God and of [the] Savior of us, Christ Jesus". (NWT) 2 Peter 1:1 by the righteousness of our God and [the] Savior Jesus Christ. (NWT) With no grammatical justification at all, the NWT inserts the article the preceding the word Savior. Contrary to the Greek which does not contain the article before Savior which, as we will see, is highly significant to the meaning. The NWT does put brackets around the article the admitting that it was not originally in the text.

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

Starting with Titus 2:13, let us read the verse in the Greek: ho of the megas great theos God kai and soter Savior hemon of us Iesous Jesus Christos Christ

If the definite article (the) appeared before Savior in the Greek text, then, and only then can we justify the 2 Persons argument asserted by the JWs. But there is not. Specifically though, these verses fall under an important Greek rule: Granville Sharp #1 . Also known as the TSKS rule (i.e. TheSubstantive-Kai-Substantive). "Sharp's rule states that when 2 singular personal nouns (such as God and Savior) of the same case (as we have here) are connected by and (the Greek word is kai), and the modifying article the (the Greek word is ho) appears only before the first noun, not before the second, both nouns must refer to the same person. In this passage, God and Savior are connected by and. Also, the appears only before God. Therefore, God and Savior must refer to the same personJesus.

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

Thus, honest and unbiased scholarship requires that the words in these verses must be translated 'our God and Savior, Jesus Christ'" Even the context of the passage shows that Paul had one person -- not two -- in mind, for he speaks of "the glorious appearing" of that person. The Bible talks of only one such appearing--that of Jesus. And how could it be possible for the invisible God to appear other than as the visible Christ, who is the image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15)? If JWs insist that these verses dont refer to only Jesus, read to them, from their Bible (NWT) 2 Peter 1:11; 2:20, 3:18: the entrance to the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (2 Peter 1:11; NWT).

Granville Sharp

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

No one says that these verses are speaking of 2 Persons. And yet the Greek construction is exactly the same at Titus 2:13 and 2 Peter 1:1. Notice, 2 Peter 1:1 compared to verse 11: VERSE 1 Ho of the God of us kai and soter Savior Jesus Christ

theos hemon

Iesous Christos

VERSE 11 Ho of the kurios Lord Hemon of us kai and soter Savior Jesus Christ

Iesous Christos

JWs who lack certified Greek scholarship will admit that Lord and Savior in verses 1:11, 2:20 and 3:18 are in reference to Jesus only. But these verses are the same Granville Sharp TSKS constructions as 2 Peter 1:1 and Titus 2:13!

Titus, 2 Peter & Granville Sharp

Kenneth Wuest in his Expanded Translation brings out the Sharp constructions in a number of other instances. For example, 2 Thessalonians 1:12 reads, in accordance with the grace of our God, even the Lord Jesus Christ. 1 Timothy 5:21: I solemnly charge you in the presence of our God, even Jesus Christ... 2 Timothy 4:1: I solemnly charge you as one who is living in the presence of our God, even Christ Jesus...

Author of Hebrews
The writer of Hebrews says much about the deity of Jesus. Jesus is described as follows in Hebrews 1:3: The Son is the radiance of Gods glory, and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. (NIV) His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very image of his substance (WEB) Who being the brightness of [his] glory, and the express image of his person (Geneva Study Bible) charakter Hence, Jesus is the precise reproduction in every respect of the essence, actual being, reality of God. How can Jesus be an exact expression of the real being of the Father without Himself possessing true Deity? exact copy express image hupostasis Essence Person Being

exact representation Substance

Father addresses Jesus as God

Heb 1:5 For to which of the angels did God ever say, You are my Son; today I have become your Father 8 But about the Son he says, Your throne, O God, will last for ever and ever

Pros Regarding

de but

ho the

Huios Son [He says]

ho the

thronos throne

sou of you

ho the

theos God

In Greek, But regarding the Son [He says], The throne of you, the God One again Jesus is called the God in Greek, which again destroys the argument used by the Watchtower in their rendering of John 1:1. The Watchtower teach that Jesus is the angel Michael and the Mormons believe that he is Satans brother. This is curious, as Hebrews 1 has as its central theme the superiority of Jesus over the angels. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He has a greater name i.e. Son of God (vs 4-5) Angels are commanded to worship Him (vs 6) He is God himself (vs 8-9) He is the Creator (vs 10-12) He is the ruler of the coming age (vs 13)

Father addresses Jesus as God

It troubles some people that Jesus refers to the Father as my God. However, Hebrews shows us that both the Father and the Son address each other as God. Hebrews 1:8-9 But about the Son he (the Father) says, Your throne, O God, will last forever and ever, and righteousness will be the scepter of your kingdom. You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, your God, has set you above your companions by anointing you with the oil of joy. In the above passage Jesus is called God by the Father and the Father refers to himself as Your God. All members of the Godhead thus refer to each other as God.

Testimony of Jesus
One with the Father Jesus himself claims equality and one-ness with the Father. John 14:8-10 Philip said, Lord show us the Father and that will be enough for us. Jesus answered: DONT YOU KNOW ME, PHILIP EVEN AFTER I HAVE BEEN AMONG YOU SUCH A LONG TIME? ANYONE WHO HAS SEEN ME HAS SEEN THE FATHER, How can you say, Show us the Father? DONT YOU BELIEVE THAT I AM IN THE FATHER, AND THAT THE FATHER IS IN ME?

