Additional Exercises Chapter 1 Rice

1. A balanced coin is tossed 3 times. Let A a head is obtained and B a tail is obtained. Give the sample space in terms of A and B and calculate the following probabilities: i) two heads ii) at least two tails in a row iii) at least one head iv) three heads or three tails v) no head occurs 2. A die is tossed once. Give the sample space and calculate the following probabilities: i) an even number is obtained ii) a number smaller than 3 is obtained iii) a 3 or a 4 is obtained iv) a 5 does not occur 3. A die is tossed twice. Give the sample space and calculate the following probabilities: i) the second toss shows the greater number ii) the sum of the numbers is smaller than 6 iii) the sum of the numbers is smaller than 6 or bigger than 10 iv) the two numbers are the same 4. A red and green die is tossed simultaneously. Give the sample space and calculate the following probabilities: i) The red die shows the smaller number ii) The sum of the numbers is smaller than 7 iii) The one number is twice the other number. iv) Both numbers are uneven. 5. Let A and B be events with P(A) = 0,375; P(B) = 0,5 and P(A B) = 0,25. Calculate i) P(A B) ii) P(Ac) and P(Bc) iii) P(A Bc) iv) P(A|B) and P(B|A) 6. Let A and B be events with P(A B) = 0,75; P(Ac) = 0,67 and P(A B) = 0,25. Calculate i) P(A) ii) P(B) iii) P(A Bc) iv) P(A|B) and P(B|A) 7. Let A and B be independent events. Prove that: i) A and Bc are independent 34

ii) iii)

Ac and B are independent Ac and Bc are independent

8. A and B are events with P(A) = 0,25 and P(A B) = 0,33. Find P(B) if: i) A and B are mutually exclusive ii) A and B are independent iii) A is a subset of B 9. A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0,5 and P(A B) = 0,67. Find: i) P(B) ii) P(A|B) iii) P(Bc|A) 10. In a certain town, 40% of the men have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes, and 15% have both brown hair and brown eyes. A man is selected at random from the town. i) Calculate the probability that he has brown hair or brown eyes. ii) If he has brown hair, what is the probability that he has brown eyes? 11. At a certain university, 25% of the students failed mathematics, 15% of the students failed mathematical statistics, and 10% failed both. A student is selected at random. i) If the student failed mathematical statistics, what is the probability that the student failed mathematics? ii) What is the probability that the student failed mathematics or mathematical statistics? 12. An urn contains 2 red and 3 blue marbles. Two marbles are selected at random, one after the other and without replacement, from the urn. Calculate the following probabilities: i) The first marble is red and the second is blue. ii) Both marbles are red iii) Both marbles are blue. iv) One marble is red and one is blue. v) Both marbles are of the same colour. vi) At least one marble is red. 13. Answer the previous question if sampling is done with replacement. 14. An urn contains 2 red, 3 blue, and 4 green marbles. Two marbles are selected at random and without replacement from the urn. Calculate the following probabilities: i) Both marbles are blue ii) Both marbles are not blue iii) At least one marble is blue. iv) The marbles are not of the same colour. 15. Three different machines M1, M2, and M3 were used for producing a large batch of similar manufactured items. Suppose that 20% of the items were

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produced by M1, 30% by M2, and 50% by M3. Suppose further that 1% of the items produced by M1 are defective, that 2% of the items produced by M2 are defective, and that 3% of the items produced by M3 are defective. i) Suppose one item is selected at random from the entire batch and it is found to be defective. Determine the probability that this item was produced by M2. ii) Suppose one item is selected at random from the entire batch and it is found to be nondefective. Determine the probability that it was produced by M2. 16. Suppose that a box contains one fair coin and one with a head on each side. Suppose also that one coin is selected at random from the box and that when it is tossed, a head is obtained. Determine the probability that the coin is the fair coin. 17. Suppose a free medical test is given for a certain disease. The test is 90% reliable in the following sense: If a person has the disease there is a probability of 0,9 that the test will give a positive response; whereas, if a person does not have the disease, there is a probability of only 0,1 that the test will give a positive response. Data indicate that your chances of having the disease are only 1 in 10000. You decide to undergo the test and a few days later you learn that you had a positive response from the test. What is now the probability that you have the disease? 18. A box contains 3 coins with head on each side, 4 coins with a tail on each side, and 2 fair coins. One of these 9 coins is selected at random and tossed once. Suppose a head is obtained. Determine the probability that the coin is one with head on each side. 19. In a certain city, 30% of the people are Conservatives, 50% are Liberals, and 20% are Independents. Records show that in a particular election, 65% of the Conservatives voted, 82% of the liberals voted, and 50% of the Independents voted. If a person in the city is selected at random and it is learned that he did not vote in the last election, what is the probability that he is a Liberal? 20. Suppose a box contains 5 coins, and that for each coin there is a different probability that a head will be obtained when the coin is tossed. Let pi denote the probability of a head when the i-th coin is tossed (i = 1,..,5), and 1 1 3 suppose that p1 = 0, p2 = , p3 = , p4 = , and p5 = 1. Suppose that a coin is 4 2 4 selected at random from the box and that when it is tossed once, a head is obtained. What is the probability that the third coin was selected?

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