vaginal prolapse (also called pelvic organ prolapse, or vaginal organ prolapse) is what happens when organs inside

the pelvis fall, bulge or protrude into the vaginal wall. This condition is due to weakened muscles or ligaments that can occur from a number of causes, including childbirth, previous surgeries, and obesity.

Vaginal Prolapse Causes

A network of muscles provides the main support for the pelvic viscera (the vagina and the surrounding tissues and organs within the pelvis). This network of muscles, which is located below most of the pelvic viscera and supports the viscera's weight, is called the levator ani. Pelvic ligaments provide additional stabilizing support. When parts of this support network are weakened or damaged, the vagina and surrounding structures may lose some or all of the support that holds them in place. Collectively, this condition is called pelvic floor relaxation. A vaginal prolapse occurs when the weight-bearing or stabilizing structures that keep the vagina in place weaken or deteriorate. This may cause the supports for the rectum, bladder, uterus, small bladder, urethra, or a combination of them to become less stable. Menopause: Estrogen is a hormone that helps to keep the muscles and tissues of the pelvic support structure strong. After menopause, the estrogen level decreases; this means that the support structures may weaken. the following are general symptoms of all types of vaginal prolapse: Pressure in the vagina or pelvis Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) A lump at the opening of the vagina A decrease in pain or pressure when the woman lies down Recurrent urinary tract infections

First-degree prolapse: The uterus droops into the upper portion of the vagina. Second-degree prolapse: The uterus falls into the lower part of the vagina. Third-degree prolapse: The cervix, which is located at the bottom of the uterus, sags to the vaginal opening and may protrude outside the body. This condition is also called procidentia, or complete prolapse. Fourth-degree prolapse: The entire uterus protrudes entirely outside the vagina. This condition is also called procidentia, or complete prolapse. Female genital prolapse (or vaginal prolapse) is characterized by a portion of the vaginal canal protruding from the opening of the vagina. The condition usually occurs when the pelvic floor collapses as a result of childbirth. Therapy Vaginal prolapses must be treated according to the severity of symptoms. They can be treated:

With conservative measures (changes in diet and fitness, Kegel exercises, etc.)[citation Also included are alternative measures proposed by Whole Woman (TM)[2] which believes

needed]

that prolapse usually occurs slowly, over time, due to changes in the natural pelvic organ support system, and that it can be controlled and even reversed, naturally, through proper posture and lifestyle. With a pessary, to provide support to the weakened vaginal walls[citation needed] With surgery. Surgery is used to treat symptoms, such as bowel or urinary problems, pain,

or a prolapse sensation. A Cochrane Collaboration review[3] found that limited data are available on optimal surgical approaches, including the use of surgical mesh, in the form of a patch or sling, similar to its implementation for abdominal hernia.[clarification needed Mesh? What does this
mean?]

Further development of techniques and more research is essential in order to improve

outcomes from surgery.

Pathophysiology of Acute Glomerulonephritis

With the infections, an antigen-antibody complex forms that causes renal damage especially the nephrons. The damage to the nephrons allowthe passage of large molecules like the Red blood cell that causes hematuria and is the primary sign of Acute Glomerulonephritis. Another large molecule are the Proteins, that causes proteinuria. When proteinuria occurs, there is a decrese in the osmotic pressure that leads to generalized edema or anasarca. This decreases the circulating blood volume, which decreases the blood flow and affects the Renin-Angiotensin-AldosteroneSystem, where the Renin promotes vasoconstriction that leads to hypertension. athophysiology: The initial reaction is usually either an upper respiratory infection or skin infection due to group A betahemolytic streptococcus. This leads to the formation of an antigen-antibody reaction. It is followed by the release of a membrane-like material from the organism into the bodys circulation. Antibodies produced to fight the invading organism also react against the glomerular tissue, thus forming immune complexes. The immune complexes become trapped in the glomerular loop and cause an inflammatory reaction in the affected glomeruli. Changes in the glomerular capillaries reduce the amount of the glomerular filtrate, thereby allowing passage of blood cells and protein into the infiltrate, and reducing the amount of sodium and water that is passed into the tubules for reabsorption. This affects the vascular tone and permeability of the kidney, resulting to tissue injury.