Yahweh speaks to Adonai

When the Pharisees, Sadducees and teachers of the law kept on testing Jesus with questions, he finally responded with a question they couldnt answer. Matthew 22:41-46 While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, What do you think about the Christ? Whose son is he? The son of David, they replied. He said to them, How is it then that David, speaking by the Spirit, calls him Lord? For he says, The Lord said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet. If then David calls him Lord, how can he be his son? No one could say a word in reply, and from that day on no one dared to ask him any more questions. They were unable to answer as they didnt realise that the Christ (Messiah) or Son of David would be one of the members of the Godhead. Jesus quoted from Psalm 110:1 where Yahweh (normally translated LORD in OT) is addressing Adonai (normally translated Lord in OT). A Psalm by David. Yahweh says to my Lord (Adonai) , Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool for your feet. (WEB)

Daniels Son of Man

The gospel writers refer to Jesus as both the Son of Man (showing his humanity and the Son of God (showing his deity). Daniel had a Messianic vision of a son of man in the presence of God who is given authority. Daniel 6:13 In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. 14 He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all peoples, nations and men of every language worshiped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.

Daniels Son of Man

Jesus referred directly to this prophecy at his trial. The high priest understood this to be a blasphemous claim. Matthew 26:63-66 The high priest said to him, I charge you under oath by the living God: Tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God. Yes, it is as you say, Jesus replied. But I say to all of you: In the future you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven. Then the high priest tore his clothes and said, He has spoken blasphemy! Why do we need any more witnesses? Look, now you have heard the blasphemy. What do you think? He is worthy of death, they answered.

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

JOHN 8:58-59 Jesus said to them, Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am. Therefore they picked up stones to throw at Him, but Jesus hid Himself and went out of the temple. (NAS) Jesus said " before Abraham was born, I AM" [eg eimi]. What did he mean and why did the Jews try to stone him? This doesnt seem to make grammatical sense, or does it? By saying, I AM he was showing that He is not bound by time (i.e. one of Gods unique attributes of being eternal). All time is present to Him. He could have said, Before Abraham was born, I was but Jesus choice of these words was no accident.

Lets examine what God said when Moses asked what His name was. Exodus 3:13-14 Moses said to God, Behold, when I come to the children of Israel, and tell them, The God of your fathers has sent me to you; and they ask me, What is his name? What should I tell them? God said to Moses, I AM WHO I AM, and he said, You shall tell the children of Israel this: I AM has sent me to you. Thus I AM is the name, or rather the title that God chose to be known by. Furthermore the Hebrew for Yahweh sounds like and may be derived from the Hebrew for I AM and God seems to associate the 2 in the rest of the passage in Exodus. In applying this title to Himself, Jesus was claiming equality with God. This explains the Jews attempt to stone Him; they thought He was being blasphemous.

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

In addition Jesus applied the divine title I AM (eg eimi) in the absolute (i.e. appearing at the end of the clause) to Himself on 8 occasions. Only in John 8:58 is it correctly translated as I am. In other cases the same phrase is rendered as I am [he] or It is I. Eg eimi was a frequent title used of Yahweh alone (e.g. Deut. 32:39; Is. 43:10; 41:4; cf. LXX). tharseo be of good cheer ego I

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

eimi am

me be not

phobeo afraid

MARK 6:50 For they all saw Him and were terrified. But immediately He spoke with them and said to them, Take courage; it is I [eg eimi], do not be afraid. The Greek reads: Be of good cheer, I AM, be not afraid)

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

JOHN 8:24 "Therefore I said to you that you will die in your sins; for unless you believe that I AM He [eg eimi] , you will die in your sins (He is not in the Greek).
Ean gar for if me not pisteuo believe hoti that ego I eimi am apothnesko you will die en in ho the hamartia sins humon of you

In fact, in Isaiah 43:10, Yahweh asserts the same: You are My witness, declares the LORD, And My servants whom I have chosen, So that you may know and believe Me And understand that I AM He [ eg eimi; cf, LXX] . Before Me there was no God formed, And there will be none after Me (43:10). In the Septuagint (LXX), He is not there. Thus: declares the LORD . . . that you may . . . believe . . . that I AM. The full force of Jesus assertion is striking. He did not say, If you do not believe that I am He or I am the one I claimed to be as most translations read (i.e. there is no supplied predicate). Jesus clearly asserts here that salvation rests on believing that He is the eternal God.

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

JOHN 8:28 So Jesus said, when you lift up the Son of Man, then you will know that I AM He [eg eimi]... As with John 8:24, He is supplied by the translators and hence not in the Greek text. Jesus speaks of his death (and resurrection) leading to the realisation of his deity. ho huios ho (of) the ginosko

hotan hupsoo

anthropos tote man

hoti ego eimi am

when (you) lift the son up

then you will that I know

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

JOHN 13:18-19 I don't speak concerning all of you. I know whom I have chosen. But that the Scripture may be fulfilled, He who eats bread with me has lifted up his heel against me. From now on, I tell you before it happens, that when it happens, you may believe that I am he. [eg eimi] Again He is not in the Greek. Jesus speaks of his foreknowledge leading to the realisation of his deity.

