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Navsari Agricultural University Search Report Search Term(s) : pharmacokinetics AND of AND cefepime Print Email

1/16 Comparison of Cefepime Pharmacokinetics in Neonatal Foals and Adult Dogs Reprint Author E-mail : sarah_gardner@ncsu.edu Author(s) : S. Y. Gardner; M. G. Papich cefepime;Foals;Dogs;Pharmacokinetics;Body Weight;Antibacterial Activity;Blood samples;reverse-phase high-performance Keyword(s) : liquid chromatography; Author Address : Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. E-mail: sarah_gardner@ncsu.edu. Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol 24; No 3; Year 2001. 187-192. Abstract The pharmacokinetics of cefepime, a new fourth generation cephalosporin with enhanced antibacterial activity, was examined in neonatal foals and adult dogs. Cefepime was administered intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 14 mg/kg to five neonatal foals and six adult dogs. Blood samples were collected in both groups of animals and plasma cefepime concentrations measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cefepime concentrations in both groups of animals were described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with elimination half-lives of 1.65 and 1.09 h for the foal and dog, respectively. We tested whether or not pharmacokinetic parameters for cefepime could be scaled across species using principles of allometry. The parameters of elimination half-life (tb), apparent volume of distribution (VDarea), and systemic clearance (CL) were scaled linearly to body weight on a double logarithmic plot with allometric exponents for body weight of 0.26, 1.08 and 0.72, respectively. This study further determined doses for cefepime, a potentially useful antibiotic for neonatal foals and dogs, from the pharmacokinetic values. An i.v. dose of cefepime estimated from this study for treating sensitive bacteria was 11 mg/kg every 8 h for neonatal foals and 40 mg/kg every 6 h for dogs. 2/16 Effect of Cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein Inhibitor, on the Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime in Rat Blood and Brain: A Microdialysis Study Reprint Author E-mail : thtsai@cma23.nricm.edu.tw Author(s) : Yuh-Lih Chang; Mei-Hui Chou; Ming-Fang Lin; Chieh-Fu Chen; Tung-Hu Tsai Keyword(s) : Cefepime; Cyclosporine; Pharmacokinetics; On-line microdialysis; Blood-brain barrier Source : Life Sciences. Vol 69; No 2; Year 2001. 191-199. Abstract In clinical application, cefepime and cyclosporine are regularly combined in the treatment of organ transplant patients, so the interaction of these two drugs can be hypothesized. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of cefepime alone and in combination with cyclosporine in rat using microdialysis coupled with HPLC-UV on-line system was evaluated in the study. Cefepime at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) showed linear kinetics. After addition of cyclosporine, the mean residence time was increased from 34.9 min to 48.6 min (p<0.05, N=6), and the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) increased from 4775 min g/ml to 6960 min g/ml (p<0.01, N=6). While in the brain, AUC increased from 64.3 min g/ml to 110.2 min g/ml. In summary, cyclosporine (20 mg/kg) could significantly alter the simultaneously administered cefepime (50 mg/kg) unbound drug pharmacokinetic parameters in both blood and brain. 3/16 Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Administration of Cefepime in Patients with Gram-negative Bacilli Bacteraemia Author(s) : Jaruratanasirikul S.; Sriwiriyajan S.; Ingviya N. Keyword(s) : Gram-Negative Bacilli;Cefepime;Infusion;Bacteraemia; Source : Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Vol 54; No 12; Year 2002. 1693-1696. Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered by continuous infusion and intermittent injection regimens. A prospective, randomized, cross-over study of ten patients with Gram-negative bacilli bacteraemia was conducted. All patients were randomized to receive cefepime either as a 4-g continuous infusion over 24 h for 48 h or a 2-g bolus administered intermittently intravenously every 12 h for 48 h. After 48 h the patients received the alternative dose regimen. Cefepime pharmacokinetic studies were carried out during hours 36-48 after the start of both regimens. All of the pathogens isolated from the blood in 7 patients had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 1 g mL -1 . In both regimens, the serum cefepime concentrations at all time points were higher than the MIC for the pathogens isolated from this study. For the continuous infusion arm, the highest steady-state concentration was 49.8018.40 g mL -1 and the lowest steady-state concentration was 41.4216.48 g mL -1 . The steady-state concentrations were greater than 4 times the MIC of 8 g mL -1 . For the intermittent injection regimen, the mean trough concentration was 4.743.99 g mL -1 . The mean serum cefepime concentration was above 8 g mL -1 for 81.66% of the dosing interval. Therefore, we conclude that either continuous infusion or intermittent injection can be used as an effective mode of cefepime administration to achieve bactericidal activity. 