hina that

pisteuo you should be believing

hotan when

ginomai it happens

hoti that

ego I

eimi Am

The Absolute Eg Eimi Claims

JOHN 18:5-6, 8 They answered Him, Jesus the Nazarene. He said to them, I AM He [eg eimi] So when they He said to them, I AM He, [eg eimi] they drew back and fell on the to the ground Jesus answered, I told you that I AM He [eg eimi] In verses 5, 6 and 8 He is not in the Greek. Its interesting to note that when Jesus said I am that they fell to the ground.

lego

autos

am

ego eimi

He said to them

Bible: induction
What are the characteristics that make God, GOD? In other words, what properties does He possess that no one else can claim to possess? If we can then show from the Bible that Jesus has all of these characteristics, we have proved by induction that He is God. Gods unique characteristics Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Immutability Eternal Creator Holy and Sinless Rightly worshipped

Omnipotence all powerful

The attribute of God, which describes His ability to do whatever He wills. God is all-powerful which is why he is called the Almighty. There is nothing that He cannot do but his power is limited by His nature i.e. He cannot (or rather will not) do anything contrary to His nature as God, such as sinning. God is not controlled by His power, but has complete control over it; otherwise He would not be a free being. To a certain extent, He has voluntarily limited Himself by the free will of His rational creatures. Rev 19:6 Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. Matthew 19:26 Jesus looked at them and said, With man this is impossible, but with God all things are possible. Job 42:1-2 Then Job answered Yahweh, "I know that you can do all things, and that no purpose of yours can be restrained. Jeremiah 32:17 Ah Lord Yahweh! Behold, you have made the heavens and the earth by your great power and by your outstretched arm; there is nothing too hard for you.

Omnipresence everywhere present

The attribute of God, by virtue of which He fills the universe in all its parts, and is present everywhere at once. Jeremiah 23:23-24 Am I a God at hand, says Yahweh, and not a God afar off? Can any hide himself in secret places so that I shall not see him? says Yahweh. Don't I fill heaven and earth? says Yahweh. Psalm 139:7-12 Where could I go from your Spirit? Or where could I flee from your presence? If I ascend up into heaven, you are there. If I make my bed in Sheol, behold, you are there! If I take the wings of the dawn, and settle in the uttermost parts of the sea; Even there your hand will lead me, and your right hand will hold me. If I say, "Surely the darkness will overwhelm me; the light around me will be night;" even the darkness doesn't hide from you, but the night shines as the day. The darkness is like light to you.

Omniscience All knowing

The attribute by which God, perfectly and eternally knows all things, which can be known, past, present and future. Psalm 147:5 Great is our Lord and mighty in power; His understanding has no limit. Psalm 139:2-4 You know my sitting down and my rising up. You perceive my thoughts from afar. You search out my path and my lying down, and are acquainted with all my ways. For there is not a word on my tongue, but, behold, Yahweh, you know it altogether.

Immutability
The perfection of God by which He is devoid of all change in essence, attributes, consciousness, will and promises. No change is possible in God, because all change must be to better or worse, and God is absolute perfection. Malachi 3:6 For I, Yahweh, don't change James 1:17 Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom can be no variation, nor turning shadow. Hebrews 6:17-18 In this way God, being determined to show more abundantly to the heirs of the promise the immutability of his counsel, interposed with an oath; that by two immutable things, in which it is impossible for God to lie

Eternal
The Biblical concept of eternity and the eternal refers to the endless past, the unending future, or to Gods present experience of all time. God has no beginning as man can understand beginning and no ending either, but God exists now and knows both the beginning and the end as we perceive them. In the Scriptures, God is thus called everlasting and eternal. Deuteronomy 33:27 The eternal God is your dwelling place. Underneath are the everlasting arms. Genesis 21:33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God. Psalm 90:2 Before the mountains were made, before you had given birth to the earth and the world, before time was, and for ever, you are God. 1 Timothy 1:17 Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, to God who alone is wise, be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen.

Creator
Isaiah 45: 18 For thus says Yahweh who created the heavens, the God who formed the earth and made it, who established it and didn't create it a waste, who formed it to be inhabited: "I am Yahweh; and there is no other.

Holy & Sinless

Habakkuk 1:13 Before your holy eyes sin may not be seen, and you are unable to put up with wrong Exodus 15:11 Who among the gods is like you, o LORD? Who is like you majestic in holiness

Rightly worshipped
When Satan tempted Jesus to worship him, Jesus responded: Matthew 4:10: Away from me, Satan! For it is written: Worship the Lord your God, and serve him only. Yahweh makes it clear that only He deserves worship: Isaiah 42:8 "I am Yahweh. That is my name. I will not give my glory to another, nor my praise to engraved images.

Omnipotence
Jesus characteristics We can now proceed to show that every one of these characteristics deemed peculiar to God are found in Jesus. Omnipotence Matthew 28:18 And Jesus coming up spoke to them, saying, All power has been given me in heaven and upon earth. ALL POWER is bestowed in Jesus, an attribute peculiar to God. Phil: 3:20-21: "For our citizenship is in heaven, from which also we eagerly wait for a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ; who will transform the body of our humble state into conformity with the body of His glory, by the exertion of the power that He has even to subject all things to Himself." Eph. 1:21-22: "far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come. And He put all things in subjection under His feet..."

Omnipresence
Matthew 28:20 And surely I (Jesus) am with you always, to the very end of the age. Matthew 18:20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in the midst of them." Romans 8:34 Christ Jesus, who died more than that, who was raised to life is at the right hand of God and is also interceding for us. If Jesus has promised to be with His disciples ALWAYS and yet is at the right hand of the Father in heaven, the only possible explanation is that He is omnipresent.

Omniscience
John 21:17 The third time he said to him, Simon son of John, do you love me? Peter was hurt because Jesus asked him the third time, Do you love me? He said, Lord, you know all things; You know that I love you. Here Peter plainly acknowledges Jesus omniscience, stating that He knew ALL THINGS. Why then did Jesus say only the Father knew the day of his second coming? Of course the answer is that the incarnation created a special circumstance, wherein God became flesh and allowed Himself to the limitations of a man. In the same way that as a man Jesus got tired, thirsty and hungry and was clearly not omnipresent, so too his knowledge was limited while on earth. This is clear from the Scripture: Philippians 2:7 (Jesus) emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men Anti-Trinitarians will typically take Scriptures that apply to Jesus humanity and incarnation and then try using them to prove that Jesus wasnt God. There were however self-imposed temporary limitations that Jesus accepted in his incarnation.

Immutability
Jesus too has the property of deity of never changing, though everyone and everything else does. Hebrews 13:8 Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever. Hebrews 1:8,11-12 But of the Son he says... They all will grow old like a garment does. As a mantle, you will roll them up, and they will be changed; but you are the same..."

Eternal pre-existence
Isaiah 9:6 For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. The above prophecy concerning Jesus shows that He is EVERLASTING or ETERNAL. Hebrews 1:8,11-12 But of the Son he says... They will perish, but you continue. They all will grow old like a garment does. ... Your years will not fail. John 1:1 In the beginning was the Word Colossians 1:17 He is before all things, and in him all things hold together. John 8:57-59 You are not yet fifty years old, the Jews said to him, and you have seen Abraham! I tell you the truth, Jesus answered, before Abraham was born I AM!

Eternal pre-existence
Turning to Isaiah 44:6 we read: This is what Yahweh, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, Yahweh of Armies, says: I am the first, and I am the last; and besides me there is no God. When Jesus appeared to John on the island of Patmos, His words to him were: Revelation 1:18 Do not be afraid. I am the first and the last. Jesus makes the same statement as Yahweh in the Old Testament. It is impossible for there to be two FIRSTS. Either one must be FIRST and the other SECOND if they are two separate beings. But Jesus and Yahweh both state, I AM THE FIRST.

Yahweh created alone:

Creator

Isaiah 44:24 "I am Yahweh, who makes all things; who ALONE stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth BY MYSELF But Jesus created alone: John 1:1-4 In the beginning the Word already existed. He was with God, and he was God. He created everything there is. Nothing exists that he didnt make. Col 1:15-16: For by him (Jesus) all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him. All members of the godhead were involved in creation. The Father wills, Jesus effected His will: 1 Cor 8:6: Yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live.

Holy and Sinless

2 Cor 5:21 God made Him (Jesus) who knew no sin to be sin for us 1 Peter 2: 21-22 To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps. He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in His mouth. Hebrews 7:26 For such a high priest was fitting for us: holy, guiltless, undefiled, separated from sinners, and made higher than the heavens The above verses show that Jesus was sinless. Peter spoke of Him as being A LAMB WITHOUT BLEMISH OR DEFECT (1 Peter 1:19). He alone could make the challenge to his enemies, CAN ANY OF YOU PROVE ME GUILTY OF SIN? (John 8:46).

Rightly worshipped
When Peter went to the house of Cornelius he refused to accept worship: Acts 10: 25-26: As Peter entered the house, Cornelius met him and fell at his feet in reverence. But Peter made him get up. Stand up, he said, I am only a man myself. In Revelation 22:8-9: John related how the mighty angel refused worship: I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who had been showing them to me. But he said to me, Do not do it! I am a fellow with you and with your brothers the prophets and of all who keep the words of this book. Worship God! We see from the above 3 passages that only God is rightfully entitled to receive worship. But Jesus accepted worship on numerous occasions during his ministry! When Jesus healed the blind man: Then the man said (to Jesus), Lord, I believe, and he worshiped him. (John 9:38)

Rightly worshipped
Jesus is entitled to receive worship because HE IS GOD! Some more examples of Jesus accepting worship are: From the wise men - Mat 2:11 From the leper - Mat 8:2 From the ruler - Mat 9:18 From His disciples in the boat - Mat 14:33 From the Canaanite woman - Mat 15:25 From the disciples following His ascension - Luke 24:52 Thomas - John 20:28 All creation worships both Father and Lamb: Rev 5:11-14

Rightly worshipped
After Jesus resurrection the woman and the disciples worshipped him: Matthew 28:9 And behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and worshipped him. Matthew 28:16-17 But the eleven disciples went into Galilee, unto the mountain where Jesus had appointed them. And when they saw him, they worshipped him Furthermore in Hebrews 1:6 we read that the Father commands the angels to worship Jesus: And again, when God brings his first born into the world, he says, Let all Gods angels worship him.