4/16 Cefepime Versus Cefpirome: The Importance of Creatinine Clearance Reprint Author E-mail : j.lipman@mailbox.uq.edu.au Author(s) : Jeffrey Lipman; Steven C. Wallis; Robert J. Boots Keyword(s) : Cefepime;Cefpirome;Creatinine Clearance;Renal Dysfunction;Plasma Creatinine; Author Address : Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia Source : Anesthesia & Analgesia. Vol 97; No 4; Year 2003. 1149-1154. Abstract Standard dosage recommendations for -lactam antibiotics can result in very low drug levels in intensive care (IC) patients without renal dysfunction. We compared the pharmacokinetics of two fourth-generation cephalosporins, cefepime and cefpirome, and examined the relationship of drug clearance (CL) to creatinine clearance (CLCR ). Two separate but similar pharmacokinetic studies (which used 2 g twice daily for each antibiotic) were conducted. Blood was sampled after an initial and a subsequent antibiotic dose. Drug plasma concentrations were measured, and pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted and compared. The pharmacokinetics of cefepime and cefpirome are similar in IC patients. Any differences in drug CL can largely be attributed to differences in CLCR . Despite normal plasma creatinine concentrations, 54% of patients antibiotic concentrations were less than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (4 mg/L) for >20% of the dosing interval. Thirty-four percent of patients had CLCR >144 mL/min (20% higher than the expected maximum of 120 mL/min). Only CLCR was an independent predictor of antibiotic CL. Time above MIC was predicted only by

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CLCR . Some IC patients have a very large CLCR , which results in very low levels of studied antibiotics. Either shortening the dosage interval or using continuous infusions would prevent low levels and keep troughs above the MIC for longer periods. In view of the lack of bedside measurement of cephalosporin levels, we suggest that more frequent use be made of CLCR to allow prediction of small concentrations clinically. IMPLICATIONS: Some intensive care patients have very large creatinine clearances that result in very low levels of fourth-generation cephalosporins. Serum levels of these antibiotics need to be maintained (time > minimum inhibitory concentration is important). Because routine measurements of cephalosporin levels are generally unavailable, we suggest that more frequent use be made of creatinine clearances to allow prediction of low levels and, hence, alterations in dosing. 5/16 Disposition Kinetics, Bioavailability and Renal Clearance of Cefepime in Calves Keyword(s) : bioavailability; calves; cefepime; pharmacokinetics Author Address : Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt Source : Veterinary Research Communications. Vol 29; No 1; Year 2005. 69-79. Abstract The pharmacokinetics of cefepime were studied following intravenous and intramuscular administration of 6.5 mg/kg in four female Friesian calves. Following single intravenous administration, the serum concentration-time curves of cefepime were best fitted using a two-compartment open model. The elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) was 2.380.16 h, volume of distribution at steady state (V dss) was 0.210.01 L/kg, and total body clearance (ClB ) was 1.10.08 ml/min per kg. Following intramuscular administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed with an absorption half-life (t 1/2ab ) of 0.290.02 h; maximum serum concentration (Cmax ) of 21.71.1 g/ml was attained after (Tmax ) 1.10.08 h; and the drug was eliminated with an elimination halflife (t 1/2el ) of 3.020.18 h. The systemic bioavailability (F) after intramuscular administration of cefepime in calves was 95.7%7.44%. The in vitro serum protein-binding tendency was 10.5-16.7%. Following administration by both routes, the drug was excreted in high concentrations in urine for 24 h post administration. 6/16 Pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered by i.v. and i.m. routes to ewes Reprint Author E-mail : m_ism@hotmail.com Author(s) : M ISIL Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol 28; No 6; Year 2005. 499-503. Abstract Ismail, M. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered by i.v. and i.m. routes to ewes. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.28, 499-503. The pharmacokinetics of cefepime were studied following i.v. and i.m. administration of 20 mg/kg in 10 ewes. Following i.v. administration of a single dose, the plasma concentration-time curves of cefepime were best fitted using a two-compartment open model. The elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) was 1.76 0.07 h, volume of distribution at steady-state [V d(ss) ] was 0.32 0.01 L/kg and total body clearance (ClB ) was 2.37 0.05 mL/minkg. Following i.m. administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed with an absorption half-life (t 1/2ab ) of 0.49 0.05 h, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of 31.9 1.5 g/mL was attained at (t max ) 1.1 0.2 h and the drug was eliminated with an elimination half-life (t 1/2el ) of 2.06 0.11 h. The systemic bioavailability (F) after i.m. administration of cefepime was 86.8 7.5%. The extent of plasma protein binding measured in vitro was 14.8 0.54%. The drug was detected in urine for 36 h postadministration by both routes. 7/16 Influence of Endotoxin Induced Fever on the Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Cefepime in Rabbits Reprint Author E-mail : abdelaty44@hotmail.com Author(s) : Ayman Goudah; Samar M. Mouneir; Jae-Han Shim; A. M. Abd El-Aty Cefepime;Fever;Pharmacokinetics;Endotoxin;Intravenous Inoculation;Escherichia coli;Microbiological Assay;Rectal Keyword(s) : Temperatures Author Address : Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211-Giza, Egypt Source : Journal of Veterinary Science. Vol 7; No 2; Year 2006. 151-155. Abstract This study examined the effect of experimentally induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime (75 mg/kg BW) administered intramuscularly to six rabbits. The study was carried out in two consecutive phases separated by a two-week washout period. An infection was induced by an intravenous inoculation of 5 10 8 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli 24 h before the pharmacokinetic investigation. A quantitative microbiological assay was employed to measure the plasma cefepime concentrations using an agar-gel diffusion method with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as the test organism. Twenty-four hour after the injection, the rectal temperature in the infected animals increased by 1C. There was a significant reduction in the elimination halflife by 21.8% in the febrile rabbits compared to healthy animals. In addition, the infection significantly increased the peak plasma concentrations by 11.9%, the mean residence time by 19.9%, the area under the plasmaconcentration- time curve by 53.6% and the area under the moment curve by 62.3%. In conclusion, the endotoxin-induced febrile state produced significant changes in the plasma levels as well as some of the pharmacokinetic variables of cefepime in rabbits.

8/16 Acute-phase Response Alters the Disposition Kinetics of Cefepime Following Intravenous Administration to Rabbits Reprint Author E-mail : abdelaty44@hotmail.com Author(s) : A. M. Abd El-Aty; A. Goudah; S. M. Mouneir; Y. E. Sunwoo; J. H. Jang; J. G. Shin; J. H. Shim; M. Shimoda Keyword(s) : cefepime;pharmacokinetics;microbiological assay;healthy;febrile;rabbits Author Address : Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt Source : Veterinary Research Communications. Vol 31; No 1; Year 2007. 67-75. Abstract The effect of experimentally induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered intravenously at a dose of 75 mg/kg bw was studied in six healthy rabbits. The study was conducted in two consecutive phases, separated by a washout period of 2 weeks. Infection was induced by the intravenous inoculation of 5 108 cfu of Escherichia coli 24 h before the pharmacokinetic investigation was carried out. Serial blood samples for cefepime concentration determination were obtained for 48 h following drug administration. The concentrations of cefepime in the plasma were determined by a quantitative microbiological assay using an agar-gel diffusion method employing Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as the test organism, with a level of detectability of approximately 0.10 g/ml. Cefepime plasma concentrations versus time were evaluated by non-compartmental methods using WinNonLin. Cefepime was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were observed. Rectal temperature increased 1C 24 h post injection in infected animals. Highly significant differences in the blood plasma concentrations of cefepime were observed between febrile and healthy animals at all the sampling times. This could explain the greater area under the plasma level-time curve of the drug in febrile compared with healthy animals. The results from pharmacokinetic calculations showed that both the distribution volume at steady state (V dss) and body clearance (CLtot ) were affected in febrile as compared to healthy animals. The mean values of V dss and CLtot of cefepime in healthy rabbits were 1.168 L/kg and 0.303 L/kg/h, respectively. As compared with healthy animals, the mean estimates of V dss (0.917 L/kg) and CLtot (0.205 L/kg per h) of cefepime were significantly lower, whereas t 1/2?, MRT and AUMC were significantly higher in febrile rabbits. It is concluded that, although experimental infection had an effect on the disposition kinetics of cefepime in healthy and febrile rabbits, this was not sufficiently pronounced to require alteration of the dosage during disease.