Jesus: in very nature GOD

We have selected 8 characteristics unique and peculiar to God alone. We have gone on to show that Jesus has all 8 characteristics; thus by induction we have proven that Jesus is God. You can make a god out of anything, but it will not be God by nature i.e. possess the characteristics of God. Heathen gods fall into this category of those you are worshiped as gods while not being God by nature. Galatians 4: 8: Formerly when you did not know God, you were slaves to those who by nature are not gods. Jesus, however, does not fall into this category as He is God by nature. Philippians 2:5-6: Your attitude should be the same as that of Christ Jesus: who being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be grasped Concerning the term nature (morph) or as the NASB and KJV translates, form, theologian, Charles Ryrie notes that the word nature (morph) in the Greek connotes: that which is intrinsic and essential to the thing. Thus here it means that our Lord in His preincarnate state possessed essential deity.

Jesus: in very nature GOD

Rev. Benjamin B. Warfield (former Professor of Theology at Princeton) commented on the word morph, as used in Philippians 2:6: Paul does not simply say, He was God. He says, He was in the form of God, employing a turn of speech which throws emphasis upon Our Lord's possession of the specific quality of God. 'Form' is a term which expresses the sum of those characterizing qualities which make a thing the precise thing that it is And 'the form of God' is the sum of the characteristics which make the being we call 'God,' specifically God, rather than some other being-an angel, say, or a man. When Our Lord is said to be in 'the form of God, therefore, He is declared, in the most express manner possible, to be all that God is, to possess the whole fullness of attributes which make God God. To deny that Jesus was truly the morph (nature) of God is to deny that Jesus was truly the morph of man (same word used in verse 7: taking the very nature (morph) of a servant.

Bible: Implied
The Bible does not have an isolated verse here and there that teaches the Trinity. There are many passages where indirectly the Trinity was implied because the authors were Trinitarian, inspired by a Trinitarian God. 1 John 4:16 God is love Before going on, notice the practical importance of this. All sorts of people are fond of repeating the Christian statement that God is love. But they seem not to notice that the words God is love have no real meaning unless God contains at least two Persons. Love is something that one person has for another person. If God was a single person, then before the world was made, He was not love.

Bible: Implied
All the persons of the Godhead are mentioned as being the one who raised Jesus from the dead: The Father Galatians 1:1 Paul, an apostle sent not from men nor by man, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead. The Son John 2:19,21 Jesus answered them, Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days But the temple he had spoken of was His body. The Holy Spirit Romans 8:11 And if the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead is living in you

Bible: Implied
There are many verses where the 3 persons of the Godhead are mentioned together, indicating their close association with each other. Following are 2 selected ones: 1 Peter 1:1-2 To Gods elect who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and sprinkling of his blood. Matthew 28:19 Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Ignatius, the head of the church at Antioch in the 2nd century writes: There are not then either three Fathers, or three Sons, or three Paracletes, but one Father, and one Son, and one Paraclete. Wherefore also the Lord, when He sent forth the apostles to make disciples of all nations, commanded them to baptize in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, not unto one [person] having three names, nor into three [persons] who became incarnate, but into three possessed of equal honour." (Letter to the Philadelphians 2).

Bible: Implied
Consider also the following passages: Genesis 1:26 God (Elohim) said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness Genesis 3:22 Yahweh God (Elohim) said, Behold, the man has become like one of us TOWER OF BABEL: Genesis 11:7 Come, let us go down, and there confound their language. Isaiah 6:8 I heard the Lord's (Adonai) voice, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for us? Who is God talking to here? Here again we see possible evidence of the multiple personalities in the Godhead.

Bible: Implied
Ecclesiastes 12:1 Remember also thy Creators in the days of thy youth, While that the evil days come not, Nor the years have arrived, that thou sayest, I have no pleasure in them. The word Creators is a plural form of the word bara which means to create out of nothing. The notion of plural Creator is also seen in Isaiah 54:5, where the prophet states: For thy Maker is thy husband, Jehovah of Hosts is His name, And thy Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel, God of all the earth, He is called. In this verse the word Maker is the plural form of the word asa which means to form or make. These verses that there is of more than performs the present a remarkable paradox. The Bible clearly teaches but one God and one Creator. Yet this one God is a plurality one personage, each of which has the attributes of God and works of God.

Bible: Implied
Finally, we see a hint of the Trinity in a number of provocative verses which declare the holiness of God. In Isaiah 6:3 we read: And one cried to another and said: 'Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory!' In Revelation 4:8 John is given a view of the four living creatures around the throne of God: And they do not rest day or night, saying: 'Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, Who was and is and is to come!' Why "Holy, holy, holy?" This is just another hint of the plurality of God and the three in one seen throughout the Scripture.

The deity of the Holy Spirit

The deity of the Holy Spirit has also been attacked by anti-Trinitarian cults. He has been demoted to an impersonal and mindless force. The Bible teaches both His personality and His deity. Ephesians 4:30 And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God. HOW CAN A FORCE BE GRIEVED? John 14:16-18 And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Counselor to be with you forever the SPIRIT of truth. The world cannot accept HIM, because it neither sees HIM nor Knows HIM. But you know HIM, for HE lives with you and will be in you. I will not leave you as orphans; I WILL COME TO YOU. A force does not have gender; only a personality does. Here Jesus repeatedly refers to the Spirit as HE and HIM. Furthermore, after He has promised the Holy Spirit He says, I WILL COME TO YOU. Romans 8:34 tells us that Jesus is at the right hand of the Father, interceding for us. Therefore His coming to us is through the medium of the third person in the Godhead.

The deity of the Holy Spirit

Jesus continues to refer to the Holy Spirit as a person in this passage: John 15:26 When the Counselor comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of Truth who goes out from the Father, HE will testify about me. John 16:13-14 But when HE, the Spirit of Truth, comes, HE will guide you into all truth. HE will not speak on HIS own; HE will speak only what HE hears, and HE will tell you what is yet to come. HE will bring glory to me by taking from what is mine and making it known to you. We see also that the Spirit brings glory to Jesus, whereas Jesus repeatedly stated that the Son sought to bring glory to the Father (John 14:13). Thus none of the members of the Godhead seek their own glory; they seek to bring glory to the other persons in the Godhead.

The deity of the Holy Spirit

Proving the personality of the Holy Spirit Acts 13:2 While they were worshipping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit SAID, Set apart for ME Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them. The words ME and I indicate gender and SAID indicates the capacity for speech, only possible if personality is present. This passage also shows that the Holy Spirit has a will, something that is peculiar to a personality. 6 things are contained within the realm of personality and these are found in the Holy Spirit: Will (1 Cor 12:11) Intelligence (Romans 8:27) Knowledge (1 Cor 2: 10-12) Bestowment of power (acts 1:8) Capacity for love (Romans 15:30) Capacity for speech (Acts 8:29, 13:2)

The deity of the Holy Spirit

Note also that personality is implied when He is called a witness in Acts 5:32 and in other Scriptures. Thus the Bible plainly teaches that the Holy Spirit is not a mindless force, but a personality and the 3rd person of the Godhead. Matthew 1:18 This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about. His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, SHE WAS FOUND TO BE WITH CHILD THROUGH THE HOLY SPIRIT. If Mary conceived through the Holy Spirit, why was Jesus called the Son of God? Simply because the Holy Spirit is God! Acts 5:3-4 Then Peter said, Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit You have not lied to men but to God. Peter uses the Holy Spirit and God interchangeably.

The deity of the Holy Spirit

In the next 3 scriptures we find the Holy Spirit and God used interchangeably. 2 Corinthians 6:16 For WE ARE THE TEMPLE OF THE LIVING GOD. 1 Corinthians 3:16 Dont you know that you yourselves ARE GODS TEMPLE 1 Corinthians 6:19 Do you know that your body is a TEMPLE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT In Revelation 2-3 all the 7 Churches are addressed by Jesus, but He ends each address with: He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. Jesus here implies oneness with the Spirit. We can safely conclude that not only is the Holy Spirit a person; He is also God.

The testimony of creation

Finally we come to the testimony of creation. The mark of the Creator is imprinted on His creation. As Paul states in his letter to the Romans: Romans 1:20: For since the creation of the world Gods invisible qualities His eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. The creation has a distinct tri-une imprint on it. The whole universe consists of 3 basic components: MATTER, SPACE AND TIME. Each of these components are also tri-unities. MATTER exists in 3 STATES: SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS. SPACE has 3 DIMENSIONS: LENGTH, BREADTH AND HEIGHT. TIME has 3 TENSES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Threefold nature of man

The testimony of creation

This is by no means co-incidental. The tri-une pattern of the Creator is seen in the masterpiece of His creation: the human being, Humans, created in the image of God, are tri-une beings consisting of BODY, SOUL and SPIRIT. The functions of the 3 parts of man are: BODY: makes us WORLD CONSCIOUS SOUL: makes us SELF CONSCIOUS SPIRIT: makes us GOD CONSCIOUS The body, through its 5 SENSES, makes us conscious of the world, our surroundings, and other people. The soul, which is the seat of the PERSONALITY, WILL, EMOTIONS and INTELLIGENCE makes us conscious of ourselves and provides a link between our body and spirit. The spirit permits communication with and consciousness of God, once a person has experienced REBIRTH, which as we shall see shortly refers to the spirit of man. The soul uses the body to communicate with other people, and it uses the spirit to communicate with God. All decisions are made by the soul, which is the seat of INTELLIGENCE and REASON. These decisions are influenced by our spirit and our body. This gives clarity to the statement Jesus made to Peter, James and John in the Garden of Gethsemane:

The testimony of creation

Matthew 26:40-41 Then He returned to His disciples and found them sleeping. Could you men not keep watch with me for one hour? He asked Peter. Watch and pray so that you will not fall into temptation. THE SPIRIT IS WILLING, BUT THE BODY IS WEAK. This illustrates the multiple and conflicting parts within each man. The disciples BODIES wanted sleep, their SPIRITS wanted prayer or communication with God. Their SOULS mediated between the 2 and chose to sleep, even though their SPIRITS WERE WILLING (to pray). This inner conflict within a man is illustrated very aptly by Paul in Romans 7. Romans 7:15-23 I do not understand what I do. Or what I want to do I do not do, but what I hate to do I know that nothing good lives in me, that is, in my sinful nature (OR MY FLESH). For I have the desire to do what is good, but I cannot carry it out So I find this law at work: When I want to do good, evil is right there with me. For IN MY INNER BEING I DELIGHT IN GODS LAW, but I see another law at work in the members of my body, waging war against the law of my mind and making me a prisoner of the law of sin at work within my members.