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9/16 Influence of e. Coli Lipopolysaccharide Induced Fever on the Plasma Kinetics of Cefepime in cross-bred Calves Reprint Author E-mail : sureshpau2000@yahoo.com Author(s) : Y.G. Pawar; S.K. Sharma Keyword(s) : Calves;Cefepime;Dosage regimen;Fever;Pharmacokinetics Author Address : Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana 141004 Punjab India Source : Veterinary Research Communications. Vol 32; No 2; Year 2008. 123-130. Abstract Abstract the Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Cefepime was Studied in Healthy and Febrile cross-bred Calves after Single Intravenous Administration (10 Mg/kg). The Fever was Induced with e. Coli Lipopolysaccharide (1 g/kg, Iv). The Drug Concentration in Plasma was Detected by Microbiological Assay Method Using e. Coli (mtcc 739) Test Organism. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Disposition Data Indicated that Intravenous Administration Data were best Described by 2 Compartment Open Model. At 1 Min the Concentration of Cefepime in Healthy and Febrile Animals were 55. 3??0. 54 g/ml and 50. 0? ?0. 48 g/ml, Respectively and Drug was Detected up to 12 H. The Elimination half-life of Cefepime was Increased from 1. 26??0. 01 H in Healthy Animals to 1. 62??0. 09 H in Febrile Animals. Drug Distribution was Altered by Fever as Febrile Animals Showed Volume of Distribution (0. 27??0. 02 L/kg) Higher than Normal Animal (0. 19??0. 01 L/kg). Total Body Clearances in Healthy and Febrile Animals were 104. 4??2. 70 and 114. 2??1. 20 Ml/kg/h, Respectively. To Maintain Minimum Therapeutic Concentration of 1 g/ml, a Satisfactory Dosage Regimen of Cefepime in Healthy and Febrile cross-bred Calves would be 15. 5 Mg/kg and 8. 2 Mg/kg Body Weight, Respectively, to be Repeated at 8 H Intervals. The T>mic Values (8 H) of Cefepime Suggested that This Agent is Clinically Effective in the Treatment of Various Infections. 10/16 Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Goats Author(s) : Kalpesh Patani; Urvesh Patel; Shailesh Bhavsar; Aswin Thaker; Joravarsinh Sarvaiya Keyword(s) : Singles;Pharmacokinetics;Cefepime;Intramuscular Administration;Goats Source : Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Vol 32; No 3; Year 2008. 11/16 Evaluation of single-dose Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime in Healthy Bull Camels (Camelus dromedaries) Reprint Author E-mail : abdelaty44@hotmail.com Author(s) : A. Goudah; H.-C. Shin; J.-S. Kim; B.-J. Chang; J.-H. Shim; A. M. Abd EL-ATY Author Address : Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea Source : Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol 32; No 4; Year 2009. 393-396. 12/16 -Lactam Antibiotics as Substrates for OCTN2, an Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporter Malliga E. Ganapathy; Wei Huang; D. Prasanna Rajan; A. Lee Carter; Mitsuru Sugawara; Ken Iseki; Frederick H. Leibach; Author(s) : Vadivel Ganapathy Keyword(s) : -Lactams;Antibiotics;Therapeutic Uses;Cellular Uptake;Human Cells;Carnitine Deficiency;Nitrogen;Pharmacokinetics Author Address : Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648 Japan Source : Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol 275; No 3; Year 2000. 1699-1707. Abstract Therapeutic use of cephaloridine, a -lactam antibiotic, in humans is associated with carnitine deficiency. A potential mechanism for the development of carnitine deficiency is competition between cephaloridine and carnitine for the renal reabsorptive process. OCTN2 is an organic cation/carnitine transporter that is responsible for Na+-coupled transport of carnitine in the kidney and other tissues. We investigated the interaction of several -lactam antibiotics with OCTN2 using human cell lines that express the transporter constitutively as well as using cloned human and rat OCTN2s expressed heterologously in human cell lines. The -lactam antibiotics cephaloridine, cefoselis, cefepime, and cefluprenam were found to inhibit OCTN2-mediated carnitine transport. These antibiotics possess a quaternary nitrogen as does carnitine. Several other -lactam antibiotics that do not possess this structural feature did not interact with OCTN2. The interaction of cephaloridine with OCTN2 is competitive with respect to carnitine. Interestingly, many of the -lactam antibiotics that were not recognized by OCTN2 were good substrates for the H+-coupled peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. In contrast, cephaloridine, cefoselis, cefepime, and cefluprenam, which were recognized by OCTN2, did not interact with PEPT1 and PEPT2. The interaction of cephaloridine with OCTN2 was Na+-dependent, whereas the interaction of cefoselis and cefepime with OCTN2 was largely Na+-independent. Furthermore, the Na+-dependent, OCTN2-mediated cellular uptake of cephaloridine could be demonstrated by direct uptake measurements. These studies show that OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of certain -lactam antibiotics such as cephaloridine and that cephaloridine-induced carnitine deficiency is likely to be due to inhibition of carnitine reabsorption in the kidney. 