3 tabernacles

Part of the image of God in man is reflected in our tri-unity. Consider the following parallel.
MAN BODY SOUL SPIRIT GOD THE SON (Jesus) THE FATHER THE HOLY SPIRIT

The testimony of creation

Just as our bodies are our physical, external parts by which we are known and recognized, so Jesus is the fleshly visible representation of the Father. John 1:18 No-one has seen God, but God the only Son, who is at the Fathers side, has made him known. Colossians 2:9 For in Christ, all the FULLNESS OF THE DEITY LIVES IN BODILY FORM. Remember in creating, the Father wills and Jesus effected His will. Hebrews 1:2: In these last days God has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. This is similar to how our Soul wills, but the Body effects the will.

Just as no-one can see our soul, so the Father has never been seen although numerous instances in the Old Testament relate incidents when people saw God. John 6:46 No-one has seen the Father except the one who is from God; only He has seen the Father. The spirit within a man seems to correlate to the Holy Spirit, who is the spiritual force in the Godhead, empowering and allowing for the operation of spiritual gifts. Satan himself, is his impersonation of the Holy trinity, establishes an unholy trinity:
GOD
THE SON, CHRIST (God in flesh) THE FATHER THE HOLY SPIRIT

The testimony of creation

SATAN
THE ANTICHRIST (Satan in flesh) Impersonates Jesus resurrection (Revelation 13:3) SATAN Seeks to usurp the Father's Throne (Isaiah 14: 13-14) THE FALSE PROPHET Impersonates the miracles of the Holy Spirit. Just as the Holy Spirit brings glory to the SON (John 16: 13-14) so the false prophet seeks to bring glory to the Antichrist. (Revelation 13:11-12)

2nd CENTURY Church Fathers

Polycarp from Smyrna (disciple of John): may He grant unto you a lot and portion among His saints, and to us with you, and to all that are under heaven, who shall believe on our Lord and God Jesus Christ and on His Father that raised him from the dead.
The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians 12:2

140 A.D. Aristides: [Christians] are they who, above every people of the Earth, have found the truth, for they acknowledge God, the creator and maker of all things, in the only-begotten Son and in the Holy Spirit Apology 16 150 A.D. Justin Martyr: The Father of the universe has a Son, who also being the first begotten Word of God, is even God. First Apology, ch 63

The martyr Polycarp

C. 165-175 A.D. Tatian the Syrian: We are not playing the fool, you Greeks, nor do we talk nonsense, when we report that God was born in the form of a man. Address to the Greeks

2nd CENTURY Church Fathers

Ignatius, head of the church at Antioch, was a contemporary of Polycarp, Clement, and Barnabas, and was martyred in the Colosseum. He wrote seven letters to the Churches while en route to his execution in Rome around the year A.D. 110. Here is an excerpt from his Epistle to the Trallians you might find interesting, where he is describing some of the heretics: "For they speak of Christ, not that they may preach Christ, but that they may reject Christ; and they speak of the law, not that they may establish the law, but that they may proclaim things contrary to it. For they alienate Christ from the Father, and the law from Christ. They also calumniate His being born of the Virgin; they are ashamed of His cross; they deny His passion; and they do not believe His resurrection. They introduce God as a Being unknown; they suppose Christ to be unbegotten; and as to the Spirit, they do not admit that He exists. Some of them say that the Son is a mere man, and that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are but the same person, and that the creation is the work of God, not by Christ, but by some other strange power." Ignatius is giving a quick summary of some of the heresies about Christ. In the section above, he gives 3 separate heresies. Those who say Jesus was just a man. Those who say the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, are the same person (like Noetus, Praxeas, Saballus). The Gnostics (like Marcion, Valentinus, Ptolemaus) who claimed that the creator god (YHWH) of the OT was not the same God as the "Father" in the NT.

2nd CENTURY Church Fathers

C. 177 A.D. Melito of Sardes: The activities of Christ after His Baptism, and especially His miracles, gave indication and assurance to the world of the Deity hidden in His flesh. Being God and likewise perfect man, He gave positive indications of His two natures: of His Deity, by the miracles during the three years following after His Baptism; of His humanity, in the thirty years which came before His Baptism, during which, by reason of His condition according to the flesh, he concealed the signs of His Deity, although He was the true God existing before the ages. Fragment in Anastasius of Sinai C. 180 A.D. Irenaeus of Lyons: Nevertheless, what cannot be said of anyone else who ever lived, that He is Himself in His own right God and Lord and Eternal King and Only-begotten and Incarnate Word, proclaimed as such by all the Prophets and by the Apostles and by the Spirit Himself, may be seen by all who have attained to even a small portion of the truth. The Scriptures would not have borne witness to these things concerning Him, if, like everyone else, He were mere man.
Against Heresies 3, 19, 1

3rd CENTURY Church Fathers

200 A.D. Tertullian: The origins of both his substances display him as man and as God: from the one, born, and from the other, not born The Flesh of Christ, 5:6-7 200 A.D. Hippolytus: For Christ is the God above all 225 A.D. Origen: The holy Apostles, in preaching the faith of Christ, treated with the utmost clarity of certain matters which they believed to be of absolute necessity to all believers...The specific points which are clearly handed down through the Apostolic preaching [are] these: First, that there is one God who created and arranged all things Secondly, that Jesus Christ himself was born of the Father before all creatures...Although He was God, He took flesh, and having been made man, He remained what He was, God De Principis 250 A.D. Ignatius of Antioch: For our God, Jesus the Christ, was conceived in the womb by Mary according to a dispensation Ephesians 18:2
Origen

3rd CENTURY Church Fathers

235 A.D. Novatian: For Scripture as much announces Christ as also God, as it announces God Himself as man. It has as much described Jesus Christ to be man, as moreover it has also described Christ the Lord to be God. 253 A.D. Cyprian of Carthage: "One who denies that Christ is God cannot become his temple [of the Holy Spirit] (Letters 73:12) 262 A.D. Gregory the Wonderworker: We therefore acknowledge one true God, the one First Cause, and one Son, very God of very God, possessing of nature the Father's divinity,that is to say, being the same in substance with the Father

4th CENTURY Church Fathers

305 A.D. Arnobius: Well, then, some raging, angry, and excited man will say, Is that Christ your God? God indeed, we shall answer, and God of the hidden powers Against the Pagans 1:42 307 A.D. Lactantius: When we speak of God the Father and God the Son, we do not speak of them as different, nor do we separate them, because the Father cannot exist without the Son, nor can the Son be separated from the Father.

4th CENTURY: Council of Nicea

When Constantine defeated Emperor Licinius in 323 AD he ended the persecutions against the Christian church. Shortly afterwards Christians faced a trouble from within: the Arian controversy began and threatened to divide the church. The problem began in Alexandria, it started as a debate between the bishop Alexander and the presbyter (pastor, or priest) Arius. Arius proposed that if the Father begat the Son, the latter must have had a beginning, that there was a time when he was not, and that his substance was from nothing like the rest of creation. Thus we see that the present day anti-Trinitarian doctrines of the Mormons and Watchtower are merely a revival of the old heresy of Arius. The controversy greatly agitated Emperor Constantine, and he sent a letter to Arius and Alexander in an attempt to persuade them to lay aside their differences. His efforts failed and in order to regain unity among Christians, Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325.

4th CENTURY: Council of Nicea

There were some 300 bishops gathered at the Council of Nicea from all around the world. It should be remembered that many of those present had, because of the recent persecutions, suffered and had faced threat of death for their faith. These were not wishy-washy men. It might also be remarked, that they were extremely sensitive to details of doctrine. Some argue that Constantine forced the orthodox view on those at the Council of Nicea, that out of fear the Christians succumbed to his wishes. That is not true. If anything, it was Constantine who was swayed by them. Historical records tell us that, upon seeing the scars and wounds of the believers who had been tortured for their faith in Christ, Constantine went around kissing those scars. These Christians, many of whom had lost eyes and limbs for their faith, would not have yielded to pressure from Constantine.

4th CENTURY: Council of Nicea

Athanasius asked Arius rhetorically, "... how many fathers [in other words, the writings of the early Christians] can you cite for your phrases?" The great majority at the Council held the belief that the doctrine expressed by the Nicene Creed was ancient and Apostolic. After 3 months of painstaking deliberation the deity of Christ was affirmed by that council. Arius and his 2 remaining supporters were expelled as heretics. The Council of Nicea, a gathering similar to the one described in Acts 15:4-22, condemned the beliefs of Arius and wrote the first version of the now famous creed proclaiming: We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible; and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance (homousion) with the Father

Council of Nicea the role of Constantine

Constantine did play an important role at the Council but it is nowhere suggested that he was permitted to vote with the bishops nor that he used any form of force to obtain an outcome. The Church was willing to accept the help of an emperor, to listen to what he had to say, but not to accept the rule of an emperor in matters of faith. It must be remembered that the Creed of Nicea expressed what the great majority of bishops at the council found to be traditional, Biblical, and orthodox of the Christian faith, a faith in which they believed so firmly that they were willing to die for it. Despite his expulsion, Arius still swayed much of the church off and on for many years after the Council of Nicea. During that period, Athanasius, leader of the orthodox view and later bishop from Alexandria, was exiled 5 times by Arian leaders. The decision about the word homoousios in the creed was rejected by many because it was not to be found in scripture. Many bishops in the East rejected the council's decision to add the word to the creed while those in the West remained loyal to the council.

Council of Nicea the role of Constantine

For those familiar with the ignorant claims in The Da Vinci Code (i.e. that Constantine was the engineer of the belief in Christs deity), it should be remembered that Constantine later changed his mind and supported the Arian party. Years after the Council of Nicea, Arius discovered a new way to interpret the word "homoousius" that agreed with his doctrines. He then asked to be readmitted to communion, but the Church refused. Arius then appealed to the Emperor. Emperor Constantine's favorite sister, Constantia, on her deathbed, implored Constantine to support Arius and he did so. A date was set for the forcing of the Church to readmit Arius, but while he was waiting for Constantine to arrive, Arius stopped to relieve himself and his bowels burst and he died (336 AD). Constantine himself died in 337 AD.
The Emperor Contstantine

Council of Constantinople
Constantius, Constantine's son in 351 A.D. sided with Arianism and the early church was showing signs of being split. Later the 2 emperors: Gratian in the West and Theodosius in the East; decided to put an end to the theological quarrels once and for all. In 380 A.D. they called the Council of Constantinople to counter the Arians. It ended in AD 381, when again the orthodox position of the Deity of Christ was upheld.