13/16 The Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime in E. coli Lipopolysaccharide Induced Febrile Buffalo Calves Reprint Author E-mail : sureshpau2000@yahoo.com Author(s) : Bharat Joshi; Suresh Kumar Sharma Keyword(s) : buffalo calf; cefepime; dosage regimen; fever; pharmacokinetics Author Address : Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, India, Phone: +91 161 241 4032; Fax: +91 161 240 0822 Source : Veterinarski Arhiv. Vol 79; No 6; Year 2009. 523-530. Abstract The pharmacokinetics of cefepime after its single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) was investigated in experimentally induced fever in buffalo calves (n = 4). The fever was induced by single/ repeated intravenous injection of E. coli lipopolysaccaride (1 g/kg). The drug was estimated in plasma samples by microbiological assay using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of cefepime in febrile animals was described by a two compartment open model. At 1 min, the concentration of cefepime in plasma was 40.8 0.98 g/mL which rapidly declined to 23.0 0.64 g/mL at 15 min. The drug was detected up to 24 h. The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were 3.00 0.18 h and 0.42 0.02 L/kg, respectively. The distribution half-life, AUC and total body clearance (ClB) were 0.08 0.002 h, 101 7.65 g/mL.h and 98.8 6.06 mL/kg/h, respectively. To maintain a minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 g/mL, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in febrile buffalo calves would be 7 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals. 14/16 Empirical Models for Dosage Optimization of Four -lactams in Critically Ill Septic Patients Based on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Amikacin Reprint Author E-mail : pierre.wallemacq@uclouvain.be Isabelle K. Delattre, Flora T. Musuamba, Roger K. Verbeeck, Thierry Dugernier, Herbert Spapen, Pierre-Franois Laterre, Xavier Author(s) : Wittebole, Jean Cumps, Fabio S Taccone, Jean-Louis Vincent, Frdrique Jacobs, Pierre E Wallemacq Keyword(s) : Amikacin; -lactams; Sepsis; Pharmacokinetics; Multivariate analysis; Therapeutic drug monitoring Author Address : Unit of Clinical Biochemistry, Universit Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium Source : Clinical Biochemistry. Vol 43; No 6; Year 2010. 589-598. Abstract

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ObjectivesThe study aims to develop empirical models able to predict the pharmacokinetics (PK) of four -lactams using the amikacin (AMK) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), in order to optimize their dosage regimens.Design and methods69 critically ill septic patients were included. All received a first dose of AMK combined with piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime or meropenem. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the -lactam PK using AMK PK parameters estimated from TDM and using pathophysiological variables.Results: An optimal prediction model was identified for each PK parameter of each -lactam. The best predictor of each model was one of the AMK PK parameters estimated from TDM. Other variables included colloid solution, renal and hepatic biomarkers, age and body weight.ConclusionPK of the four lactams could be easily and rapidly predicted in critically ill septic patients using the AMK TDM. These predictions could improve the lactam dosages in clinical practice. 15/16 The Novel Sensitive and High Throughput Determination of Cefepime in Mouse Plasma by SCX-LC/MS/MS Method Following off-line Elution 96-well solid-phase Extraction to Support Systemic Antibiotic Programs Reprint Author E-mail : wbu@anacor.com Author(s) : Wei Bu; Holly Sexton; Xiaoqing Fan; Patricia Torres; Paul Houston; Irwin Heyman; Liang Liu Keyword(s) : Cefepime; Elution SPE; SCX; LC/MS/MS; Mouse plasma; Pharmacokinetics Source : Journal of Chromatography: B. Vol 878; No 19; Year 2010. 1623-1628. Abstract A sensitive and high throughput off-line Elution 96-well solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by strong cation exchange (SCX) liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) quantification for determination of cefepime has been developed and validated in mouse plasma. Using the chemical analog, ceftazidime as an internal standard (IS), the linear range of the method for the determination of cefepime in mouse plasma was 4-2048 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantitation level (LLOQ) of 4 ng/mL. The inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy of the method were below 9.05% and ranged from 95.6 to 113%, respectively, determined by quality control (QC) samples at five concentration levels including LLOQ. After Elution SPE, 71.1% of cefepime was recovered. The application of the validated assay for the determination of cefepime in mouse pharmacokinetics (PK) samples after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) doses was demonstrated. 16/16 Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime Following Single I.V. and I.M. Administration in Goats Author(s) : Shahid Prawez; Rajinder Raina; Dimitritchka Dimitrova; Nrip Kishore Pankaj; Azad Ahmad Ahanger; Pawan Kumar Verma Source : Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Vol 34; No 5; Year 2010.

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